Spatial Variations of Resident Satisfaction of Subsidized Housing in Boja District, Indonesia

The lack of subsidized housing facilities and infrastructure in the internal area is that the quality of clean water is not good because the water is cloudy. Meanwhile, many occupants make use of facilities and infrastructure outside the area. However, not all facilities outside the area are beneficial to residents in subsidized housing. outside the housing makes residents uncomfortable. One of the subsidized housings in Boja District, Kendal Regency, which is located on the border with Semarang City, is not accessible by public transportation and around the housing area there are chicken farms which produce waste and smell bad. The purpose of this study was to assess residents’ satisfaction with subsidized housing in the district. Boja. The approach used in this study is a quantitative approach method with quantitative descriptive analysis techniques by means of observation and distributing questionnaires to respondents. Respondents are residents of subsidized housing with a sample of 100 households (heads of households). The output of the research results is that 15% of residents are dissatisfied with the external environment of subsidized housing, namely the aspects of accessibility and air pollution. Residents are quite satisfied with aspects of the quality of house construction, facilities and infrastructure by 85%. Satisfaction of residents of subsidized housing in Boja District in this study was influenced by external factors that existed when the occupants bought and inhabited the housing. Ownership status is the most important basic need for residents to feel safe, even though the external environment is not comfortable.


Introduction
Urbanization is based on industrialization because industrialization provides jobs for the population and attracts residents from outside the region.Industrial development is one of the causes of changes in land use over time, so that urbanization increases and causes impacts in peri-urban areas.Apart from industrialization, changes in land use started from slum areas in urban areas which have been renewed but land prices and rental prices have become high so that the original population, most of whom have low incomes, have been replaced by the upper middle class [1] The unique socio-economic settings of a country exert a significant influence on the formulation and enforcement of urban growth policies [2].The emerging challenge is to describe the pattern of spatial mismatch of housing and industrial development in rural areas from a demographic perspective that creates massive migration from villages to cities [3].Rapid socio-economic development can increase social inequality caused by several factors such as residential location, housing characteristics and residential satisfaction.Urban 1264 (2023) 012043 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/012043 2 residents determine the type of housing that suits their socio-economic capacity and ability to survive.The main housing options for urban residents are affordability, accessibility, adequacy, and suitability factors [[4]].Migrants placed more emphasis on structural and locational attributes, whereas natives placed more emphasis on urban and natural amenities, especially schools and hospitals [5] One of the efforts to improve housing for low-income people is to develop simple and decent housing for sale at prices that low-income people can afford.This market strategy is certainly very profitable for developers or investors [6].The provision of subsidized housing can reduce inequality with large-scale housing [7] Currently, low-income people in urban areas move to the suburbs and live in housing built by the private sector with subsidies from the state [8] Affordable housing has potential and attracts investors thereby increasing the supply of affordable housing which is much needed by lowincome people [9] Housing developments in Semarang City led to suburban areas but are dominated by large-scale housing such as the development of the BSB Satellite City (Bukit Semarang Baru) located in Mijen District [10]So that low-income people (MBR) cannot meet housing needs and choose to live in subsidized housing located on the outskirts of Semarang City, namely Meteseh Village and Trisobo Village, Boja District.The existence of subsidized housing has been supported by the government and developed by developers due to cheap land prices.Residents' satisfaction with housing is the strongest predictor of sense of place [8].Occupant satisfaction is related to psychology, namely the extent to which the occupant's residence and the quality of the housing environment affect the occupant's satisfaction in occupying the housing.Community dissatisfaction with living in a house motivates families to move, so housing projects built by developers with government support fail [6].
Factors that influence residential satisfaction include the social environment, public facilities, and housing characteristics [11].Planning policies, Design Principles, and Interaction between neighbors can increase the satisfaction of housing residents [12].Housing ownership as a factor influencing environmental satisfaction in developed countries, where the choice of land ownership is largely dichotomous (home owner or tenant) and depends on market forces.Housing owners were the most satisfied with environmental determinants of satisfaction similar to those in western countries [13].Based on Law No. 1 Year 2011 Article 24 letter A, a habitable house is a residential building that is seen from the inspection of the requirements for the adequacy of occupant space, building safety, electrical installations, and building health requirements.Housing should be able to meet basic standards that are safe and secure, provide easy access to workplaces and community services at an affordable cost so as to make it easier for residents and the community to enjoy the benefits of livable, affordable and sustainable housing [14].Residential residents will be satisfied because they get affordable housing prices and are close to jobs [15].Affordable housing has much worse access than other housing due to poor service provision in the neighborhood and poor access to services.Residents in affordable housing have a low level of satisfaction so that community engagement becomes weak and people's desire to move [16].The most effective policy strategies are financial support and price support, infrastructure development and technology support, information guidance and certification and labeling.The results offer valuable references for policy making to facilitate environmentally friendly housing development in suburban areas [17].Descriptive statistical analysis includes sociodemographic, territorial and housing variables, related to indoor environmental quality, outdoor availability, and prospects for change.The role of housing design in resident satisfaction is extraordinary.This influences people's perceptions of their experiences, and how they experience and express them [18].
The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR) through the Housing Financing Liquidity Facility (FLPP) program makes it easy for low-income people to get livable and affordable housing.This program is managed by the Public Housing Savings Management Agency (BP Tapera).Most of the people who live work in industrial areas in Mijen and Ngaliyan.The subsidized housing is house type 27/60 with a price of IDR 150,000,000.00.This price is affordable for low-income people (MBR) with the Home Ownership Credit (KPR) financing scheme.However, in developing subsidized housing in Desar Meteseh and Desa Trisobo, the developers paid little attention to the suitability of the location and their only consideration was the cheap land price.The location of this housing is very close to chicken farms so that the people who live are disturbed by the smell of the waste and the air quality being polluted.Residents are dissatisfied with the environment, facilities and infrastructure of subsidized housing.
Previous researchers have done a lot of research on suburban housing problems [11].Environmental sustainability, namely accessibility to services and facilities, road connectivity is not available in subsidized housing [19].Public facilities and housing characteristics are the main factors that influence occupancy satisfaction.In addition, the general housing allocation scheme, social environment, and comparison of residences also influence.Housing with price stabilization and inclusive housing policies by providing affordable and subsidized housing [20].Meanwhile, subsidized housing in the outskirts of the city which is associated with pollution has never been discussed and the phenomenon that occurs in the subsidized housing field in Boja District, Indonesia, which is located around a farm, affects the satisfaction of residents who live in the housing.In addition, the location of subsidized housing that is spatially isolated does not suit the needs of low-income communities.Based on this, the purpose of this study was to assess occupant satisfaction with subsidized housing in Boja District, Indonesia.The object of this research is residents of subsidized housing.The residents in question are people who live in subsidized housing.Satisfaction which means something that is felt is good enough.Occupant satisfaction is assessed based on the variables from the occupants' perceptions of satisfaction with air circulation, accessibility, condition of facilities and infrastructure and environmental conditions outside the subsidized housing area.

Study Area
The research area is located in Meteseh Village and Trisobo Village.The study location can be seen in Figure 1.
Source: Kendal Regency Regional Spatial Plan for 2011-2031

Method
This research uses a method with quantitative descriptive analysis techniques [21].The research will use primary data surveys and secondary data surveys.The primary survey was carried out by distributing questionnaire forms to residents of subsidized housing.Meanwhile, secondary surveys were carried out by collecting data from related agencies, sub-districts and developers.The following is a research method scheme for spatial variations of resident satisfaction of subsidized housing in Boja District, Indonesia, which can be seen in Figure 3.The research locations were in Graha Sabrina 1 Housing and Yudhistira 3 Housing.The number of families in Graha Sabrina 1 housing was 40 and Yudhistira 3 Housing was 119 families.The sampling technique chosen was simple random sampling by taking sample members from the population at random without regard to the strata in that population [21] The number of samples for assessing the satisfaction of residents of subsidized housing is 100 heads of families presented in Figure 4.The variables used in this research are the internal characteristics of the subsidized housing area (quality of house buildings and facilities and infrastructure) and environmental characteristics outside the subsidized housing area (accessibility and air pollution).The following variables and indicators for conducting research on Spatial Variations of Resident Satisfaction of Subsidized Housing in Boja District, Indonesia can be seen in Table 1.

3.
Result and Analysis

Analysis of the Characteristics of Subsidized Housing Occupants
Residents have different conditions because everyone's abilities are also different.Social conditions and economic conditions influence residents' decisions to live in subsidized housing areas so that the social and economic conditions of residents are very important to study in this study.The residence of the residents is the hope for a prosperous life in the present and in the future.Characteristics of residents of subsidized housing include social characteristics and economic characteristics of residents.Respondents in this study were residents who lived in subsidized housing Graha Sabrina 1 and Yudistira Regency 3 with the same housing characteristics.The results of distributing questionnaires to subsidized housing respondents regarding social characteristics and economic characteristics can be seen in Table 2. From the results of the percentage of occupant characteristics, it can be concluded that most of the subsidized housing in one house is occupied by 3-4 people and the house is privately owned.Most of the occupants of subsidized housing work as private employees with an income level of residents of Rp.2,500,000.00-Rp.4,000,000.00.Therefore, residents of subsidized housing are quite prosperous because they already have their own house and have an adequate level of income.Thus, the characteristics of occupants can influence occupants in assessing the level of satisfaction because the welfare of occupants affects the eligibility of occupants where the house is a place to live for residents now and in the future.

Analysis of the Condition of Subsidized Housing Facilities and Infrastructure
The condition of subsidized housing is seen based on the occupants' perceptions, by filling out the answers in the questionnaire.The results of the questionnaire were analyzed with scores and weights to produce intervals which would then produce satisfaction categories.The following is table 3 regarding the results of respondents' answers regarding the conditions and characteristics of the subsidized housing that has been occupied and an analysis of the satisfaction of the subsidized housing occupants.
The assessment of occupant satisfaction with subsidized housing has a fairly good condition, but there are still several conditions that are not in accordance with the expectations of residents and it is necessary to improve or increase the quality of the environment to overcome these unfavorable conditions.The following is Figure 5 of the distribution of satisfaction of residents of subsidized housing in Kendal District, Indonesia.
Source: Analysis, 2023  In general, the satisfaction of residents in subsidized housing in all aspects of the characteristics of subsidized housing, 85 of residents are quite satisfied with the conditions in subsidized housing.However, as many as 15 of residents are dissatisfied with the condition of subsidized housing.
Several factors that influence housing occupant satisfaction include ownership status; occupancy area; number of bedrooms; length of stay; physical condition of the building; the level of tranquility, namely beauty, cleanliness and security; accessibility level; and availability of public facilities [22].Based on the results of the occupant satisfaction assessment, residents of subsidized housing are quite satisfied with aspects of the quality of the housing, facilities and infrastructure.According to [23] the quality of the house and the environment influence the satisfaction of residents of subsidized housing.This is in accordance with the results of the satisfaction assessment that residents are quite satisfied with the quality of the house building.The quality of the house building provides comfort for residents.To increase the comfort of the quality of the house building, residents also take care of and care for the quality of the house by always cleaning the house so that the air entering the house is always clean and fresh, letting morning air in through open windows, and not adding more space so that there is room for movement.the house remains comfortable for residents.
According to [11], public facilities and housing characteristics are the main factors that influence residential satisfaction.In addition, the general housing allocation scheme, social environment, and comparison of residences also influence.Based on the assessment results, in general residents are quite satisfied with the public facilities and infrastructure provided by the developer.Public facilities provided by the developer for residents are limited, including green lanes and passive parks and prayer rooms as residents' places of worship.In this case, residents can utilize passive gardens and green belts as a place to plant toga plants and trees.In this way, the residential environment becomes cool and beautiful.Prayer rooms in subsidized housing are able to accommodate residents in carrying out routine worship activities.This is in accordance with the statement from [11], that housing development contributes to residential satisfaction.The infrastructure available in housing in general has provided sufficient needs for residents and is able to support residents in carrying out their daily activities.
Residents are quite satisfied with the facilities and infrastructure in the subsidized housing area because residents assess subsidized housing with their economic limitations but get housing with good housing conditions and are in accordance with the expectations of residents with open space facilities and prayer rooms that are in good condition and well maintained.Even though the facilities provided were not complete, the community assessed that they were quite satisfied with the infrastructure available in the subsidized housing area.
Residents are dissatisfied with aspects of accessibility and environmental characteristics outside of subsidized housing.The public within and between cities are comfortable with a transportation system to facilitate work and housing location choices [20] Travel time or distance usually has a negative effect on utility location [24].The distance from the house to public facilities and workplaces is far away and residents use private vehicles.Residents expect public transportation facilities from the government to support residents' activities.Public transportation will make it easier for residents to carry out their activities and can save time and reduce the level of expenditure of subsidized housing residents.Accessibility is carried out using buffering analysis which can be seen in Figure 6.Based on the assessment results, residents feel less satisfied with environmental aspects outside of subsidized housing.The environmental impact caused by the presence of farms adjacent to subsidized housing is air pollution which causes unpleasant odors around the subsidized housing area.The farm existed before the subsidized housing was built so the results of an environmental impact analysis need to be obtained first.The housing environment influences the well-being of residents and the mental health of residents.According to article 1368 of the civil law book, Law No. 18 of 2009 concerning animal husbandry and animal health article 92 paragraph 2 concerning livestock business permits, livestock cultivation with the type and number of livestock under a certain business scale is given a livestock business registration certificate by the regional government Regency/City.Guided by this policy, it is necessary to provide guidance to breeders in locations around subsidized housing which are considered to have harmed housing residents due to the smell of chickens which increasingly disturbs the comfort of residents around housing.Furthermore, buffering vegetation can improve air quality and process chicken waste by utilizing chicken manure waste into compost.

Comprehensive analysis of occupant characteristics and conditions of subsidized housing infrastructure
Based on an analysis of the characteristics of the residents and the conditions of subsidized housing, there are 3-4 residents in one house (85.9%) who are quite satisfied with the air circulation and lighting of the 2-bedroom house provided by the developer [11] have revealed that household characteristics are the main factors influencing residential satisfaction.The number of bedrooms provided by the developer in each residence can meet the residents' needs so that residents feel satisfied.The maximum number of family members living in one house with a building area of 60 m 2 can fulfill the aspects of good house building quality.
Most of the house owners in subsidized housing are owned by themselves, namely 100% and they are quite satisfied with the quality of the house buildings, facilities and infrastructure [11] have revealed that home ownership gives a sense of self-worth and pride, homeowners are more satisfied with their living situation.In this case, the quality of the houses, facilities and infrastructure in subsidized housing is in accordance with the expectations of residents.
Most of the occupants' jobs are private employees who are quite satisfied with the quality of house construction, facilities and infrastructure in subsidized housing by 94.1% [11] have revealed that economic conditions, namely employment and income levels affect the satisfaction of housing residents.In this case, the quality of the houses, facilities and infrastructure in subsidized housing is in accordance with the expectations of residents.
The income level of residents in subsidized housing for the most part, namely Rp. 2,500,000.00-Rp.4,000,000.00, is quite satisfied with the quality of house buildings, facilities and infrastructure at 12.9%.Residents with incomes of more than Rp.4,000,000.00also feel quite satisfied with the quality of house buildings, facilities and infrastructure, namely 87.1% [11] have revealed that economic conditions, namely employment and income level, influence the satisfaction of housing residents.In this case, the quality of house buildings, facilities and infrastructure in subsidized housing is in line with residents' expectations.
When associated with Maslow's theory (1970) in [25] that ownership status is the most important basic need for residents to feel safe.According to Turner (1971) in [26] there is a link between a person's economic condition with the priority scale of living needs and priority housing needs.Along with increasing income, the priority of housing needs will change, the status of home ownership will become a top priority, because with clarity on the status of land and houses, occupants can work quietly to increase their income.Based on this research, residents feel quite satisfied.A diagram of the level of satisfaction of subsidized housing residents can be seen in Figure 7.

Conclusion
Based on the research objective of assessing occupant satisfaction with subsidized housing in Boja District, Indonesia, it can be concluded that the results of the research are that overall residents feel quite satisfied with the internal conditions in the subsidized housing area, namely in aspects of the quality of house buildings, facilities and infrastructure.However, residents feel less satisfied with the external environmental conditions of subsidized housing, namely the aspects of accessibility and air pollution.Accessibility is still far from public facilities, schools, workplaces and terminals with a maximum reach radius of 500 meters.Apart from that, air pollution around subsidized housing is polluted.Ownership status is the most important basic need for residents to feel safe.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Delineation of Subsidized Housing Research Locations in Boja District Source: Analysis, 2023

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Distribution Map of Residents' Satisfaction Subsidized Housing Source: Analysis, 2023

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Accessibility of Subsidized Housing

Source: Analysis, 2023 Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Diagram of the level of satisfaction of residents of subsidized housing

Table 1 .
Research Variable

Table 2 .
Characteristics of residents of subsidized housing

Table 3 .
Resident Satisfaction Based on Residents' Perceptions of Subsidized Housing