Mapping the Inhibiting Factors of Women’s Role in Rural Development: A Case Study of Bejijong Village, East Java Province

SDGs Desa are the policy framework of village development and village community empowerment to achieve sustainable development goals in Indonesia. SDGs Desa in 2030 has one of the targets, which is to community in a fair position without discrimination against women in all aspects of life. In addition, equal opportunities are opened for women in public affairs. This can be achieved by the achievement of all indicators of SDGs Desa goal 5 ‘Involvement of Village Women’ based on the Ministry of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration of the Republic Indonesia. The involvement of women’s roles in village development is influenced by various things, one of which is a barrier. This is due to women’s responsibilities in carrying out domestic roles so that some of them have limitations to be actively involved in village development. Therefore, this research aims to identify inhibiting factors of women’s roles in development in Bejijong Village, Trowulan Sub-district, Mojokerto Regency, East Java Province. The research was conducted using a deductive qualitative method through field observations, interviews with stakeholders, and documentation. Stakeholders interviewed included government, village organizations, and non-governmental organizations. The results showed that there are inhibiting factors in the form of demands for domestic roles. Even so, village development activities involving the role of women continue because there are women in Bejijong Village who can overcome these inhibiting factors and are active in the public sphere. In overcoming these inhibiting factors, women are supported by family support and adequate facilities from the village government. Keywords: women’s role, rural development, sustainable development; inhibiting’s factors mapping, Bejijong Village, Mojokerto Regency.


Introduction
Development is one of the efforts in realising the condition of the region including the people in it to become more prosperous.Village development is one of the implementations of development on a small scale.Law No. 6/2014 states the definition of village development, which is an effort to improve the quality of life and living for the greatest welfare of the village community [1].In the process of village development, the village government and the village community have an important role in 1264 (2023) 012038 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/012038 2 planning to the implementation of village development as the subject of development.Development subjects must consider social, economic, and ecological impacts in planning and implementing development.This consideration is one of the efforts to avoid unsustainable development that can harm future generations.
The World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) defines sustainable development as development that meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs [2].Meanwhile, sustainable development at the village level has been regulated in Law No. 6/2014 as the goal of village development, which is to improve the welfare of rural communities and the quality of human life and poverty reduction through the fulfilment of basic needs, development of village facilities and infrastructure, development of local economic potential, and sustainable use of natural resources and the environment [1].Therefore, human resources have an important role in sustainable development, especially for developing countries such as Indonesia.The emergence of gender as a concern in rural development emphasises the different experiences of women and men, as well as the need to consider closely the different impacts of rural politics on women and men [3].The role of women in development is not a new thing that has now been given special attention.This is supported by the Gender and Development (GAD) approach with the viewpoint that women are the subject of development, as well as agents of change by emphasising the pattern of equal relationships between women and men [4].
One of the popular tourist villages in Mojokerto Regency is the "Gajah Mada" Tourism Village in Bejijong Village, Trowulan Subdistrict, Mojokerto Regency, which has been established based on Mojokerto Regent Decree Number 65 of 2022.Research by Suharno, et al [5] has conducted a focus group discussion (FGD) to find out how far the local community of Bejijong Village understands about tourism village management through the tourism village assistance programme.The majority of FGD participants' work backgrounds are homestay managers and brass craftsmen in Bejijong Village.There were far more female participants (71%) than male participants (29%).Female participants are more dominant because the majority of them are homestay management groups (30 people) in Bejijong Village.By age group, the youngest participant was 18 years old and the oldest was 71 years old, all of whom were female.The study shows the dominating role of women in community empowerment of tourism village development in Bejijong.The following is a map of the location of the research area.Tuti Kurniati (2018) has also conducted research to find out the role and obstacles of women in village development, but the research has not discussed the obstacles experienced by women in detail [6].Therefore, this research will focus on identifying the inhibiting factors of women in village development with a location that is not yet available.
Research will be conducted related to the sustainability of development in Bejijong Village, especially to identify the suitability of women's roles based on SDGs Village goal 5 indicators (Figure 1).Rosanna Quagliariello and her colleagues in Hasanati, Rijanta and Pitoyo (2021) offer solutions to gender mainstreaming in rural areas with technocratic regulations, legality, implementation, and law enforcement that guarantee women's empowerment towards gender equality [9].In Indonesia, this is one of the focuses of village development found in goal 5 of the SDGs Village with several indicators that must be achieved in it.Furthermore, researchers want to know the inhibiting factors experienced by women as stakeholders in achieving these development goals.The role of women that is interesting to study in Bejijong Village with these conditions is also supported by the Village SDGs in 2020, namely creating all villagers in a fair position without discrimination against women in all aspects of life [7].In addition, equal opportunities are opened for village women in public affairs in accordance with Village SDGs goal 5.This research uses primary data and secondary data.Primary data is obtained by data collection techniques using interviews, field observations and documentation.Interviews will be conducted in a semi-structured manner, namely on informants who have done stakeholder mapping.Informants who will be interviewed are informants with productive age between 15-64 years based on the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics.Field observations are conducted to find out the physical condition of the area and the community in the research area.Interviews and observations will be complemented with documentation to reinforce the primary data obtained in the field.Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained through documents from the village government and development organisations/groups in Bejijong Village, Trowulan Subdistrict, Mojokerto District.
After mapping stakeholders as informants, the following are the results of the distribution of informants based on the results of stakeholder mapping in Figure 2. The distribution of informants is more prevalent in the southern part of Bejijong Village or closer to the arterial road.Many informants were also found at the Bejijong Village Government Office and in the vicinity.It appears that the informants who gathered were interviewed at the village government office.
The unit of analysis in this study is the subject to be researched, including stakeholders who have a role in village development, including individuals related to the role of women in development in development organisations/groups in Bejijong Village, Trowulan Sub-district, Mojokerto District.In this research, stakeholder mapping was carried out starting from the general group, namely the government, community organisations, non-governmental organisations, to the community, the members of the group were mapped in more detail.Informants are specialised in the management and active members of each stakeholder group.Qualitative descriptive analysis is one of the analytical techniques used to describe a phenomenon, whether behaviour, field events, or other activities in depth and detail.Qualitative descriptive analysis is usually used to conduct research related to social phenomenology [8].In this study, qualitative descriptive analysis was used to describe the results of interviews, observations, and documentation.The results of the description are expected to answer the objectives related to the inhibiting factors to the role of women in sustainable village development (Table 1).Bejijong Village Family Welfare Development 3.
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Result and Analysis
Results The role of women towards SDGs Village Goal 5 in Bejijong Village is an enacted role that is actually carried out by women not only in the domestic sphere, but also in the public sphere [9].The real role of women in this case will be identified based on their general contribution to development in Bejijong Village, which will then be narrowed down to SDGs Goal 5.The real role of women in development in Bejijong Village is usually in the field of non-physical development such as in the fields of education, health, economy, and socio-culture which require facilities and infrastructure from the results of physical development [10].Physical development can be in the form of roads, bridges, buildings, irrigation, and so on.Non-physical development prioritises the role of human resources (HR) so that it can support HR capabilities and community welfare.
In non-physical development by female human resources in Bejijong Village, one of them is as a family welfare empowerment cadre.Family Empowerment and Welfare in the Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 99/2017 concerning the Family Empowerment and Welfare Movement, states that the family welfare empowerment is engaged in community development that grows from, by, and for the community towards families who are faithful and devoted to God Almighty, noble and virtuous, healthy, prosperous, advanced and independent, gender equality and justice, as well as legal and environmental awareness [11].Based on this description, it shows that family welfare empowerment has an important role in community and family life, especially in non-physical development so that the human resources in it have an important role in supporting development in all aspects including education, health, economy, and socio-culture.Women also take on many roles as Posyandu cadres.Posyandu stands for Integrated Service Post, which is one form of Community-Sourced Health Efforts implemented by, from, and with the community to empower and provide convenience to the community to obtain health services for mothers, infants, and children under five .The role of Bejijong Village women as Posyandu cadres has complex functions and benefits in its implementation.This is because Posyandu provides services ranging from mothers, infants, to toddlers who are part of early community development in Bejijong Village.Women who play a role in nonphysical development as Posyandu cadres have endeavoured to improve community welfare, especially in the fields of education and health.Furthermore, there is also a distribution map of informants based on gender in Figure 3. From the results of the distribution map, it can be seen at a glance that female informants dominate as informants so that the information can represent women.There are also several male informants who can provide perspectives on the performance of female partners in working together for village development, including the inhibiting factors commonly experienced by women as stakeholders in Bejijong Village.
Based on the results of this mapping and information obtained from informants who have been mapped previously, the tabulation results of inhibiting factors from outside and within women, including solutions that have been carried out by several women who continue to play an active role as stakeholders in village development in Bejijong.Internal factors are problems that arise from within women's personalities, while external factors are problems that arise and come from outside the personalities of women who play a role in village development [12].Previous research by Lawalu and Goba (2020), identified inhibiting factors based on the results of field questionnaires and did not group inhibiting factors [13].Meanwhile, in this study, inhibiting factors are grouped based on the origin of inhibiting factors, namely from internal and external, including solutions that have been carried out by women in playing a role in village development (Table 2).A barrier is defined as something that can hinder the progress or achievement of something.In this study, it means something that can women in progress or achieve something.The inhibiting factors experienced by women in development can be in the form of inhibiting factors from within and from outside themselves.Barriers from within women can be in the form of lack of self-motivation to abilities that are still lacking to be able to actively support development activities in the village.Meanwhile, inhibiting factors from outside women can be in the form of a lack of opportunities and platforms to be able to participate in development to the limitations applied by people around women so that they cannot actively participate in village development.
Many of the inhibiting factors experienced by women in Bejijong Village are external, although it is possible that there are also many internal inhibiting factors.External inhibiting factors include limited time for family and participation in development.Women also have domestic responsibilities as housewives who take care of the family, including children, husbands, and other household matters.The domestic role of women in Bejijong Village is still very much embedded, so the main priority of women's activities is the household.Therefore, if women are to participate in village development, they must first complete their domestic roles at home.Even so, many development activities in Bejijong Village involve women and can still run smoothly.This shows that women have been able to adapt in carrying out their roles.
In addition to women's responsibility to carry out their domestic roles, another external obstacle is related to incentives that some women in Bejijong Village still feel are lacking.This is an obstacle because development activities require time and energy that must be 'paid', if the payment is not in accordance with expectations or the time and energy that has been spent, it makes women reluctant to participate again in development activities in the village.
Internal barriers were also experienced by several women in Bejijong Village.These internal barriers are in the form of a lack of self-motivation for women to be able to participate in development.This will affect village development as argued by Hulu [14] who said that village development will be hampered if residents are unwilling or less involved in village development.These inhibiting factors are likely caused by previous external inhibiting factors.The demand for women to always take care of the household by carrying out domestic roles makes women too tired and bored to have to do other activities outside the home.
In addition, internal barriers include feelings of inferiority because sometimes some organisations in the village are dominated by men.As mentioned by Banjarnahor [15], there is still a strong patriarchal culture in society, which means the strong dominance of men in determining and deciding something that is always seen from a male perspective, including in politics.This makes women feel afraid if they want to join to discuss or participate in village development activities.Therefore, the real role of women is more in organisations that are intended and dominated by women in it.In organisations dominated by men, sometimes the presence of women becomes less visible because of feelings of inferiority and fear among the group of men.
Although there are inhibiting factors for women to play a real role in village development, they also have solutions to these inhibiting factors.Some women in Bejijong Village have found solutions to deal with external inhibiting factors.The solution is that women have been able to adapt to be able to carry out domestic roles and real productive roles in village development with good time management.This makes village development activities that involve the role of women in it continue to run even though there are few inhibiting factors related to the division of time for the family and for village development activities.However, if the management pattern applied in the field is often not aligned with the goals that have been targeted [16], it will be a self-inflicted barrier in the context of limited time and women's domestic roles.
Another solution that has been carried out by women's groups in Bejijong Village so that activities can continue even though there are several women who experience inhibiting factors is to invite other women who do not experience inhibiting factors.This was done because women in Bejijong Village are not small, the total female population is 2121 people out of a total population of 4240 people.The number of female residents who are more than half of the total population in the village makes it easier for women to be able to participate in village development and jointly provide solutions to inhibiting factors or inhibiting factors that exist in carrying out activities.
In addition, the solution related to the provision of incentives that is felt to be lacking by some women in Bejijong Village is the motivation from the Head of the Bejijong Village Family Welfare Empowerment Movement Team that the tasks and activities to work together in village development are noble tasks that have no wages and unlimited time.This motivation can be a reminder for village women to participate in development activities sincerely and calmly so that the target activities will be achieved and run well.Permission from husbands and children when participating in village activities will also help the implementation of development well.Because in the end, women's decision to be able to carry out productive activities cannot be separated from the approval of husbands and family members [17].
Barriers from within women themselves are related to feelings of inferiority and fear of joining male-dominated organisational activities, the solution is from within women themselves who must also try to mingle with the environment and increase self-confidence.The solution also applies to women who lack motivation and are too tired of household affairs by trying to improve their mindset to be able to mingle more with the environment and increase self-confidence to be able to participate in development in Bejijong Village.The village government has made official regulations so that women can be actively and interactively involved in village development activities, through various organisations and official community groups as one of the platforms to trigger the role of women in development.The government can more actively conduct capacity building of human resources including women in order to play an optimal role in supporting village development.

Conclusion
The real role of women in development in Bejijong Village is usually in the field of non-physical development which affects the achievement of the 5th goal of the Village SDGs indicators.In human resource development, one of them is as a family welfare empowerment cadre.Women also take on many roles as Posyandu cadres.The activities in the family welfare empowerment cadre and Posyandu also include activities that support women's empowerment so that there is already a real role for women in supporting the achievement of the 5th Goal Village SDGs indicators.
The inhibiting factors experienced by women in development can be in the form of inhibiting factors from within and from outside themselves.External inhibiting factors are limited time in the division of time for family and to participate in development.In addition to women's responsibility to carry out their domestic roles, another external obstacle is related to incentives that some women in Bejijong Village still feel are lacking.Meanwhile, internal barriers include a lack of self-motivation for women to be able to participate in development due to the busyness of taking care of the household.Another internal obstacle is the feeling of inferiority because most organisations in the village are dominated by men.
The solution to external inhibiting factors is good time management from women so that they can carry out domestic roles and real productive roles in village development.In addition, the solution related to the provision of incentives that are felt to be lacking by some women in Bejijong Village is the motivation from the Head of the Bejijong Village Family Welfare Empowerment Movement Team that the tasks and activities to work together in village development are noble tasks.Then the solution to inhibiting factors from within women themselves is to try to mingle with the environment and increase self-confidence.