Component Driven of Regional Competitiveness for Urban Development in Central Java Province Indonesia.

Economic growth in Central Java Province is currently being driven by the rapid acceleration of investment, leading to the development of cities and districts. However, the measurement of regional competitiveness is currently limited to analysing regional capabilities in development. This condition creates a situation where regencies and cities compete with each other without considering the functions and roles of interconnected regions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand and utilize regional competitiveness within the framework of the regional system in order to support the policies of the Central Java Province. This study adopts a quantitative approach to analyse the stages of regional development, which are identified based on competitiveness starting from basic requirements as a factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation factor. Using this approach, we aim to classify the functions and roles of cities and districts within the regional system in Central Java. The data for this study was obtained through the distribution of questionnaires in 35 districts and cities in Central Java Province, as well as interviews with stakeholders from both the regions and the provinces. The findings of this study reveal that cities and regencies have different stages of competitiveness, with some focusing on driving innovation and strengthening driving factors, while neglecting efficiency. Spatially, cities exhibit a higher level of competitiveness; however, most urban districts have not incorporated the role of the region in the planning of a sustainable regional system.


Introduction
The development of a global society that moves continuously with the presence of technology and information encourages globalization.The linkage of activities or events in one region in the world has consequences for other regions in other parts of the world.This condition provides opportunities and impacts global economic competition in countries.The unpreparedness of a country's development will make it left behind in this globalization era.
The ability of the region to develop its potential and overcome its problems is a benchmark for development.This innovation ability is used to achieve benefits from the economic sector.The concept of sustainability in regional development, especially local productivity, which is becoming a current trend, also encourages an increase in the standard of living of the community [1].The concept of economic development is redeveloped into an endogenous theory [2] that regional development at a high level is a bottom-up process, initiated and implemented by local and regional actors, influenced and shaped by regional institutions and policies or what is currently being carried out in Indonesia in the form of decentralization or regional autonomy.Starting with strengthening the territory through development by optimizing the location between industries, markets and raw materials [3], to a centralized development concept or central place Christaller on Fujita, M., & Thisse, (1996).High regional development until agglomeration occurs affects the concept of a regional system which emphasizes the interaction of agglomeration of economic activity in a region depending on the increase in added value, costs, transportation, and demand [5].On the other hand, the village concept of Douglas is on Webster, (2001) which provides a complex picture of regional conditions in Indonesia, showing that the two stimulate each other with their respective specializations and localized relationships [7].
The concept of a regional system cannot be separated from the social and economic activities that occur in that area (spatial).The concept of a zoning system is based on The New Economic Geography theory, according to [5] which emphasizes the agglomeration interaction of economic activity in a region depending on the increase in added value, cost, transportation, and demand.Added value to the understanding of this theory is the emphasis on increasing the value of the output of a region compared to the value of the inputs produced.The agglomeration that occurs which causes economic polarization spatially is interpreted because of the process of urbanization and the formation of a metropolitan area of a region.Based on the theory of The New Economic Geography in accordance with the application of location-based classical economic development theory has been widely discussed by Von Thunen (1854), Weber (1909), Lösch (1954), Isard (1956) and Christaller (1933Christaller ( [1966]]) in [8].
Regional development cannot be separated from competitiveness and collaboration between regions.The concept of competitiveness is defined as the result of a country's ability to innovate in achieving, or maintaining an advantageous position compared to other countries in a number of its main economic sectors.[9].This concept is implemented globally through the World Economic Forum with a Competitiveness Index.This competitiveness index is a global development reference for countries where each country performs calculations from each region below it.
The existing definition of regional competitiveness concludes that regional competitiveness (the language used is elaborative) is the ability of innovation and productivity of the regional economy (to play a role in the regional system) in achieving prosperity and sustainable development supported by companies that remain open to domestic competition and international.The innovations carried out aim to increase regional productivity both economic productivities as measured by the value of goods and services produced per capita, and capital and natural resources as measured by productivity.
Refers to the lack of comprehensive studies that specifically focus on identifying and understanding the key components that drive regional competitiveness from [10][11][12][13].While regional competitiveness and development have been subjects of interest in Indonesia, there is limited research that takes a component-driven approach to analyze the factors contributing to regional competitiveness in this specific province.One of the lack is context-specific factors: Each region possesses unique characteristics and challenges that influence its competitiveness.Regional development, being a diverse and dynamic region, may have specific context-specific factors that significantly impact its competitiveness.A research gap exists in the identification and analysis of these specific factors that are crucial to the province's development.
Development in Indonesia uses a democratic economic system.This is used to suit the democratic government system that exists in Indonesia.In its implementation, development in Indonesia is based on the principle of the Unitary State by dividing it into administrative areas, where each administrative area has development rights and obligations for national development purposes.The principle of developing regional autonomy which emphasizes the concept of decentralization is an implementation of existing classical, noe-classical and modern development theories [14].The elements of locality and the development of local resources in regional development are at the heart of the reference literature for Indonesia's national development system.This is done because of the vast area in Indonesia and the differences in potential, problems and natural and socio-cultural characteristics of the community.
Based on the implementation of the existing zoning system in Indonesia, it has been reflected in the regulations and products of the National Spatial Plan and other policy products.This policy product can optimize and streamline national development through the division of roles and interactions that occur in regional systems so that they are interrelated.This is done to achieve the goal, namely the welfare of the nation.
Central Java Province as one of the rapidly developing regions in Indonesia cannot be separated from the role of the district cities in it.Competition and collaboration between regions have made the Central Java Province develop in economic development.Referring to the RPJMD of Central Java Province, the strategic issue of regional development of Central Java Province includes 7 things, including: poverty alleviation, improving the quality and competitiveness of human resources, economic competitiveness and increasing business opportunities, sustainable development by taking into account the carrying capacity of the environment and preservation of natural resources, Food sovereignty, regional disparities, governance and regional conduciveness.
Measurement of the regional competitiveness index in Central Java Province that has been carried out for the past 3 years and currently places Central Java Province as one of the provinces with superior performance and several urban districts are recognized for their performance nationally.The purpose of this measurement of regional competitiveness in Central Java Province is a reference for recommendations in compiling and implementing regional development planning strategies optimally by utilizing the potential of the region in a sustainable manner and recommendation for Central Java Province to develop regional area with each potency.Following up on the IDSD measurement results that have been carried out by all regencies/cities in Central Java Province, the information collected can be analyzed further to become input in the regional planning process for Central Java Province.

Data
The data that used in this study are local government performance, carried out from 4 Aspects/Factors; 12 Pillars; 23 Dimensions; 97 indicators, then the 12 pillars are grouped into 3 categories of regional development stages: Factor-Driven, Efficiency-Driven, Innovation Driven.This analytical data comes from the value of the 2021 PDSD (Regional Competitiveness Mapping) measurement in each Regency/City, as well as the RTRW (Regional Spatial Plan) of Central Java Province for 2009-2029, and related data.The study area in this research covers 8 regions in Central Java Province, Kedungsepur, Subosukowonosraten, Banglor, Purwomanggung, Petanglong, Bergasmalang, Wanarakuti, Barlingmascakep.This regional system consisting of districts and cities that have the same characteristics is used as a study area, where each district and city provides data related to the index that has been compiled.The data for this study was obtained through the distribution of questionnaires in 35 districts and cities in Central Java Province, as well as interviews with stakeholders from both the regions and the provinces.

Methods
This study adopts a quantitative approach to analyse the stages of regional development, which are identified based on competitiveness starting from basic requirements as a factor-driven, efficiencydriven, and innovation factor.Using this approach, we aim to classify the functions and roles of cities and districts within the regional system in Central Java.This paper presents a two-step analysis process to assess the alignment between driving factors of competitiveness and regional growth.The first step involves measuring the driving factor index value for each city, while the second step entails an analysis of urban development through a study of the results of the mapping of urban area growth documents.The results of both analyses are then overlaid to identify cities or regencies with high scores in the competitiveness index and serve as regional growth centers.This process enables conclusions to be drawn regarding the alignment of the factors driving competitiveness with regional growth.

Analysis Competitiveness Index
Regions and Cities around the world are currently facing increasing competition for resources and interconnectivity [11].Central Java Province as part of the fast-growing region in Indonesia also experiences competition from within, where cities and regencies grow in competition both in the macro and micro economy [15].The attitude of the provincial government starts from calculating the level of regional competitiveness with the Global Competitiveness Index standard, where 4 aspects 12 pillars and 23 dimensions are legalized through Governor Regulation No. 45 of 2020.
The results of calculations carried out in 2022 related to competitiveness in the province of each city and district show an uneven level of competitiveness (Figure 1).This condition can be identified from the objectives of welfare growth which are determined by production, institutions, policies, and infrastructure that enhances and sustains the prosperity of a city/district [16].The results show that there is a centralization of the value of competitiveness in urban areas even though there are districts that have high scores.

Figure 1. Map of Regional Competitiveness Value of Central Java Province
Identification continued with the zoning system where in Central Java there are 8 zoning systems with the aim of facilitating the regional development process [13].The conditions show the value of competitiveness in each region where the Kedungsepur and Subosukowonosraten regions have a relatively high-value advantage for regional competitiveness.As an example of the 2022 calculation, the highest score is for Surakarta City, and Magelang City, and continued by Sragen Regency and Semarang City.This result becomes interesting when there are districts that have high scores among cities in Central Java Province.But it can be interpreted that urban areas still have a high role in shaping regional competitiveness, in this condition to the capacity of a region to manage its resources and competencies to increase the well-being of its people [17].

Analysis Regional Development
The development of the Central Java zoning system is a policy to encourage local governments to carry out development through a regional approach.Cities and districts, whether they have autonomous status or not, are centers of activity for the surrounding areas, which are often referred to by several terms such as areas of influence, service areas, hinterland, etc., with various functions such as product marketing centers.hinterland products or trade and service centers, hinterland product processing centers (manufacturing industry), transportation hubs (transportation hubs), educational services (with degrees and non-degrees), and other centralized functions [18].
The stipulation of a zoning system is primarily intended as a general direction for development actors in Central Java Province regarding the functional interrelationships of cities and hinterlands in Central Java.So, a regional unit can be seen as a subsystem of cities and their hinterland within the unified system of cities and hinterland within the scope of Central Java.Planning for facilities and infrastructure, for example, especially those related to services of more than one district/city, will require consideration of functional linkages at this sub-system level.
The Regional Development of Central Java Province is aimed at creating a competitive regional space based on agriculture, industry, and tourism, considering the preservation of nature and equitable distribution of sustainable regional development.Taking into account the physiographical and geographical conditions, the regional development policy of Central Java Province is directed at efforts to accelerate the development of growth centers.This is expected to be consistent with the city's function of providing affordable infrastructure and an institutional environment that enables migrants and other marginal urban communities to contribute to urban prosperity and problem solving with their skills, networks, and entrepreneurial spirit [19].

Figure 2. Urban Map of Central Java 1
Central Java Province has 15 Small Urban Areas, 17 Medium Urban Areas and 7 Metropolitan Urban Areas (Tegal, Pekalongan, Purwokerto, Semarang, Magelang, Pati, and Metropolitan Yogyakarta section Surakarta-Klaten-Boyolali) (Figure 2) [20].This condition shows the existence of a system of linkages of activities, both cities or regions which are centers of activity and their supporting areas (as agglomerations of cities).
An example is the Semarang Region, the embodiment of the Semarang metropolitan area as the provincial capital, which is the center of Central Java's main economic growth, where the availability of infrastructure is the basis for activity centers in the Kedungsepur area.The Kedungsepur area as a strategic economic development area in Central Java is supported by the Kendal industrial area and Semarang Regency, while the service trade center is in Semarang City.An example is the Semarang Region, the embodiment of the Semarang metropolitan area as the provincial capital, which is the center of Central Java's main economic growth, where the availability of infrastructure is the basis for activity centers in the Kedungsepur area.The Kedungsepur area as a strategic economic development area in Central Java is supported by the Kendal industrial area and Semarang Regency, while the service trade center is in Semarang City.
Interaction between districts and cities in the Kedungsepur area was identified from increasing connectivity and accessibility with infrastructure development including Improving the quality and coverage of transportation infrastructure network services (Public Transport Development, Facilitation of Port development Facilitation of Revitalization/Reactivity of Railway Tracks, Facilitation of Semarang Toll Road Development.

Analysis Stages of Regional Development Index
The stages of regional competitiveness as defined by the World Economic Forum (WEF), GCI (Global Competitiveness Index) is a composite indicator, with fixed exogenous weights, based on 12 pillars, which in turn are based on different variables.The pillars are grouped into three sub-indexes (basic requirements; efficiency improvements; innovation and sophistication factors) and the GCI is defined as the weighted average of the sub-indexes.[21].
The results of the competitiveness calculation carried out by grouping according to the existing regions in Central Java show that in general the stages of development are mostly on tap basic requirements (Figure 3).The discussion on zoning starts from the Purwomanggung Area, in this area, the center of activity is the City of Magelang, where efficiency improvements have high scores but the basic requirements have not been fully met, this condition is considered the city as a center for trade services, education, and market activities.On the other hand, other urban districts have support as buffer zones, such as Temanggung Regency, Magelang Regency, and Purworejo Regency which have strong basic requirements.
The second region is Barlingmascakep where the center of activity is in Banyumas Regency, which is based on the value of the level of innovation and efficiency that is higher than other districts.Followed by Banglor where the two regencies have the same assessment but for the progress of the development stages, Rembang Regency has a better value in terms of regional efficiency and innovation.This regional area is Wanarakuti, where the activity center is in Kudus Regency with reinforcements in the market sector, but in the development stage, Jepara has a better stage than the other two districts.
In the Petanglong area, there has been a change in the dynamics of the center of activity where the development of Batang Regency as an industrial center in Java has made the stages of development in this region good.While the city of Pekalongan as the city center has the same role as other cities.The Bergasmalang region, whose activity center is in Tegal City, has a good stage of development, in contrast to Pemalang and Brebes Regencies which still need to be improved.
Two other regions that are the driving force for Central Java Province are Kedungsepur with the City of Semarang as the center of regional activities and Subosukowonosraten with the City of Surakarta/Solo as the center of its regional activities.The two cities become centers of activity and the surrounding districts become regional support subsystems, both as providers of resources and workforce.

Figure 3. Results of the Value of Competitiveness in the Zoning System
The results of the assessment are continued with an analysis of the linkages of regional competitiveness values with the growth of urban areas in Central Java Province.The results of spatial mapping of the highest value index are in urban areas such as Magelang City, Surakarta, and Semarang City (Figure 4).This condition is in accordance with the identification of urban growth in Central Java, such as in the western part of Central Java Province, the growth of urban areas, and index values centered on Tegal City and Banyumas Regency.Whereas in the Petanglong area there is a change in the direction of development to Batang Regency which is indicated by a high index value.For the eastern region, such as Banglor and Wanarakuti, Jepara and Kudus districts, there is a conformity between development directions and index values.

Conclusion
Stages of development of regional competitiveness both nationally and internationally are still being debated [12], but this condition can encourage the spirit of urban districts in Central Java to compete well in development with a good institutional system taking into account the development of urbanization in the Central Java region [22].From the results of the analysis, the first finding is the similarity of roles and functions of urban areas or those that are the center of regional activities which can be seen from the amount of efficiency and innovation that is developing.While the districts around the regional center have a role as a sub-system by providing natural resources and human resources.As stated by [23,24], both of city and district have the role of multi-level governance in shaping regional growth and competitiveness.And the dynamics of investment growth, each region has opportunities for industrial development.The things that need to be considered are competitiveness index relate to economic performance accompanied by the sustainable development.
Stages of development in accordance with the directions of the Global Competitiveness Index With basic requirements; efficiency improvements; In terms of innovation and sophistication factors, the average City District in Central Java Province is still at the basic requirements stage, not yet included in the stage of efficiency and innovation.This condition is in accordance with the conditions of the area which is starting to develop with several growing industrial areas in Central Java Province.The government's role in encouraging efficiency and innovation has been carried out but has not yet been linked to the regional system.The role of each region does not have to be the same as other urban districts but can strengthen regional cooperation.
Creating a recommendation program for Component-Driven Regional Competitiveness for Development in Central Java Province, Indonesia involves addressing the key findings and implications of the research.Based on the study's results, here are some recommendations to enhance regional competitiveness and foster sustainable development such as; strengthening institutional support encouraging innovation and r&d, and cross-sectoral collaboration.
The results of this study have weaknesses or deficiencies such as regional growth calculations are not carried out in detail relying only on secondary data, so further research is needed such as Cluster Network Analysis and Interconnectivity: Conduct a network analysis of clusters in Central Java to understand their interconnectivity and collaborations.Explore how cluster networks influence 1264 (2023) 012034 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/0120349 knowledge transfer, resource-sharing, and collective actions, ultimately affecting regional competitiveness.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Identification of Regional Development and Distribution of Competitiveness Index Three other zoning systems, such as Kedungsepur, Subosukowonosraten and Purwomanggung, have a good assessment of competitiveness compared to other zoning systems in Central Java Province and this is also demonstrated by the development of urban areas in the Semarang-Solo corridor.But there are findings that regencies around Surakarta City have progressed from other urban regencies in Central Java.