Spatial Development of Towns and Their Potential in Strengthening Rural-Urban Linkages in Kabupaten Semarang

Contemporary urbanization process in Indonesia has been entering a regional-based process, which is indicated by the expansion of existing cities and the emergence of small towns in hinterland areas. Semarang Regency is a nonurban district that become hinterland area that is affected by urban extension from Semarang City. The urbanization process in Semarang Regency is characterized by the emergence of towns as urban areas on the outskirts of. This research aims to analyze the development of towns in Semarang Regency using GIS assistance and analyzing their potential in strengthening rural-urban linkages. In addition to GIS method, this research employs descriptive qualitative method. Data collected through document and literature review, which is enriched by primary data collection through observation and interviews. The analysis used descriptive qualitative analysis. To strengthen the argument, analysis is assisted by using scalogram, ISM, LQ, and spatial analysis in the form of network analysis. There are many towns developed in Semarang Regency that tend to be concentrated in the north-west area, adjacent to Semarang City. The development of these towns is supported by the development of public service facilities. In addition to be the public service centers, the towns have potential roles as, processing and marketing centers. However, there is only one town, Bandungan, which has the roles as a center for marketing and public services. Therefore, the regency needs to have facilities development in many towns in order to strengthen the towns’ roles in strengthening rural-urban linkages in the region.


Introduction
The understanding of urbanization is inseparable from the understanding of the city itself.The city can be interpreted using two aspects, namely the physical aspect (built with nature) and nonphysical/human aspects (development subjects and urban space users) [1].According Sugiyono in the article [2] explained cities can be characterized by socially heterogeneous characters, non-agrarian economic activities, and population density.The city in a sociological sense is very important because it describes the change in rural society into urban society.Louis Wirth called the condition of urban society and culture as urbanism.Based on the explanation regarding the definition of the city and the who have experienced a change or shift from agriculture to non-agriculture.When viewed from the business field that absorbs labor, the population working in the processing industry is more than the population working in the agriculture, plantation, forestry and fisheries sectors.The population working in the processing industry totaled 189,406 people (31.83%), while the population working in the agriculture, plantation, forestry and fishery sectors totaled 120,791 people (20.30%).Despite experiencing urbanization, however, the level of urbanization is still relatively low when compared to other areas in the Semarang metropolitan area (KEDUNGSEPUR).Semarang Regency is only in 5th place out of 6 regions in 2019 with an urbanization rate of 38.03%.
The author chose the research theme and study area in Semarang Regency because there was no research that discussed the development of small towns and their potential role in strengthening ruralurban linkages in Semarang Regency.In addition, there is a journal of research by [21] which discusses the dynamics of small-town development and the factors that influence it (case studies in Muntilan, Mungkid, and Salam sub-districts).The research by [11] discusses the development of small urban areas on the outskirts of Pekalongan City.Based on [17] it only discusses the spatial development of small towns in Central Java.If based on the previous research articles, there has been no research conducted in Semarang Regency and only discusses one topic, namely the development of small towns or their role, there has not been one study at a time in one article.So, the authors are interested in conducting research related to the development of small towns and their potential role in strengthening rural-urban linkages in Semarang Regency.If based on the previous research articles, there has been no research conducted in Semarang Regency and only discusses one topic, namely the development of small towns or their role, there has not been one study at a time in one article.So, the authors are interested in conducting research related to the development of small towns and their potential role in strengthening rural-urban linkages in Semarang Regency.If based on the previous research articles, there has been no research conducted in Semarang Regency and only discusses one topic, namely the development of small towns or their role, there has not been one study at a time in one article.So, the authors are interested in conducting research related to the development of small towns and their potential role in strengthening rural-urban linkages in Semarang Regency.
In addition, Semarang Regency is also traversed by the JOGLOSEMAR route/corridor, this is because the JOGLOSEMAR corridor is an area including an important growth center in Java.So, with the JOGLOSEMAR route/corridor, Semarang Regency is often passed by people who travel to Semarang -Surakarta.Semarang Regency also has the potential to support the emergence of small towns including industry, tourism, agriculture (horticulture), etc.In response to this, a problem formulation was formulated in the form of "How are the Developments of Small Towns in Semarang Regency and Their Potential Role in Strengthening Rural-Urban Linkages".The purpose of this study is to analyze the development of small towns and their potential to increase their role in strengthening rural-urban linkages in the region using cases in Semarang Regency.

Research Data
The data used in this study are secondary data originating from the Central Bureau of Statistics and previously existing literature are then used to analyze using the specified variables.The needs and types of data are made with the aim of providing convenience in carrying out the data collection process that supports research analysis.The following table needs and data types.
The location chosen in this study is Semarang Regency, which has a strategic location because it is directly adjacent to the City of Semarang.This regency is also bordered by Demak Regency, Grobogan Regency, Boyolali Regency, Salatiga City, Temanggung Regency, Magelang Regency and Kendal Regency.Semarang Regency is included in the Semarang Metropolitan area or KEDUNGSEPUR Area (Kendal Regency, Ungaran Semarang Regency, Semarang City, and Purwodadi Grobogan Regency.More details can be seen in Figure 1.Regency has an area of 950.21 km2 with the total population is 1,053,786 in 2019.When compared to the metropolitan area in KEDUNGSEPUR, the population of Semarang Regency is the third highest after Semarang City and Kendal Regency.The urban population of Semarang Regency in 1990 was 140,008 people and has increased until 2019 to 392,436 people.When compared with the total population of Semarang Regency, the urban population in 1990 was only one-sixth of the total population, in 2000 only 1/3 of the total population, in 2010 2/5 of the total population, and in 2019 3/8 of the total population of Semarang Regency.The urbanization rate of Semarang Regency has increased from 1990 to 2010, but in 2019 it decreased by 1.72%, namely to 28.03%.When compared with regencies/cities in the Semarang metropolitan area, the level of urbanization in Semarang Regency from 1990 to 2010 was in the order of number 4, but in 2019 it is in the order of number 5.

Methods
The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method that combines spatial analyzes and time comparisons, which is strengthened by analysis using scalogram, ISM, and LQ calculations.The data used are primary and secondary data.Data collection techniques are carried out according to the type of data used, namely secondary and primary.The primary data comes from interviews and field observations, while the secondary data comes from records from the Central Bureau of Statistics and existing literature and is then used to analyze using the specified variables.
This research uses a case study of the development of small towns in Semarang Regency.Observations on the development of these small towns were carried out by observing the development of sub-districts in Semarang Regency which were classified by BPS periodically as per the research carried out [11], especially in the year the population census was carried out, namely 1990, 2000 and 2010.In addition, using 2019 as the last data year for BPS carry out the classification of urban and nonurban villages and the number of village residents presented in the sub-district books in numbers.
Apart from observing the number of urban villages, identifying the development of small towns also pays attention to urban areas.Urban areas are seen from the agglomeration of urban villages and the size of the population in each urban agglomeration that has formed and developed.Identification of urban areas was carried out by observing urban village agglomerations in each observation year, namely 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2019.Urban villages that are next to each other within the same sub-district are considered to form one and the same urban area, while adjacent urban villages urban areas that are next to each other but come from different sub-districts are considered different urban areas.Then, the agglomeration of urban villages that form urban areas is classified into five categories of urban areas based on the number of inhabitants, namely (1) urban areas with a population of 100,000-200,000 people; (2) urban areas with a population of 50,000-100,000 people; (3) urban areas with a population of 20,000-50,000 people; (4) urban areas with a population of 3,000-20,000 people; and (5) urban areas with a population <2,000 people.In observing the activity potential of rural areas around small towns, one can look at the existing activities in these rural areas and see the supporting facilities for each activity in rural areas.Activities included in rural areas include agricultural activities (food crops, horticulture, plantations, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry), industry, tourism and mining.In analyzing the potential for agricultural activity, it can be seen from the superior commodities that exist in these rural areas.By looking at the amount of production of each agricultural commodity.The analytical technique used to identify superior commodity types in 19 sub-districts in Semarang Regency in 2009-2019 is Location Quotient (LQ) analysis.However, in analyzing the potential for agricultural (forestry) activity, look at the area of existing community forest land.As for analyzing the potential for industrial and tourism activity seen from the number in each rural area.Meanwhile, in analyzing the potential for mining activities, it can be seen from the potential of mineral resources in these rural areas.
Analysis of the potential for increasing the role of small towns in strengthening rural-urban linkages is carried out by first analyzing the development of small towns and identifying the potential for activity in rural areas around small towns [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].Then, the results of analyzing the development of small towns and identifying potential activities in rural areas around these small towns are used as a basis for analyzing the potential for increasing the role of small towns in strengthening rural-urban linkages in Semarang Regency.In analyzing the potential for increasing the role of small towns in strengthening the linkages of urban villages using the help of GIS applications, namely using network analysis.Network analysis is used to determine the range of each service range from each facility such as agricultural kiosks, cooperatives, banks, public markets, modern shops, supermarkets, hotels, restaurants/restaurants, terminals, health centers, animal health centers, hospitals.In addition to looking at the range of services, it also looks at the rural-urban linkages that occur.Then, look at the role of urban areas in strengthening rural-urban linkages.Cooperatives, banks, public markets, modern shops, supermarkets, hotels, restaurants/restaurants, terminals, health centers, animal health centers, hospitals.In addition to looking at the range of services, it also looks at the rural-urban linkages that occur.Then, look at the role of urban areas in strengthening rural-urban linkages.In order to better understand the methods and analysis in this study, see Figure 2.

Development of Small Towns in Semarang Regency
Based on the results of the population census calculations, it was found that the total population and urban population of Semarang Regency had increased from 1990-2019 (see Table 1).The total population of Semarang Regency increased from 785,810 people in 1990 to 1,032,021 people in 2019.The total population growth rate of Semarang Regency between 1990 and 2019 was 0.94% per year.The urban population in Semarang Regency has also increased from 1990, which was 140,008 people, increasing to 392,436 people in 2019.The urbanization rate of Semarang Regency in 1990-2010 has increased to 39.75%, but in 2019 it has decreased to 38, 03%.Based on the classification of urban and non-urban villages conducted by BPS, the development of urban villages is shown in Figure 3. Semarang Regency experienced a fairly rapid development of the number of urban villages from 1990-2019, especially in areas along the arterial road.In 1990 there were only 24 urban villages in Semarang Regency, which increased to 62 urban villages in 2019.The period between 2010 and 2019 was the period with the most increase in urban villages in Semarang Regency, where most of the plantations were in the north and west, namely in West Ungaran, East Ungaran, Bawen, Ambarawa, Bandungan, and Bergas Districts.The rapid development of the number of sub-districts is caused by the rapid urbanization process.There are several factors that encourage urbanization to occur in developing countries, including industrialization, modernization, globalization, marketization, and institutional strength [6,7].The phenomenon of urbanization can result in the expansion of urban areas and the emergence of new urban areas in suburban areas [8].Urban population growth in a district forms several urban concentrations with varying city sizes.Urban concentrations develop in areas that have regional road networks, proximity to major growth centers in the region, and are influenced by socio-economic factors [30].The development of the number of different urban concentrations in Semarang Regency is explained by the population size of each urban concentration.Semarang Regency has an urban area with a population of more than 100,000 people since 2010, namely the Ungaran Urban Area.The area of this urban area includes several villages in West Ungaran and East Ungaran Districts, which grew from seven villages in 1990 to thirteen villages In Table 2 it can be seen that Semarang Regency also has the Ambarawa Urban Area with a population of 55,509 people, with a city size of between 50,000-100,000 residents.This city has reached this city size category since 2010.In addition, there are also two other urban areas, namely Karangjati and Bawen with population sizes between 30,000-50,000, which have only had a population of more than 30,000 since 2010.From 1990 to 2019, there are still urban areas that have an urban population of less than 3,000 residents.Urban areas that still have an urban population of less than 3,000 people are the urban areas of Susukan, Sumowono, and Kaliwungu.The next two largest urban areas, namely Bandungan and Tengaran, are also starting to have a population of more than 20.
An urban area can be said to be a small town if it has a minimum population of 20,000 people and a maximum of 200,000 people.When viewed from the number of residents, small towns in Semarang Regency experienced development from 1990-2019.In 1990, only the urban areas of Ungaran and Ambarawa were classified as small towns.In 2000, the number of urban areas classified as small towns was still the same as in 1990, and only in 2010, these urban areas increased to seven, with the addition of the urban areas of Bergas, Bawen, Bandungan, Tengaran, and Pringapus.The number and location remained the same until 2019, although Bergas and Pringapus experienced a slight decrease in their population.
The development of small towns is also seen from the development of urban service facilities in Semarang Regency.The development of service facilities in Semarang Regency can be seen from 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2019 as the last year (can be seen in Figure 4).Service facilities are divided into 3, including social services, economy, and services & government.Facilities included in social services include educational facilities (junior high schools/MTs, high schools/MA/vocational high schools, universities) and health facilities (health centers and hospitals).While economic service facilities include trade & service facilities (modern shops, supermarkets, traditional markets, animal markets, vegetable markets, and hotels), industry (medium and large), finance (cooperatives), and transportation (terminals), trade facilities & Services (hotels) written in the table are star hotels and non-star hotels.From 1990-2019, the number of social, economic, and trade & service facilities has increased, although there have been a number of facilities that have decreased.Service facilities in urban areas can be used to analyze service hierarchies.Determination of service hierarchy can be done using the scalogram analysis method.The calculation of the scalogram is described in a table containing service facilities per sub-district.The existence of service facilities in each urban area is marked with the number "1" while the number "0" indicates urban areas that do not have facilities.The urban area in Semarang Regency which has order/hierarchy I from 1990-2019 is the Ungaran urban area.

Potential Activities in Rural Areas Around Small Towns and Potential for Increasing the Role of Small Towns in Strengthening Rural-Urban Linkages
The potential for activities in rural areas around small towns can be seen from the activities in these rural areas and the supporting facilities for each activity in rural areas [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].Activities included in rural areas include agricultural activities (food crops, horticulture, plantations, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry), industry, tourism and mining.In analyzing the potential for agricultural activity, it can be seen from the superior commodities that exist in these rural areas.by looking at the amount of production of each agricultural commodity.The analytical technique used to identify superior commodity types in 19 sub-districts in Semarang Regency in 2009-2019 is Location Quotient (LQ) analysis.However, in analyzing the potential for agricultural (forestry) activity, look at the area of existing community forest land.As for analyzing the potential for industrial and tourism activity seen from the number in each rural area.Meanwhile, in analyzing the potential of mining activities, it can be seen from the potential of mineral resources in these rural areas.As for analyzing the potential for industrial and tourism activity seen from the number in each rural area.Meanwhile, in analyzing the potential of mining activities, it can be seen from the potential of mineral resources in these rural areas.As for analyzing the potential for industrial and tourism activity seen from the number in each rural area.Meanwhile, in analyzing the potential of mining activities, it can be seen from the potential of mineral resources in these rural areas.
Potential activities in the northern part of Semarang Regency are agricultural, livestock, service & government activities, settlements.The northern part of Semarang Regency consists of the urban areas of Ungaran, Bergas and Pringapus.The central part of Semarang Regency consists of the urban areas of Ambarawa, Bawen and Tuntang.The activity potential in the central area is the area for livestock and fishery activities.In the north-eastern part of Semarang Regency, it consists of the urban areas of Pabelan, Bringin and Bancak.The east-north area has the potential for rural agricultural activity and as an agropolitan support area.The east-south area of Semarang Regency consists of the urban areas of Tengaran, Suruh, Susukan, and Kaliwungu.This east-south area is an area for agricultural, animal husbandry, fishery, and medium industrial (agricultural) activities.In addition, this area is also an agropolitan supporting area.The south-western part of Semarang Regency consists of the urban areas of Banyubiru and Getasan.In the south-west it has a specialization of artificial tourism activities.The north-western part of Semarang Regency consists of the urban areas of Bandungan, Jambu and Sumowono.Potential activities in rural areas in the north-western part of Semarang Regency are areas for horticultural activities (vegetables and ornamental plants), agriculture, and tourism.In addition, it is also an agropolitan area, namely an area that functions as a service center, marketing of local agricultural products.
In analyzing the potential role of small towns, we look at the potential activities of rural areas around small towns and then look at the supporting facilities for each activity in these rural areas.Then analyzed the potential role of these small towns.There are three roles for small towns, namely as a marketing center, as a processing center, and as a public service/support center [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]31].If an urban area has a role as a marketing center, then the urban area has marketing facilities such as markets (public, animal, vegetable markets), terminals, modern shops, supermarkets.
If the urban area has a role as a processing center, then the urban area has facilities for processing activities or a processing industry that can increase added value to existing rural agricultural products.These processing activities can be processing activities that produce final products (finished products) that can be directly consumed or used by consumers or processing that produces processed materials as input from industry or other production processes that will carry out further processing.Several processing facilities exist in several urban areas in Semarang Regency, such as the dairy processing industry, animal and poultry slaughterhouses, rice mills, and so on.While urban areas have a role as a public service center/support for rural agricultural activities, urban areas not only have facilities to improve human resources (education and/or training facilities) and public service facilities such as health facilities ( hospitals, health centers), but also have special facilities that support the performance of rural agricultural activities such as agricultural kiosks, nursery/hatchery centers, and animal health

Conclusion
The analysis and discussion lead to several conclusions.First, as a suburb of the Semarang Metropolitan area, Semarang Regency has also experienced an urbanization process which has led to an increase in the urban population from around 140,000 people in 1990 to around 392,000 people in 2019.The growth in the urban population which is higher than the total population has also brought an increase in the urbanization rate in this district from only 17.82% in 1990 to 38.03% in 2019.The urban population growth that occurred was spread across sixteen urban population concentrations with varying sizes from several thousand residents in each concentration to more than one hundred thousand urban residents.However, of the 16 concentrations of urban population, only seven concentrations are categorized as small urban areas with a population of more than 20 thousand people, with four urban areas having a population of more than 30 thousand urban residents.Ungaran City is the largest urban area with a population of more than one hundred thousand people in 2019.Together with the Ambarawa, Bergas and Bawen Urban Areas which are the next largest urban areas, these urban areas are growing fast with the main influence of the increasing number of urban villages that are agglomerated into these urban areas.
The second conclusion shows that the small towns that grow and develop in Semarang Regency have a potential role in strengthening rural-urban linkages that occur in the district area and the wider area, namely the Semarang Metropolitan Area.At least, the potential role of strengthening rural-urban linkages is demonstrated by two reasons.The first reason is the development and distribution of existing urban areas covering the entire area or part of the existing Semarang Regency area.Only two subdistricts, namely Bancak and Getasan, still do not have urban areas, until now.The second reason is the development of urban facilities, in several existing urban areas such as in the Urban Areas of Ungaran, Bandungan, Bawen and Ambarawa, which are able to increase and strengthen the linkages between rural activities to urban activities, both in the Semarang Regency and in the wider area.Integrating construction and development of service facilities and other urban facilities into developing economic activities in the region, The third conclusion is that Semarang Regency needs to build several additional urban services and facilities in several existing urban areas, so that these urban areas are able to strengthen and increase the linkages between rural agricultural activities in their area and urban activities, both those located in within the region, and in other wider areas.Some of the areas suggested for strengthening can be increased, especially the areas in the eastern and southern parts of the district, namely the East-North Area (Pabelan, Bancak and Bringin Areas), East-South Area (Tengaran, Suruh, Susukan and Kaliwungu Areas), as well as the West-South Region (Banyubiru and Getasann Regions).The development of agropolitan concepts, including those combined with agro-industry and agro-tourism, can be considered in the development of these areas.Therefore, Therefore, the development of service facilities and additional urban facilities that must be developed in these areas are facilities that can increase the role of urban areas to have an agropolitan role that is in accordance with and also supports the development of processing products of activity industries.agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing.

Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all parties such as supervisors, family and friends who have helped and supported this research.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Small Towns Development Map of Semarang Regency in 1990-2019 (Analysis Results, 2023) Rahmayana L, Pangi P, Pramitasari A, Sejati A W, Basuki Y and Bramiana C N 2022 In situ urbanization-driven industrial activities: the Pringapus enclave on the rural-urban fringe of Semarang Metropolitan Region, Indonesia International Journal of Urban Sciences

Table 1 .
Total Urban Population and Urbanization Rate of Semarang Regency in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2019