Utilization of GIS for Adaptation Pattern on Community of Drought Disaster in Kaliori District, Rembang Regency

The adaptation process carried out by individuals or communities in counfront of drought forms an adaptation pattern. This research focuses on adaptation to domestic and agricultural water needs. The drought disaster in Kaliori is a hydrological drought where there is a shortage of surface water and groundwater, areas affected by drought occur in 20 of 23 villages in Kaliori. The goals of this research is to determine the adaptations made by the community in facing drought disasters. This research using a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative with primary data collection methods are interviews, questionnaires, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and utilize GIS processing. The results is the dominant adaptation patterns is (1) Buying tank water from other districts for people with middle-high economic class, (2) Buying conducting water for IDR 2,000 from the District Lasem for people with a lower economy, (3) Prioritizing need for water for daily needs and drinking water for livestock, (4) Selling or renting paddy fields for farmers who do not have sufficient capital to work on the fields, (5) Switching professions to sectors other than agriculture, such as turning into fishermen and porters in the coastal area of Kaliori District; (6) Coastal communities who work as salt farmers benefit from the drought disaster because it results in higher salt production; and (7) Lowland people who work as farmers adjust the types of crops from rice to sugar cane, corn, beans, chilies, cassava, and other that can withstand hot weather.


Introduction
Problems related to water resources include an increase in population which is equivalent to an increase in water demand, a decrease in the quality of the aquatic environment due to land use that does not pay attention to the protected function of an area, a decrease in the quantity and quality of surface water due to domestic and non-domestic activities, unequal distribution of water in space and time (in the rainy season there are floods and in the dry season there are droughts), as well as the joint use of water resources by several regions, giving rise to competition and causing drought [1].Drought is a hydrometeorological disaster which is generally caused by low rainfall which lasts for quite a long time.Droughts occur in Indonesia, especially on the island of Java, where the highest population density occurs on the island of Java [2].The current drought conditions are exacerbated by extreme climate change, where the prolonged dry season is the result of climate anomalies such as El Nino [3].Water is a basic need for the livelihood of living creatures and a sustainable natural balance.According to [4] the 1264 (2023) 012022 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/012022 2 existence of water as a source of livelihood needs to be maintained in balance, namely not too much which can result in flood disasters, and not too little which can result in drought disasters.
Rembang Regency has low rainfall conditions, where the wet months are only 4-5 months, the remaining months are moderate to dry, so droughts often occur in Rembang Regency.The availability of raw water in Rembang Regency is increasingly minimal due to low rainfall which results in drought.The drought disaster in Rembang Regency is a hydrological drought disaster where there is a shortage of surface and ground water that can be utilized by the community.Due to low rainfall and frequent droughts, the availability of raw water in Rembang Regency is insufficient [5].The areas affected by drought in Rembang Regency in 2019 included 16 villages spread across 11 sub-districts [6].Meanwhile, in 2020 the impact of drought will be even more widespread.In September 2020, it was recorded that 29 villages spread across 11 sub-districts were affected by drought [6].Kaliori District is one of the districts experiencing drought, based on the results of the Drought Management FGD, 2021 in Kaliori District as many as 21 villages out of 23 villages experienced drought, Kaliori District experienced drought in the last 5-10 years, this occurred due to changes land use in the surrounding environment which results in reduced availability of ground water, and low rainfall which results in a decrease in the quantity of surface water [7] Drought is considered the most destructive natural hazard in the world [8].Drought conditions in Indonesia receive relatively little attention, compared to flood disasters.If look more closely, flood disasters will cause multiple effects from the impact of drought such as lack of water availability, socioeconomics and environmental sustainability [9].Climate change adaptation is an effort to overcome disasters due to the impacts of climate change, while climate change mitigation is an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions [3].Climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts are needed because coastal areas are very vulnerable.The implications of disaster management strategies are that it is not enough to simply reduce, respond and recover from disasters due to the impacts of climate change, it is necessary to know the level of exposure and existing local resilience responses.According to [10] residents in coastal areas who live in informal settlements, including the poor, are more directly exposed to the dangers of climate change.The adaptation pattern according to [11] is a person's behavior towards the environment that is permanent, constant and sustainable which requires changes in a person's behavior or system in order to adapt to a particular environment.Research on adaptation to climate change disasters has been widely carried out, but the disaster that is often studied is flood disasters, so that through research on adaptation to drought disasters this can be a novelty in scientific studies.This research aims to determine the adaptations made by the community in surviving and facing drought disasters.The results obtained can be a study or basis for determining better adaptations so that the impacts can be minimized, as well as being taken into consideration in regional planning, because an area is experiencing experiencing a disaster.Natural disasters, one of which is drought, people need to have attitudes and actions that are equipped with experience and knowledge to deal with natural disasters that often occur.

Research Data
The data used in the research uses secondary data and primary data.Secondary data was obtained by reviewing data from the Rembang Regency Bappeda, Central Statistics Agency, and literature review from previous research which was used to compile research variables.Meanwhile, the primary data needed is in the form of existing adaptations carried out by the people of Kaliori District in facing the drought disaster.The collection tools used are questionnaires with a Gutman scale, interviews, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD).
The location of this research is in Kaliori District, Rembang Regency.Drought disasters have occurred for the past 5-10 years in several sub-districts in Rembang Regency, one of which is Kaliori sub-district.Kaliori has an area of 6.117 ha with the population is 41.393 in 2022.This district is on the north coast of the Java Sea, with lowland topography.Climate conditions in Kaliori District have conditions with wet months only lasting 4-5 months, while dry months or the dry season last for 6-7 months.Kaliori District utilizes surface water and groundwater sources which are used as raw water and irrigation.However, rainfall in Kaliori District is relatively small, which results in drought.Based on drought disaster data by the Rembang Regency Baappeda, villages experiencing drought in Kaliori District can be seen in Figure 1.Based on the hydrogeological map (Figure 2) in Kaliori District, it is a moderately productive aquifer and some areas have groundwater areas with scarce water conditions, this condition shows that it is really difficult to obtain groundwater, this is one of the factors causing the drought problems that occur in Kaliori District.Due to several natural physical factors and exacerbated by human activities, drought disasters continue to occur.Through this research, knowing the community's adaptation patterns in facing drought disasters can be used as a basis for mitigating drought disasters.

Methods
The research approach method used in this study uses a rationalism approach, with qualitative and quantitative methods that are descriptive.To achieve the objectives of this study, analyzes were carried out such as, (1) Analysis of drought disaster identification using FGD data on Drought Management in Kaliori District, 2021 and Drought Hazard Map (Bappeda, 2021); (2) Analysis of Existing Drought Identification in Kaliori District, this analysis is based on collecting data using variables, indicators, and parameters from literature studies related to adaptation to drought in Kaliori District; (3) Analysis of Drought Adaptation Patterns, based on the results of the existing adaptation analysis, it is formulated into an adaptation pattern that is carried out regularly and constantly in Kaliori District.The following is the analysis used to achieve the goals and objectives of this study can be seen in the Figure 3. Based on the literature review from various sources, variables, parameters and indicators were obtained to determine adaptation to drought in Kaliori District, so that the basis for collecting primary data did not lose direction.The following table of variables, parameters and indicators used in this study can be seen in the table 1.The adaptation patterns in this research are elements that have settled in the adaptation process which can describe processes in daily life both in interactions and behavior of people in Kaliori District.Domestic water demand droughts include a lack of water supplies for domestic needs (toiletries, cooking, drinking), while agricultural droughts include reduced availability of agricultural irrigation during the dry season.

Identification of Existing Drought Adaptation in Kaliori District
The drought disaster in Kaliori District occurred in 20 out of 23 villages, based on data from the Focus Group Discussion on Drought Management in Rembang Regency in 2022.The drought occurred for 5-6 months.As a form of adaptation effort to meet water needs, the government provides assistance in the form of dropping water every week.Drought conditions in Kaliori District can be seen in Table 2.

Analysis of Community Adaptation Patterns to Drought
Adaptation patterns are community actions that often occur regularly, constantly, and continuously forming patterns in adapting to their environment.Kaliori Subdistrict is a coastal and agricultural area, most of its area is settlement and agriculture, so that specifically the pattern of adaptation to drought in this study focuses on two sectors, namely adaptation to domestic water needs and adaptation to agriculture.

Pattern of Community Adaptation to Drought Based on Domestic Water Needs
In the institutional system of drought mitigation in Rembang Regency, the type of policy implemented tends to be the first type, namely providing direct assistance to disaster victims or emergency response [12][13][14][15][16]. Efforts to anticipate impacts have not yet been carried out much, especially at the stages of estimating, early warning, building information systems and planning for drought disaster management, as well as efforts to build water storage and use water sources more optimally.Residents in Kaliori Subdistrict who have low incomes adopt an adaptation pattern to meet domestic water needs by buying cascading water at a price of IDR 2,000 / conductor, this cascading water comes from Lasem Subdistrict, Rembang Regency.The people's low income does not allow people to buy water in large quantities.It is different from people with middle to high incomes, these people adopt an adaptation pattern to meet domestic water needs by buying tank water from other districts, other districts that offer tank water to Kaliori District, namely Pati Regency and Blora Regency.The pattern of adaptation based on the economic conditions of the community can be concluded that people's income has an effect on adapting to drought.
People with high incomes buy tank water by storing it in large reservoirs near their homes to distribute it to their homes.Meanwhile, for people with low incomes who buy Kajar water, they often find itinerant traders selling Kajar water which can be delivered to residents' homes.Another pattern of community adaptation in dealing with drought in meeting domestic water needs is that the Kaliori District community prioritizes the use of water, that is, the community chooses to prioritize clean water to meet the drinking water needs of livestock, the community assumes that cattle and goats are another asset owned by the community as savings to meet economic needs.This is also related to the weak agricultural sector in Kaliori Subdistrict due to drought in Kaliori Subdistrict which resulted in agricultural irrigation not meeting water needs, so that the people's economy was disrupted.Community adaptation efforts to meet domestic water needs in detail are as follows: a. Protection of Water Resources The existence of a policy to protect water resources is useful for maintaining the continuity of water resources so that they are not used individually and not measured, the protection of water resources can be utilized thoroughly and fairly.Details of adaptation with protection of water resources can be seen at Table 3. -It can be concluded that the study area has protected water resources.

Water pump for distribution from Embung to PAMSIMAS PAMSIMAS towers are distributed to residents' homes
Sources: Field Documentation, 2022 During the dry season, Kaliori District experiences water shortages and relies on surface and groundwater resources that are still flowing as well as water supplies from the government.14 The Village Government allows taking water from reservoirs without limiting the amount of water discharge, but is not allowed to use water pump machines.

b. Provision of Surface Water Storage
Provision of water reservoirs functions to collect rainwater when the rainy season arrives, water reservoirs or reservoirs are used by the community for agricultural irrigation water, livestock drinking water, and some for daily needs.Details of adaptation with provision of surface water storage can be seen at Table 4 and Figure 4. -58 respondents answered that it was dry/reduced/shallow and not functioning, and during the rainy season 63 respondents answered that there was good functioning water, and 7 respondents said that during the rainy season the rainwater storage remains dry, because rainfall remains low Sources: Author Analysis Results, 2022 Providing water reservoirs functions to collect rainwater when the rainy season arrives.The community uses water reservoirs or embungs for agricultural irrigation water, livestock drinking water, and partly for daily needs.c.Increasing Green Areas Providing groundwater reserves can be done by increasing green areas by planting trees, and providing green open spaces.The following are the achievements of increasing green areas can be seen in the table 5.

Parameter
Effort Achievements Green Area Enhancement -The community has increased the green area by planting trees and building fields.
-The community is aware that increasing green areas can increase groundwater reserves.
-37% of respondents made an increase in green areas.-31% of respondents are aware of the increase in green areas.--It can be concluded that Kaliori District has not optimally increased green areas.

Sources: Author Analysis Results, 2022
Community awareness in increasing green areas, some respondents are aware that planting trees and increasing green areas is useful for increasing groundwater reserves, the village government is planting trees along roads in collaboration with the Forestry Service in providing seeds.The early warning system is a form of disaster mitigation efforts, losses due to disasters can be minimized because of early warning [17].This notification came from residents who conveyed to the village government when water difficulties began to occur, from this information the government conveyed to the community and agencies related to water difficulties experienced by residents.The government conveyed to BPBD and PDAM for assistance.The following is a table of achievements in providing an early warning system can be seen in the table 6. -The community prepares when there will be a drought.
-43% of respondents received notification of impending drought and prepared for it.
-It can be concluded that Kaliori District has sufficiently provided an early warning system.Sources: Author Analysis Results, 2022 In dealing with drought disasters, mitigation that can be done to anticipate and minimize the impact of drought disasters is the development of an early warning system.In accordance with what was mentioned by 1) development of an early warning system, information system and seasonal forecasting; 2) increasing water conservation, reducing demand and increasing water supply, building water reservoirs, and connecting water supplies between neighboring community groups; 3) drought mitigation planning, and 4) public awareness.e. Clean Water Supply Clean water assistance comes when the community informs the village government that there is a water shortage, the village government will convey to the agency to ask for water dropping.Some of the clean water supply assistance was carried out by the Government/Institutions such as BPBD, PDAM and Banks, while from NGOs it was provided by Ansor, Info Seputar Rembang, Alumni Community, and Political Parties.Sources: Author Analysis Results, 2022 85% of respondents received clean water supplies in accordance with community demand, the government provided water dropping tanks with a capacity of 5,000 liters 2-5 times a week.The dropping distribution system for clean water is distributed to the community using a water conductor with a capacity of 20 liters.In one of the villages, namely Pengkol Village, the dropping water is channeled into wells and flows into residents' houses (Figure 5).Based on the results of the questionnaire, the number of respondents who answered that they prioritize the use of water for their daily water needs reached 74%.Because daily water needs are more important for people's survival, the following is a table 9 of priority achievements for water use (Figure 6):  Community in Kaliori District use Pamsimas water, reservoirs and private wells for their daily water needs.However, the need for water for cooking is an exception, people buy gallons of clean water for cooking, at a price of IDR 5,000/gallon/conductor. 16% of respondents prioritize water use for agricultural water needs, for some people whose main livelihood is farmers, the main priority is agricultural water needs.11% of respondents prioritize the use of water for livestock drinking water, in Kaliori District some people have 2-5 cows or goats kept next to the house, 8 respondents answered that they prioritize water for livestock drinking.

Pattern of Community Adaptation to Drought Based on Agricultural Water Needs
Agriculture is the main sector in Kaliori District, most of the area is irrigated rice fields and rainfed rice fields, and the livelihoods of the people of Kaliori District are mostly as farmers.The existence of a drought disaster, has the impact of drought, namely crop failure due to insufficient irrigation water needs to flow agricultural land [17][18][19].Therefore, people need to adapt to face drought in the agricultural sector to survive.The adaptation pattern carried out by the people of Kaliori Subdistrict is for farmers who have agricultural land and large capital to replace plant varieties that are heat stress resistant.
Meanwhile, the people of Kaliori Subdistrict, who only have small land and minimal capital, adopt an adaptation pattern by renting paddy fields at a value of IDR 5,000,000/ha/year, and switching professions outside the agricultural sector, namely becoming fishermen or porters in the coastal area of the sub-district.Kaliori.The adaptation pattern adopted by the community can provide other options for survival in the face of drought.The adaptation pattern of the community in Kaliori District which is located on the coast or north of Kalori District in dealing with drought, especially in the villages of Banyudono, Patiharjo, Purworejo and Tasikharjo is different from other villages, because the four villages are located in the coastal area so that their livelihoods are the people are not rice or secondary crops farmers, but salt farmers.So salt pond farmers feel that they benefit from a long drought, because salt yields are better when produced during the dry season, coastal communities only adapt to meet domestic water needs.

a. Provision of Irrigation Networks
The provision of irrigation networks in Kaliori District only covers a few villages close to large ponds, most of the people in the agricultural sector use rain-fed rice fields.So that the proportion of irrigation networks in the rice fields in the study area is only 17%, only 12 out of 70 respondents said (yes) there is an irrigation network.

b. Adjustment of Plant Variety Types
Adjustment of plant varieties is a form of effort to anticipate the impact of a long dry season, changing varieties from rice to heat stress resistant plant varieties, so that farmers can still plant when drought occurs.From the question of adjusting plant varieties, 70% of respondents answered (Yes) changing the types of plant varieties.Efforts made by the community in adjusting the types of plant varieties, namely: -Replacing rice with corn, beans, chilies, tobacco, green beans, cassava, watermelon and other crops.
Farmers consider this type of plant variety resistant to heat stress, only needing a little water by watering it occasionally, unlike rice.-Changing rice into permanent sugarcane plantations, due to water shortages and frequent crop failures, some people change rice to sugar cane which is sold to East Java.c. Adjustment of Planting Time and Pattern Climate change encourages farmers to adjust the time and pattern of planting in paddy fields.The question of adjusting the time and pattern of planting 53% of respondents answered (Yes) they made adjustments to the time and pattern of planting.Following are the efforts made to adjust the cropping pattern: -Pattern 1: For 1 year, rice planting is only done once, and it changes to crops.Because low rainfall threatens to cause crop failure, some farmers do not want to risk losses, so rice planting is carried out in November-February.-Pattern 2: Planting rice is carried out in December-April, planting tobacco, chilies and onions is planted in May-October.-Pattern 3: Rice planting is carried out for 3 months, after the harvest is planted with chilies, the pattern is repeated.

Conclusion
The pattern of community adaptation to drought in Kaliori District in this study focuses on adaptation to clean water needs, and agricultural water needs.The pattern of adaptation that is dominantly carried out by the people in Kaliori District to meet their needs for clean water is (1) Buying tank water from other districts for people with middle-high economic status, (2) Buying conductive water for IDR 2,000 from Lasem District for people with lower economy, (3) Prioritizing the need for water for daily needs and drinking water for livestock, (4) Selling or renting paddy fields for farmers who do not have sufficient capital to work on the fields, (5) Switching professions to sectors other than agriculture, such as switching become fishermen and porters in the coastal area of Kaliori District; and (6) the adaptation pattern of coastal communities is felt to benefit when there is a dry season because salt farmers get more production, so they only carry out adaptation patterns of daily water needs.These patterns form an activity that can overcome drought in Kaliori District, this adaptation pattern is expected to be a consideration in spatial planning that is appropriate to drought conditions in Kaliori District.
Adaptation research has been widely carried out, but research on adaptation to drought disasters is very rarely found in several existing journals.The adaptation pattern that is often studied is adaptation to flood disasters, therefore this research is expected to be a novelty in adaptation to drought disasters.

Acknowledgments
Big appreciation for supervising lecturer who has been willing to spend time during guidance to this research, and parties who have helped and supported this research.

References [1]
Dabanli I Drought Risk Assessment by Using Drought Hazard and Vulnerability Indexes

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Analytical Framework (Author Analysis Results, 2022) regulates the use of ways to exploit water resources, by not allowing the use of pumping machines.-The government regulates the turn of opening Pamsimas during the dry season.-46out of 70 respondents said (yes) to protect water resources.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Map of Distribution of Water Dropping in Kaliori District (FGD, 2022)

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Map of Source of Water Needs in Kaliori District (FGD, 2022)

Table 1 .
Variables, Indicators, and Research Parameters Sources: Author Analysis Results, 2022

Table 2 .
Drought Data in Kaliori District

Table 4 .
Achieving Provision of Surface Water Storage

Table 6 .
Provision of Early Warning System Achievements

Table 7 .
Clean Water Supply Achievements

Table 8 .
Restricions on Water Use Achievements

Table 9 .
Provision of Early Warning System Achievements