Drought Vulnerability Evaluation Results of Community Adaptation in Bancak District, Semarang Regency

The factors that cause drought in Bancak District are quite complex and come from many factors, both internal factors such as soil type, rainfall and topographic conditions, human resources who still manage soil and water conventionally and only take advantage of rainfall that comes in the rainy season, as well as external factors, such as climate change and global warming. This study aims to evaluate the extent to which adaptation has been carried out by the parties involved in the field of drought vulnerability management and whether the adaptation has been in accordance with the physical and socio-economic characteristics, also needs of the community in the study location. The research method carried out is in the form of qualitative research, and the questionnaires were presented in the form of semi-closed questions. From the results of the adaptation evaluation conducted that the most of the respondents stated that they had been “superlative” is to plant crops that have high economic value, so this one can be replicated and applicable to the other places.


Introduction
Bancak District is one of nineteen districts in Semarang Regency.Bancak District is the easternmost District in the center of Semarang Regency with an area of 4,385.01hectares, which borders directly with Grobogan Regency to the north, Bringin District to the north and west, Boyolali Regency to the east and south, it also borders Suruh and Pabelan Districts to the south.Geographically, Bancak District is located between 110⁰ 33 ' 41" to 110⁰ 38' 11" East Longitude and 7⁰ 12' 20" to 7⁰ 17' 57" South Latitude (see Figure 1).Bancak District in the administrative area of Semarang Regency is one of the areas prone to drought.In the district, the rainfall is only 1,455 mm per year, the average air temperature is 23 -24 degrees Celsius, and the rainy days are 67 days, and the yellow-red soil type is dominated by the podzolid type which is not good for paddy farming [1], causing farmers to often fail to harvest and causing many farmers to migrate and change professions.
Drought is a disaster that may not be felt in a short time, but the impact it will have will greatly affect the sustainability of the life of the living things that live in the region.Drought causes the survival efforts of humans living in the region to become more difficult [1][2][3][4][5][6].Not only because it is increasingly difficult to get water to meet needs, but also the vegetation that is able to survive is getting less and requires more effort to maintain the quality and quantity of agricultural production that is being carried out [7][8][9].The factors that cause drought in Bancak District are quite complex and come from many factors, both internal environmental factors such as soil type, rainfall and topographical conditions, but also human resource factors which still manage soil and water conventionally and only take advantage of moderate rainfall come in the rainy season.In addition, there are also external factors that are the cause, such as climate change and global warming.Climate change and global warming have become the world's concern today because they can have very massive impacts, especially environmental damage that threatens life in the future if no efforts are made to improve these conditions [7,[10][11][12][13].The ability to adapt is needed, so that community can survive in areas facing limitations [14,15].Adaptability to vulnerability can bring appropriate adaptation patterns, according to needs and can be applied in the area [16][17][18].Adaptations made by competent parties in dealing with drought have been carried out, ranging from simple and emergency, to long-term efforts that are expected to be able to more comprehensively anticipate the threat of drought.Seeing the physical environmental and socioeconomic characteristics of the population in the research location who are experiencing vulnerability [14,16] but still surviving in the face of drought [3,14], this study aims to evaluate the extent of adaptation that has been carried out by the parties involved, both the community and the implementation of government programs that are competent in the field of impact vulnerability management.Drought and whether the adaptation is in accordance with the physical and socio-economic characteristics and the needs of the people in the study locations.
Evaluation is a series of efforts to check whether the goals set have been achieved and carried out effectively and efficiently [19,20].In this evaluation there are technical stages and systematic efforts to see whether the main objectives have been or can be achieved.Adaptation evaluation is a policy response planned by the government and if necessary, involving the private sector in its preparation.Adaptation evaluation is carried out to assess the overall benefits, suitability, or usefulness of adaptation and previous strategies or actions [7,11,16].Evaluation steps for disaster threats can be carried out in several steps [1,20,21], namely: (1) the effectiveness of early detection of disaster threats due to environmental changes; (2) estimated risk scale for alternative steps and final decisions taken; (3) level of collaboration on involvement of governmental and non-governmental organizations concerned with disaster; (4) efficiency towards high investment and in disaster management.
Hazard evaluation includes several sub-steps from: observers first detect environmental changes that may cause a threat, to estimating the scale of risk and the final decision to issue a warning.This involves specialized agencies, such as the National Meteorological Service, because of the need for continuous monitoring by a comprehensive network backed up by heavy investment in scientific equipment and personnel.The priority at this stage is to improve forecast accuracy and to increase the waiting time between a warning issue and the onset of a hazard event [12,22].Technology evaluation indicators include efficiency, effectiveness, equity, acceptability, urgency and institutional compatibility performance measures [12].In conducting a drought evaluation, it is necessary to study holistically the various conditions that lead to drought [20,23,24], namely: (1) the area of experiencing drought; (2) drought duration; (3) vegetation response to drought conditions; (4) which physical, environmental and economic sectors are affected; and (5) design an appropriate drought risk assessment from available data.
All the adaptation readiness and its various domains reduce vulnerability to climate change risks, so that improvements in socio-economic structures and community governance can increase regional preparedness and have the potential to reduce regional vulnerability to drought [20,24].Drought vulnerability management performance is influenced by the availability and quality of resources, organizational culture, infrastructure [21,25].The quality of human resources in developing strategies, goals and action plans, is the main driver of more sustainable institutional adaptation to drought conditions [14,26].In addition, the government must try to reduce the socio-economic vulnerability of the community to drought through adaptation efforts and increasing the adaptive capacity of the community and increasing social capital of the community [26][27][28][29].But often, despite high adaptive capacity, adaptation readiness in developing countries is poor due to a lack of effective institutions and low political will and leadership [5,[30][31][32].In an effort to optimize the government's role in adaptation to drought vulnerability, there are six main factors in the adaptation readiness framework that focus on the role of government, namely: adaptation of decision making, involvement of policy makers, availability of usable knowledge, political leadership, public support and institutional organization [14,16,29,[31][32][33] and the need for an effective and efficient strategy due to limited funds [11,34].
In adaptation to drought vulnerability, evaluation can be divided into three types [1,20,34], namely: (1) Routine adaptation to periodic variability, which aims to observe changes in observable patterns in the drought susceptibility variables that make it up; (2) Long-term adaptation to changes that occur, especially by utilizing every data and information related to global and comprehensive drought vulnerability; and (3) adaptation leads to transformation to a new system designed explicitly to be more sustainable in line with progress at the global level.Evaluation of adaptation to drought vulnerability is one type of impact evaluation, because we will see how far the adaptation conditions carried out are close to ideal conditions according to the effectiveness and efficiency of the strategy had been made (32).So that the indicators of impact evaluation must at least cover the following aspects [19,20,35]: (1) be able to evaluate positive and negative, intended and unintended long-term effects on the ultimate beneficiaries resulting from development interventions; (2) able to determine claims of direct and indirect causes of the interventions carried out; and (3) can explain how interventions lead to new impacts so that lessons can be learned.The method is carried out with an experimental design that can be replicated outside the study area.
Research related to disaster adaptation and similar community adaptation preferences has been carried out several times, but the research locus in Bancak District, Semarang Regency with all its characteristics and uniqueness will certainly show research results that are different from previous research.A synthesis of several studies that have discussed disaster adaptation and community adaptation preferences can be seen in table 1.From the results of the synthesis of previous studies, it will be known whether the research conducted is new in practical or theoretical terms.From the results of previous research, it can be seen that people's preferences are used as part of data mining and analysis [19,26,[36][37][38].The conditions of the research location which tend to be dry and have similar vulnerabilities can be adopted from Lestari & Pigawati [37].From the results of the synthesis of previous research, this research is new to the research location and is the result of combining research methods from several previous studies.1264 (2023)

Data & Methods
The approach used in this study is a deductive approach that begins with the process of collecting data with interviews and field observations, then distributing questionnaires to the sampled communities and then scoring the results of the tabulation and recapitulation of the questionnaire to determine the value of adaptation to drought with unhelpful results, less helpful, moderately helpful, or very helpful.The research method was carried out using quantitative methods by processing data from questionnaires and interviews which were quantified by scoring [33].Numerical data are still being collected which are then processed qualitatively with interpretation according to scoring, but there is also processing that is descriptive in nature and depends on the paradigm of the informant, therefore an appropriate technique is needed so that the data obtained is pithy and can be a good raw material for analysis [36,39].The questionnaire presented was in the form of semi-closed questions, to provide space for the resource persons to express their opinions.Interviews were conducted in-depth interviews at several government agencies.The process of collecting data which is then processed by carrying out techniques that are [36,37,40] usually done in qualitative research, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions after carrying out several analyses which lead to evaluating the most suitable form of adaptation to drought in the study area.
Processing of adaptation-related questionnaire data refers to vulnerability assessment with a livelihood vulnerability index consisting of social demographic components, physical condition, social networks, water resources, household conditions which are divided into three aspects of vulnerability, namely sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity.The data obtained from the questionnaire is then processed using the scoring method and produces a graph of the spider's web, in this way it will be known to what extent the effectiveness of the adaptation that has been carried out by the community.
Sampling in this study used a random sampling technique, which was taken from population size based on the location where the respondents lived, taken from a total of four villages that were used as research locations, namely the population of Wonokerto Village 2,767 inhabitants, Boto Village 2,930 inhabitants, Lembu Village 2,248 inhabitants, Jlumpang Village 1,312 inhabitants.With a known population size and assuming the population has a normal distribution, the sample calculation uses the formula: Information: n = sample size.N = population size.E = percent allowance for inaccuracy due to tolerable/desirable sampling error.The value of E we take 10% (0.1).
In this study, the total population as the population size is 9,257 people, with an error tolerance limit of 10% or a confidence level of 90%, the total sample to be taken is 99 respondents and rounded up to 100 respondents.
Processing of questionnaire data related to the evaluation of drought adaptation refers to the assessment of the types of non-structural and structural adaptations that have been carried out by residents in Bancak District.The data obtained from the questionnaire is then processed using a scoring method and produces a spider web graph, in this way it will be known how effective the adaptations that have been carried out by the community will be, so that the types of adaptations that have been carried out will be discovered.After that, samples were taken again to see the level of effectiveness of each drought adaptation, using a Likert scale to determine the highest to lowest scores.
To assess whether it is effective or not is carried out by conducting an adaptation evaluation analysis which is carried out through scoring from the opinions of respondents on the types of adaptation that have been carried out in four criteria, namely: superlative, adequate, deficient, and ineffective, as well as presenting considerations for carrying out replication or expansion of the area of influence for the most effective way and future improvements to adaptation results that have not been effectively carried out at the study site.The result from the value range of 870 to the maximum 1490 of the adaptation evaluation analysis divided into four types of effectiveness (see table 2).

Community Adaptation of Drought Had Been Made
Adaptations made by the community can be divided into two, namely communally and individually.Efforts made by individuals are to make shelters placed in their respective homes, in the form of tubs or water reservoirs.Communally, water reservoirs or shallow wells are made in the fields to irrigate the surrounding fields during the dry season.Apart from that, the planting of dragon fruit, longan new crystal and kateki, cavendish banana and crystal guava was also carried out around the yard as an adaptation effort to reduce excessive evaporation in the dry season and reduce erosion in the rainy season.The role of the village government is very important in efforts to overcome drought at the hamlet level in the form of providing water tendons from the Community Based Water Supply and Sanitation Program (Pamsimas) which was created to provide clean water for villagers.The people who are far from water sources and who bring water home with a small amount of water have been reduced a lot.
The village government has a very vital role in efforts to overcome this drought, because with the support of funds and natural and human resources, village communities can be empowered to build water facilities and infrastructure and install clean water distribution pipes from the main water tendon.In Wonokerto Village and Boto Village, the village administration also helped encourage the community to increase their income from planting high-value fruit trees such as dragon fruit, cavendish banana, longan and crystal guava.It is very unfortunate that not all programs from the village can run well, such as promoting the planting of cavendish bananas and dragon fruit by marketing network limitations and desease caused by virus.For cavendish banana production due to a poor marketing network so that the results from the community are not absorbed and are only consumed by their own families, and there is a virus outbreak that kills fruit trees dragons so that many residents lose money and replaced it with longan fruit and crystal guava after several years.It need new way to planting and maintaining the crops so that it can bear fruit and provides income for the inhabitants.

Government and Other Parties Intervention Supporting the Drought Adaptation
In particular, drought mitigation within the district level has not been carried out, but disasterprone maps have been prepared as part of disaster mitigation within the Semarang Regency scope as stipulated in Semarang Regency Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2023 concerning the Semarang Regency Spatial Plan for 2023-2043.The disaster vulnerability in the study locations is related to water management, where during the dry season it is prone to drought, and during the rainy season it is prone to flood and landslides (Figure 2).In addition, gradually from 2018 the Semarang Regency Government through the Public Works Service and the Agriculture, Livestock and Food Crops Service have made efforts to increase the productivity of paddy fields in the Bancak District area by building secondary and tertiary irrigation channels so that all rice fields in the Bancak District are 1,184.86 Ha can be technically irrigated by taking sources from the Senjoyo River.In 2021, all paddy fields will be technically irrigated or a sharp increase compared to 2017 which was still 345.60Ha, while the remaining 841.24 Ha are rain fed rice fields.

Figure 2. Disaster Risk Map in Bancak District and Surrounding Area
Drought adaptation efforts carried out by the government and with the assistance of related parties can currently be divided into 2 types, namely short-term management (emergency) and long-term management [2,9,10].In emergency management to solve short-term problems such as dropping water is in the nature of solving incidental problems in response to explicit problems, but is unable to solve the problem fundamentally.Structural long-term management is also carried out, such as building a reservoir with the help of Pertamina's CSR in Wonokerto Village and also building a reservoir in Pucung Village, as well as repairing irrigation canals to help sustain community livelihoods.However, with the conditions of climate change occurring, it has not been able to bring out the vulnerability of drought which threatens the sustainability of people's livelihoods.Leaks were still found in many locations, so that water from the irrigation canals seeped into the surrounding area and residents' personal funds or village assistance were used to carry out patchwork treatments.

Evaluating the Community Adaptation Against Drought Vulnerability
From the results of interviews conducted, the adaptation process carried out in an effort to reduce drought vulnerability can be formed in chronology of drought and adaptation which began when Bancak District was established from the division of Bringin District which is also known as one of the driest areas in Semarang Regency in 2001.Then in 2004 the drought began to be felt due to the increasing number of dry rivers in the dry season, so that if you force yourself to plant rice in the fields, you will most likely not harvest.Most of the types of vegetation planted as a response to the drought that occurred were cassava and taro, where cassava is a plant that can deplete nutrients, resulting in the expansion of critical land in Bancak District.When there was a drought due to the global El Nino phenomenon in 2011, in 2014 the construction of artesian wells which took deep groundwater reserves began to be encouraged, and the negative impact of this phenomenon was that in 2018-2019 there was a drought which expanded up to 20% of the land area in Bancak District and many farmers have failed to harvest.In 2018 the district government's efforts to build irrigation canals so that it can reach 100% of paddy fields in Bancak District and the implementation of the development of the SPAM (drinking water supply system) program by the village government, community service activities for academics in the form of training and assistance with fruit plant seeds, as well as corporate CSR in building the reservoir, seed assistance and clean water assistance have greatly helped overcome the problem of clean water shortages faced by the community.
From the results of the evaluation adaptation analysis' recapitulation in the four villages (see Figure 3) it was found that the most effective adaptation result was planting crops that generate high incomes, with almost the same value and found in all villages.In the Villages of Wonokerto and Lembu, the second highest adaptation was by changing cropping patterns, while in the Boto Village, the second highest adaptation was by building and repairing irrigation canals due to the wide and flat rice fields.For Jlumpang Village, the second highest evaluation effectiveness is building a communal water reservoir, both for household needs and agricultural needs, due to the high values of togetherness and cooperation among residents.The effectiveness of adaptation with the lowest score varies for each village because it is influenced by the socio-economic conditions of the community and the physical conditions of the environment, such as topography, rainfall, soil type and vegetation intensity.In Wonokerto Village, adaptation is done by conserving water, because it is felt that during the dry season the household and agricultural needs tend to be the same, but the supply decreases.In Boto Village, the lowest effectiveness score is for planting plants that store or produce water because the impact is felt not immediately and takes a long time.Whereas in Lembu Village, the lowest effectiveness was in the construction and repair of irrigation canals because the topography was quite varied, from fairly dense to dense and hilly, causing not all residents to feel the impact of the irrigation canals that had been built.In Jlumpang Village, the lowest value for effectiveness was the construction of a new water source because the construction of a new water source was considered a waste because during the dry season the water discharge was significantly reduced.According to interviews and questionnaires result, a chronology of the community's adaptation to the drought that has occurred can be arranged.From the chronological sequence of drought events in Bancak District, adaptation efforts have been made, with the discovery of eight types of adaptations that have been carried out by residents of Bancak District (see Figure 4), namely: a. Saving and reducing water consumption The most basic efforts made by residents during a drought are to reduce water consumption, by reducing the intensity of activities that require water, such as bathing and washing, watering plants and drinking livestock.This method is indeed not the most effective and if there were other methods, this method would be abandoned by the people.b. Planting plants that store or produce water Planting of teak trees and other perennials started in 2005 but the impact has not been felt until now.Much of the land planted with teak plants is left unkempt.c.Build their own water reservoir (individual) The construction of shallow wells in each house began to flourish in the early 2010s due to the increasing need for water for drinking, laundry, agriculture and livestock.d.Building communal water reservoirs Simultaneously with the development of individual water, the construction of communal water reservoirs is carried out mostly in areas of potential paddy fields for rice plants which require water continuity in order to continue to grow.Irrigation canal repairs occurred simultaneously with the construction of irrigation canals in other locations from 2019 to 2020.h.Planting high economic value of vegetation Due to the success of seed assistance provided by third parties and the crops can be sold as the supplement family income, this method has been carried out since 2018 until now.
Judging from the results of the evaluation of the type of adaptation that is considered ineffective, a new adaptation method must be transformed, so that the perceived short-term benefits can be more optimal but not forgetting the long-term benefits and risks [9,11].As in the effort of "planting vegetation that store or produce water" (value 872) can be transformed into "planting high economic value of vegetation" (value 1.481) which begins with the intercropping planting method, such as between teak plants can be planted with soybean, cassava, peanuts, sesame, or vanilla whose fruit can be harvested in a short time [41].In addition, people who have so far only used the adaptation method of "building new water sources" (scored 936) and "save water" (scored 934) can be assisted in carrying out adaptation transformations that provide more economic, ecological and social benefits such as conducting clean water management in a sustainable manner (Table 3).Communal water management by means of metering the waterways or scheduling water when the discharge of clean water begins to decrease [19,20,42].The result of the drought adaptation in each village can be seen in the figure 5.The impact is not significant for the vulnerability of community groups that are located far from water sources.

Save water 934 ineffective
It needs a lot of adjustments because the impact is not significant on drought vulnerability.Strongly influenced by the social capital of the population, a fairly high awareness of livelihood sustainability.

8.
Planting vegetation that store or produce water

ineffective
Not effective enough to reduce drought vulnerability because of its long term nature.
Not many types of vegetation can live in drought.The impact is not significant for the vulnerability of the community which is an emergency.
Related to the spirit of regional planning, the use of water resources is very important in the sustainability of the livelihoods of the people who live there.Bancak District, which is included in the peripheral area in Semarang Regency, should be optimized as a producer of raw materials for industrial and consumption areas in urban areas so that within these limitations, Bancak District is expected to be able to be developed into a producer of agricultural commodities with high selling value, especially resistant endemic horticultural species in dry land, so that even though water distribution is limited, agricultural production can still be regulated in such a way as to continue to generate income for the community members, even though drought still occurs, the community has reduced their livelihood vulnerability by increasing welfare.

Conclusion
From the results of an evaluation of adaptation to drought vulnerability in Bancak District, the four villages conveyed that planting crops that have high economic value is a superlative method, so that it can be replicated and applied to other areas that have the same drought problems.Meanwhile, the adaptation efforts that were carried out were still in the category of being quite effective, namely building communal water reservoirs and changing cropping patterns because they were able to reduce vulnerability in a wider scope, not only individually or in families.These two types of adaptation can be replicated in other areas with a few adjustments such as the shape of the shelter and the types of plants that are included in the cropping pattern that is being changed must be adjusted to the physical conditions of the area and the socio-economic community.
Many adaptations that have been made are individual in nature, in structural forms such as building wells or water reservoirs individually, and non-structural such as efforts to save water by reducing consumption of clean water and changing cropping patterns by planting crops that are more water resistant.To reduce vulnerability, residents have also started to plant crops that have high economic value benefits such as longan and crystal guava to increase family income, so that it is very helpful for them when there is a drought, because they have better economic capacity.

Table 1 .
Synthesis of Previous Research

Table 2 .
Classification of the adaptation evaluation analysis

Table 3 .
Evaluation Results of Drought Vulnerability Adaptation in Bancak District