Typology Mapping of Small Border Islands in the Context of Optimizing the Role as a Center for Regional Growth and Environmental Supporting Capacity in Anambas Islands Regency

As an autonomous region consisting of a cluster of small islands in the northern border area of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, Anambas Islands Regency has a remote geographical location, inadequate transportation conditions, and limitations in providing infrastructure, especially basic service infrastructure. The implication of the role as an autonomous region, raises the existence of growth centers on a district scale and other scale growth centers along with economic activities in them on several existing small islands. The role as a growth center on small islands requires the continued provision of sufficient production and distribution resources to meet population consumption growth. The sustainability of the carrying capacity of the environment on the one hand is faced with the role and function of small border islands as regional growth centers that have the potential to develop in the future on the other hand. Based on these problems, it is necessary to map the typology of small islands in order to optimize the role as a center for regional growth and environmental carrying capacity in Anambas Islands Regency. By mapping the typology of small border islands, policy directions for sustainable regional development can be determined for each small border island.


Introduction
The problems with small border islands in Indonesia are related to the lack of development policy interventions.Problems on small border islands can be grouped into three, namely [1]: (1) natural resources and environmental services, (2) economy, (3) national defense base.This is partly due to remote geographical location, economic scale of business, inadequate transportation conditions, limited facilities and infrastructure such as electricity, roads, telecommunications, clean water and others.As a result, it can create threats to defense and security from other countries, economic cycle activities in the island environment and the surrounding areas, and environmental carrying capacity constraints that can be exceeded.
Each element of the small island border area tends to work in negation with other elements, so that in the effort to develop the small island area there are many dilemmas and paradoxes that are not easy to find a compromise for.The physical factor of the area is the biggest obstacle that reduces various 2 development problems in small island areas.Based on these facts, two compromise aspects emerged, namely the approach to ecological aspects (deep environmental ecology) and the approach to economic aspects (frontier economics).The ecological aspect places the sustainability of regional life and ecological integrity as an important goal of development.The economic aspect places the orientation of economic growth in development as a top priority [2].
The ecological aspect states that ecological vulnerability with a high level of biodiversity must be a major consideration in any development activity, meaning that small islands must be protected because they have important ecological functions [3].This deep environmental ecology group includes a political ecology perspective [4], a climate change perspective [5,6], an ecological priority perspective [7], public participation [8], conservation area perspective [9] .The economic aspect states that the potential for high biodiversity and small island biodiversity can increase regional economic growth [10].This frontier economic group includes the perspective of development investment and linkages with tourism such [11][12][13], perspective of new city reclamation urban island, spatiality perspective and city formation, land-sea configuration, and the nature of urban public spaces between land and sea [14], fiscal policy perspective [15], perspective of subsidy assistance central government [16][17][18], the perspective of basic needs infrastructure development assistance [19][20][21][22][23][24].
One of the efforts to overcome the problems of developing small border islands in Indonesia that emerged in the mid-2000s was development intervention by strengthening the institutional capacity of local government.This approach is included in the frontier economic group, especially from the perspective of central government subsidies [15][16][17][18].The form chosen is the formation of new growth centers in the form of the formation of autonomous regions.The argument underlying this choice is that in the early stages it is the government that should be more dominant in frontier, remote, and underdeveloped areas as a stimulant for regional development.Regional autonomy is considered to be able to answer the demands for equal distribution of socio-economic development, administration of government, and the development of an effective political life [25].Through their status as autonomous regions, small islands on the border emerge as new growth center entities through larger institutions in regional management.
The role as a new autonomous region causes the allocation function, development distribution function by the local government to run in a subordinate manner, spreading from the central location of government services and at the same time the economy on one of the small islands to other small islands around it as a back region.This subordinate relationship occurs, given the geographical configuration of scattered small islands and limited economic scale, resulting in a relationship of dependence and concentration of economic activity on certain islands.Subordination is a manifestation of what is stated as "destiny" in regional conditions that do not allow social, political and demographic and spatial elements to work synergistically in development [7].
One of the areas formed on the basis of consideration as a border autonomous region is the Anambas Islands Regency which is in the northern border area of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.Expanded from Natuna Regency and formed based on Law Number 33 of 2008 concerning the Establishment of the Anambas Islands Regency in the Riau Archipelago Province.
Anambas Islands Regency consists of small islands, has the potential to develop with various development activities that are able to drive the economy both at the local and national levels, such as the development of the tourism industry, conservation, fishing industry, agro-industry, and other environmentally friendly processes.These activities are based on the strength of local resources.In addition, Anambas Islands Regency has a role as the National Strategic Activity Center or PKSN [26] and Local Activity Center or PKL [27] in the spatial plan.as well as being the center for the organization of district apparatus and sub-district capitals.The implication of this role is on the one hand creating guarantees of economic activity through production and distribution to meet regional consumption.On the other hand, they are faced with environmental carrying capacity constraints that can be exceeded if not anticipated from the start.
Based on the background picture of the center of growth of small border islands through the formation of autonomous regions as an economic priority that will advance border areas on the one hand and the environmental carrying capacity of small border islands on the other, it is necessary to seek optimization of their role through typological mapping.Typological mapping is intended as an instrument in providing policy direction that can be applied to a small island region according to its characteristics.Based on these considerations, the research question that arises is how to map the typology of small border islands in order to optimize their role as centers of regional growth and environmental carrying capacity in Anambas Islands Regency?
Mapping the typology of small border islands through optimizing their role as growthcenters is studied using a regional development approach, and the environmental carrying capacity is studied by explaining whether the carrying capacity is exceeded and the carrying capacity is not exceeded.The two approaches are then carried out overlapping analysis to determine the regional typology.

Data & Methods
This research was conducted using a survey approach, starting with a quantitative study which was then strengthened by a qualitative study to understand the phenomenon of the level of regional development as a center of growth compared to the carrying capacity of the environment.Efforts to map the typology are divided into two main streams.First, to describe the level of development of the growth center of each small island into the intensity of the space utilization program as a form of inter-island spatial interconnectivity.Second, describes the environmental conditions related to the carrying capacity of the environment which results in the spatial distribution of the area of the level of environmental carrying capacity.Furthermore, the first flow and the second flow are combined to form a typology of the area which is the basis for determining the development of small islands in a sustainable manner.Quantitative methods are used to generalize socio-economic phenomena related to development dynamics.The qualitative method is used to be able to understand in more detail the reality, and the complexity of the level of development and the environmental carrying capacity of the border small islands.

Spatial Utilization Location Distribution Analysis
The analysis was carried out by looking at the programs or activities listed in the Spatial Utilization of the Spatial Planning of Anambas Islands Regency using the help of Geographic Information System software, embedded with geodetic location points.The embedding of location points based on spatial units is intended to describe the spatial distribution of programs or activities financed by the regional income and expenditure budget of Anambas Islands Regency.This pinned location is then assessed for its intensity level.

Scalogram Analysis
Calculation of scalogram analysis requires indicators of availability and completeness of facilities. in the form of educational facilities, religious facilities, health facilities, economic facilities, and transportation facilities.Based on the availability of these facilities, a scalogram is prepared with an assessment of each component.The results of the scalogram analysis will display a hierarchy of settlement centers between each island or sub-district region as well as displaying the level of development of the region in relation to the spatial interaction between the growth centres of the islands and the small islands around them.The level of regional development is determined by the concentration of programs or activities on spatial patterns and spatial structures.If the location is included in the high concentration category per spatial unit it is included as an area with fast growth, and vice versa if the concentration is relatively low it is included as an area with low growth (see Figure 1.).

Environmental Carrying Capacity Analysis
The status of the carrying capacity of the environment is calculated by weighting the carrying capacity of the building environment (CCB) of 30%, the carrying capacity of the agricultural environment (CCA) of 40%, and the carrying capacity of the water environment (CCW) of 30% using numerical analysis and geographic information systems.The weighting is based on the domination factor over the use of space, especially for economic activities.In this case CCA is more dominant than CCB and CCW.The following is the ECC calculation [28]: ECC < 1: environmental carrying capacity is exceeded or poor ECC 1-3: conditional or moderate environmental carrying capacity ECC > 3: safe environmental carrying capacity

Typology Overlay Analysis
Conducted to compare the performance of development dynamics in small island growth centers with the performance of environmental carrying capacity.The dynamics of development results in the distribution of spatial use activities in the growth centers of small islands and the surrounding areas as areas with rapidly-growing or undeveloped categories (see Table 1).

Development Dynamics of Anambas Islands Regency
The dynamics of development is seen from two components, namely (1) the hierarchy of the central settlement system/urban system of small islands, and (2) the use of space in the form of spatial concentration of development programs on small islands.Space utilization is the embodiment of the spatial structure plan and money polar plan within the planning period.Based on the Spatial Planning for the Anambas Islands Regency, the dynamics of development in Anambas Islands Regency as a form of embodiment of space or space utilization is described in the following Table 2.  Based on the distribution of these development programs, Siantan District is an area with an advanced and fast-growing category.This has an impact on the dynamics of regional economic growth and development and will affect the movement of goods and people through inter-regional linkage mechanisms.The following is a distribution map of the development dynamics of Anambas Islands Regency.

Source: Analysis 2023
If the results of the distribution of development activities or the manifestation of spatial use are linked above with the urban hierarchical system in the Anambas Islands Regency, it will result in a categorization of the dynamics of the development of the border small islands that occur (Figure 2).
The results of the analysis show that Palmatak District, Kute Siantan District, Siantan District, Jemaja District, and Central Siantan District have a predictable regional growth rate with the status of a fast-developing region.Whereas in South Siantan District, and East Jemaja District as areas with developing regional status.And the areas with underdeveloped status are North Siantan District, East Siantan District, and West Jemaja District (see Table 3 and Figure 3).

Environmental Carrying Capacity
After calculating the carrying capacity of settlement land, the carrying capacity of agricultural land, and the carrying capacity of watersheds, the environmental carrying capacity can be calculated.The following is the result of the calculation of environmental carrying capacity (Table 4): From the above calculation it is known that the carrying capacity of the existing environment of Anambas Islands Regency is 12.07 which indicates that the environmental carrying capacity of Anambas Islands Regency is in the safe classification.However, it is necessary to consider the next twenty years as the end of the planning year in the Anambas Islands Regency spatial planning, the carrying capacity of the Anambas Islands Regency environment is in the conditional criteria with a relatively small value of agricultural carrying capacity.The carrying capacity of the environment in Anambas Islands Regency can experience a setback if the development carried out in Anambas Islands Regency does not pay attention to existing environmental conditions, especially the sustainability of its agricultural potential.
Regions that are developing rapidly need to get attention from the side of space utilization so that the carrying capacity of the environment is not too high.The policy that can be applied is control by applying conditional and limited activity provisions that are dominantly based on existing spatial patterns.While areas that are developing slowly, activities on spatial patterns can be granted spatial use permits in accordance with the objectives of developing the region, encouraged by spatial use control incentive instruments.

Typology of Regional Development and Environmental Supporting Capacity
The suitability of development with the carrying capacity of the environment is measured using data on the level of development in each sub-district which describes the progress status of the area with the carrying capacity of the environment in that area.The suitability analysis between the dynamics of development and the suitability of ecosystem services aims to determine the comparison between the growth rate of regional development and the carrying capacity of ecosystem services contained in the area.The overlay analysis technique is used to obtain analysis results that are in accordance with the data on the carrying capacity of the land and the distribution of development which are spatial data.
The overlayed data is then classified into several classes according to the classification of the data variables.The class length calculation is carried out to determine the suitability range and class resulting from the analysis of the six ecosystem service suitability variables, each of which has five classes (Table 5).The following is an overlay of six suitability of ecosystem services in Anambas Islands District.After knowing the spatial distribution of the space utilization program that shows the level of economic development of the region, the next step is to assess the environmental sustainability of the small border islands by taking into account the carrying capacity of ecosystem services.Sustainability is determined by the typology of the border small island region, namely the comparison between the level of development of the border small island region and the environmental status that has exceeded or has not been overly carrying capacity.
The small border island region with a high level of development and the environmental status has exceeded its carrying capacity means that the small border island is not sustainable (X).Conversely, if the level of development is high and the environmental status is not yet very carrying capacity, it means that development is conditionally sustainable (B).If the low level of development with environmental status has been exceeded, it means that it is included in the category of sustainable development with restrictions (T).If the level of development is low and the environmental status has not been exceeded, it means that the development of these small islands is sustainable (I) (Table 6).
Based on typology mapping, sub-districts that fall into category X or are not sustainable are subdistricts dominated by the existence of growth centers, namely Siantan District, Jemaja District, Palmatak District, Kute Siantan District.Its role as the capital of the district and the Center for National Strategic Activities or PKSN places the city of Tarempa, which is in the Siantan District area, as an investment destination or a place for concentration of development activities.The availability of supporting infrastructure, especially facilities with the status of a Collecting Port, makes the city of Tarempa and its surroundings a gateway for the movement of goods and people in and out.Letung City as the capital of Jemaja District has facilities as a Regional Feeder Port that connects Jemaja Island with the main islands in the Riau Archipelago Province, especially in serving interactions with Tanjungpinang City, Batam City and Natuna Regency as well as internal inter-island movements within the Anambas Islands Regency area.The existence of Letung Airport has made the city of Letung the main economic center on Jemaja Island growing rapidly.The city of Tebangladan as the administrative center of the Palmatak sub-district and Payalaman as the center of the Kute Siantan sub-district are on Matak Island.These two growth centers have local feeder port facilities and Matak Airport, which support many industrial and oil and gas mining activities for national strategic interests.The policy direction for regional development with typology X is to intensify (intensification).Based on typology mapping (Figure 4), sub-districts that fall into category X or are not sustainable are sub-districts dominated by the existence of growth centers, namely Siantan District, Jemaja District, Palmatak District, Kute Siantan District.Its role as the capital of the district and the Center for National Strategic Activities or PKSN places the city of Tarempa, which is in the Siantan District area, as an 1264 (2023) 012016 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/01201611 investment destination or a place for concentration of development activities.The availability of supporting infrastructure, especially facilities with the status of a Collecting Port, makes the city of Tarempa and its surroundings a gateway for the movement of goods and people in and out.Letung City as the capital of Jemaja District has facilities as a Regional Feeder Port that connects Jemaja Island with the main islands in the Riau Archipelago Province, especially in serving interactions with Tanjungpinang City, Batam City and Natuna Regency as well as internal inter-island movements within the Anambas Islands Regency area.The existence of Letung Airport has made the city of Letung the main economic center on Jemaja Island growing rapidly.The city of Tebangladan as the administrative center of the Palmatak sub-district and Payalaman as the center of the Kute Siantan sub-district are on Matak Island.These two growth centers have local feeder port facilities and Matak Airport, which support many industrial and oil and gas mining activities for national strategic interests.The policy direction for regional development with typology X is to intensify (intensification).
The sub-districts included in the conditionally sustainable category (B) are sub-districts that have a position as regional development centers, namely East Siantan District and East Jemaja District.The East Siantan District service center is in Nyamuk Village, which is located on Bajau Island, and the East Jemaja District service center is in Ulu Maras Village.Relatively fall into the lagging category.With regional characteristics like this, the requirements that must be met as a basis for considering regional development are providing analysis documents related to environmental impacts, traffic impact analysis, management efforts, disaster aspects such as technical seismologists, aspects of building technical provisions according to applicable regulations, imposition of disincentives (fees development impact).Efforts to develop areas for typology B are by selectively expanding (extensification), especially in areas that are driven by development.The sub-districts that are included in the limited sustainable category (T) are sub-districts with a role as regional development centers, namely Jemaja Barat District, Siantan Tengah District, South Siantan District and North Siantan District.Geographically, it has small islands with distributions that are relatively far apart from each other, has vulnerability to environmental carrying capacity, biodiversity ecosystem services, climate change, availability of clean water, basic infrastructure, dominance function as a protected zone and limited accessibility.Relatively included in the category of developing regions and underdeveloped regions.With such regional characteristics, it is necessary to selectively limit activities with reference to applicable regulations, especially in terms of operating restrictions, space utilization period restrictions, spatial intensity restrictions (such as building base coefficient, building floor coefficient, green base coefficient, free distance and building height), limiting the amount of space utilization as needed.Efforts to develop areas for typology T are by selectively expanding (extensification), especially in areas that are driven by development.

Conclusion
Mapping a typology of areas that integrates spatial use as a reflection of the dynamics of development activity systems and environmental carrying capacity can be considered in allocating policy directions for the development of border small islands.Through regional typology mapping, the sustainable development of small border islands runs proportionally.For small island areas with typology X, the programs/activities in the utilization of the budgetary space are development-controlled stabilization (disincentive).For areas with B and T typologies, spatial use can be conditionally driven and limited development, while for areas with typology A, spatial use is driven by growth and development (incentives).[3] The process of implementing incentives and disincentives according to the regional typology can be integrated at the bottom-up planning stage from the community, which will then be perfected at the technocratic and political planning stages at the decision-making level (local government and local legislative).At the bottom up planning stage, regional typology is taken into consideration in the allocation of development financing.[29][30][31].

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The Map of Space Utilization of Anambas Islands Regency

Source: Analysis, 2023 Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The Map of Development Dynamics Categories based on Hierarchy of Service Centers and Number of Development Activities by District in Anambas Islands Regency supply ecosystem services I = Allowed JEP2 = Clean water ecosystem services T = Limited JER1 = Ecosystem services for managing water and flooding B = Conditional JER2 = climate control ecosystem services.X = Not Allowed JED4 = Ecosystem services supporting biodiversity JEP5 = Ecosystem services providing genetic resources

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Typology of Regional Development and Environmental Supporting Capacity

Table 2 .
Development Dynamics of Anambas Islands RegencyBased on the distribution of these activities, it can be identified that many of the development activities carried out were in Palmatak District and Kute Siantan District as many as 10 points of development projects.Then Siantan Subdistrict, namely as many as nine points of development projects, followed by Jemaja Subdistrict and East Jemaja subdistrict occupying the second position with a total of six types of development points, and West Jemaja Subdistrict is ranked last with one development point.

Table 3 .
Development Dynamics Categories based on Hierarchy of Service Centers and Number of Development Activities by District in Anambas Islands Regency

Table 4 .
Existing Environmental Supporting Capacity and Plans for Anambas Islands Regency

Table 5 .
Ecosystem Services Suitability Class

Table 6 .
Typology of Development Dynamics and Conformity of Ecosystem Services in Anambas Islands Regency