Mapping Urban Disaster Adaptation Typology of Cebolok Community of Semarang City

The concept of urban resilience is related to disaster risk management. A city that is resilience can be indicated from the adaptive capacity of the community to stress and shock, preparedness when a disaster occurs, and quick recovery after a disaster. This article explores strategies for increasing urban resilience as community adaptation measures for reducing the risk of flood disasters in urban villages of Cebolok, Semarang. Quantitative method was used by distributing questionnaires and in depth-surveys to 40 households. Results show 2 evidences. First, Cebolok Community modified their housing as a form of physical adaptation to floods. Second, it confirms that community adaptation strategy is related to necessity in maintaining livelihood assets.


Introduction
Current climate change such as increased heat waves and increased heavy rain is expected to increase of flood hazard intensity [1].Semarang City is one of the cities on the North Coast of Java which has a serious threat of flood and inundation.Flood in urban area creat a threat to urban development, urban infrastructure, and community settlement [2].In urban areas, apart from climate change, flood also be caused by the human factor.A drainage system that does not function optimally due to the deposition of waste is one of the causes of flood.In addition, urbanization phenomenon is also contributed to increase the flood risk [3].The threats arising from disaster led to increased community vulnerability.
Disaster risk management process in vulnerable area would increase the resilience.Resilience is the ability of a community exposed to a hazard in order to resist and recover from the effects of risk in a punctual and efficient manner [4].Resilience can be viewed via an adaptation process to changes and focuses more on disaster experiences to increase the learning ability and self-organization capacity [5,6].Promoting disasters resilience requires careful attention to disaster risk management.Disaster management is a reactive approach starting from the preparedness, response, and recovery stages which involve a community perform to the adaptation process [7].Hence, community that is resilient to disasters is a community that has an effective adaptive capacity.Resilience could be measured via adaptation actions in the disaster risk management process.1264 (2023) 012015 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/012015 2 Carter et al. [4] promoted several reasons underlying the importance of carrying out disaster adaptation measures in an urban area.The trend of urbanization has led to population growth which has resulted in increased dependency on urban infrastructure, reduction of water catchment areas, and an increase in the number of poor and eldery people so that their vulnerability to disasters has increased [8].Improving resilience emphasizes to building community capacity in adapting to changes, especially adaptation to disasters [5].The authors argue that adaptation is important things to do by urban communities with the goal of protecting and reducing the impact of disaster risk at the household level.The types of adaptation measures are structural and non-structural measures as an additional option to reduce the losses [9].
Semarang City is one of the big cities of the northern part of Java which often experiences floods.This research is focused on the Cebolok area at Jalan Gajah Raya, located in Sambirejo Village, as one of the urban villages which regularly effected by floods.This area located in strategic location so that it has the potential to experience rapid settlement growth because it is near to the city center.It is important to pay attention to the problem of flooding in this area, not only because of the settlement's density but also because this area is part of Semarang City social-cultural strategic area, especially in the area around the Central Java Great Mosque.The demands as a social-cultural strategic area require that this area be able to provide optimal service.Many studies have shown that floods have an impact on time and material losses so the community takes action to adapt [9][10][11].Communities who are vulnerable to floods will increase their adaptation to adjust to the conditions in which they live.According to Marfai et al. [12], currently many local communities have developed small scale household adaptation strategies based on experiences from previous flood disasters.The threat of flood in the Cebolok area stimulate the households to adapt to the flood prone living conditions.
The previous research has discussed a lot about various type of community adaptation.In this research, adaptation is also identified in the spatial context with concluded the adaptation typology.The strategies for increasing resilience and reducing vulnerability to disasters require the involvement of various stakeholders more seriously.Many impact of disasters are seen as a failure of urban management by the government and institutions that pay little attention to disaster issues [13].The city government has the responsibility to provide adequate services and infrastructure as an effort to reduce vulnerability to disasters.However, Dodman & Satterthwaite [13] states that the implementation of city government responsibilities in developing countries is still not maximal in fulfilling the goals of increasing disaster resilience.Therefore, this study objective is to analyze the community adaptation strategy in flood prone area of Cebolok area.A brief review of disaster risk management at the city scale in the study area is also necessary to identify existing gaps in the disaster management process.It is important to mapping urban resilience to disaster to understand the specific context of resilience for decision makers in formulating climate change resilience sensitive policy [14].

Method
This study used a quantitative method by using descriptive statistical analysis techniques from the results of data processing questionnaires and interviews.The respondents were selected to every household in the Cebolok settlement who had lived for more than 5 years and had been affected by floods.Data calculation is presented using Geographical Information System (GIS), diagram and percentages.
The number of samples used was 40 household units taken from each neighborhood units (Rukun Tetangga) in Cebolok area.Samples were taken using snowball sampling technique.This technique was conducted by starting with trusted respondents.For example, it started with the village unit head (Rukun Warga), then the respondent provides a reference or recommendation regarding other respondents whom are considered adequate to provide information.In this article, 2 types of analysis are carried out, as seen at Figure 1.Cebolok Area is an urban village in Semarang located in Gayamsari District.This area has been experiencing floods every year.Based on this data, the community expected to have done adaptation strategies against the floods.The output of this analysis is a map of flood level, the trend of physical adaptation measures, and a typology map of physical adaptation in Cebolok area.

Characteristic of Floods in Cebolok Area
Related to this research, road network and drainage system are the infrastructure that need attention.Local road network in Cebolok area is 2-5 meters width.There is a 10 meters long road in Cebolok 2 Alley which in a damaged condition due to floods in this area.Drainage system in research area consist of primary drainage, secondary drainage, and tertiary drainage (Figure 2).Secondary drainage on Gajah Raya Road and Soekarno Hatta Road in Pictures (d) and (e) of Figure 2 have 1-2 meters width but filled with rubbish.On normal days, the water level in the drainage almost as high as the road.This condition is one of the causes of floods in Cebolok when it rains continuously.The main problem of this research is the flood incidents which are a threat to Cebolok area, Sambirejo Village.Floods in the area have become a routine problem.The flood incident in the Cebolok area was not a flood that resulted in loss of life and property.Floods occur with height ranging from 30 cm to a maximum of 80 cm.Although it is not a flooding on a large scale, this remains a serious problem because the area is not only a place for people to live but also accommodates the economic activities of the local community.These conditions hampered various activities in the Cebolok area.Floods also occur regularly every year so that people need to anticipate and adapt to reduce losses and risks due to flood disasters.
Floods that occurred in the Cebolok area caused by natural factors and human factors.The existence of climate change conditions resulted in unpredictable rainfall intensity.High rainfall is one of the causes of flooding in this area.Vulnerability to flooding also arises from the inadequate condition of urban infrastructure to anticipate floods.The drainage system on Jalan Gajah Raya, including in the Cebolok area, is not functioning optimally due to its insufficient capacity.In fact, Zhou et al. [15] has shown that the provision of urban infrastructure in the form of a drainage system is very important in reducing the risk of flood disasters.In addition to the physical condition of the drainage canals which is inadequate to accommodate water, the deposition of waste and sedimentation that occur have resulted in a decrease capacity of the drainage.Frequently, the condition of the drainage system has a water level that is almost same as the road.Under these conditions, when rainfall intensity is high, there will be an overflow of water from the drainage which causes of flooding in the Cebolok area.
Based on the interviews with local community, the settlements growth is also one of the factors causing the flooding conditions in the Cebolok area worsened.The construction of new housing of the western part of the Cebolok area is considered to be the cause of the reduced water catchment area.The community in Cebolok perceive that the presence of housing has exacerbated the flood conditions in the area where they live.Many studies have found that one of the risk sources of flood-prone areas is the poor settlement planning and rapid population growth [11,16,17].Handayani et al. [3] also stated that the urbanization that occurred in the northern region of Java resulted in an increase of land use changes to built-up land and was followed by a disasters increase as indicated by the continuous occurrence of floods.
The height of the flood that occurred in Cebolok area can be identified into two types.Small flood of 15-20 cm high will often appear if the rains fall in a long time and continuous.The intensity of flood cannot be predicted, but it will often appear during the rainy season.Meanwhile, floods with a height of 50-80 cm generally occur twice a year.Figure 3 shows several photos at the time when the floods came.Picture (a) is a photo in Cebolok 1 Alley with a flood height of 60 cm, pictures (b) and (c) are photos of the flood incident in Cebolok 2 Alley with a water level of 70 cm, while the water level in pictures (d) and (e) is 65cm.The problem of flooding in the Cebolok area has an impact on disrupting residents' activities in the area.This is because the overflow water enters into the houses.High density of the settlement conditions has an impact on higher losses due to flooding.Result from several news from online portals informed that floods in the Cebolok area occur every year.One incident covered in the news at February 20, 2020 mentioning flood heights reaching 30-60 cm (tribunnews.com).It continued to incident in 2021, the floods occur twice, namely at February 8, 2021 (halosemarang.id) and at September 28, 2021 (tribunnews.com)with a flood height of around 50-60 cm.The last flood occurred at December 31, 2022.The people of Cebolok area stated that the water started to rise at 06.00 a.m. on December 31, 2022.Based on interview results, the flood height at that time ranged from 50-80 cm.The flood occurred over a period of 2 days.Generally, the flood level of the central part of the Cebolok area is higher than of the western area because the road level is slightly lower.The Rukun Tetangga 4 area was more severely affected by flood because it is located on the edge of Gajah Raya Road.The higher position of Gajah Raya Road causes more water to enter the houses.Based on information from online news media, interviews with some local community, and documentation reported that the flood level in the Cebolok area can be identified based on the height of the flood at December 31, 2022, as follows.Figure 4 shows that flood in Cebolok area had 50-80 height in 31 st December 2022.The highest floods are in the area beside Jalan Gajah Raya.

Community Efforts to Build Resilience Through Adaptation
Adaptation is a long-term process of responses to climate vulnerability to create an adaptive capacity and build resilience.It refers to capacity of a system, included an individual or household to increase capacity based on the experiences of disasters [18].From this understanding, resilience at the household unit scale in this study is reviewed from the actions of each household which aims to reduce risk and increase protection against floods that occur in their neighborhood.The study is focused on actions in the form of physical processes or physical adaptations which can then be mapped spatially to determine their typology.
The study found that there were several physical adaptation strategies in the form of modification of the houses carried out by the inhabitants.This action was conducted independently by each household.The following diagram explains the percentage of households taking action to modified their physical housing.Figure 5 shows that there is still 32.5% of people who have not modified their house.From the results of this analysis, it is vivid that the majority of the community as much as 37.5%.modified the house by upleveling the floor of the house in several rooms.They tend to have preferences to upleveling certain rooms.Most people choose to elevate the living room.There are some people whose choose elevating their front rooms, that is usually to be used as store and trade warehouse.It is considered important to them, as these rooms is a means for income generating support.These facts is suitable with findings from studies that have been conducted on increasing resilience and disaster risk prevention processes carried out by households [2,12].People of Cebolok settlement rose the floor of their house as high as 50-150 cm depending on the needs and abilities of each household.The example of modified the housing can be seen in Figure 6.Picture (b) of Figure 6 show a household that raise the stall to protect his source of income.Meanwhile, pictures (c) and (d) of Figure 6 are two example the household that build an additional floor to protect their goods.
Physical adaptation was conducted in the form of building additional floor to the house.This adaptation was conducted only by few households.According to Abass [9], storey buildings is one action to escape from menace of constant flooding.Thus, the function of an additional floor is to safe valuable assets of the family.However, the action of building additional floor is not necessary for households in this part of the neighborhoods due to the relatively not too high floods level, approximately only 50-80 cm.
Figure 6 shows 2 types of scattered locations; where the households did physical adaptation or not.Households of the western part of the Cebolok area chose to postpone building additional floors of the house.It because the topography in the western part of the Cebolok area is higher than of the eastern part, hence, the flood water level is not as high as in the eastern part.The choice to do physical adaptation was not merely caused by spatial consideration.This strategy based on household preference of social and financial condition.This has also been proven in several studies [19,20].Amadi [21] is also said that level of education, duration of residence, age, and income of household are some variables that impact on the willingness to undertake adaptation action.In the Cebolok area, people with a low financial affordability will try to reduce adaptation costs by adding ground to their existing living room without having modification to the house roof.In several flood incidents, only adding the level of living room trigger more losses when other rooms inside the house were flooded.Another physical adaptation taken is to construct sand embankments to prohibit water enter houses.Most of the Cebolok people is those whom have lived in the area since birth.They experienced flooding at least once.It is vividly perceived that the community has taken steps to increase resilience to disasters to protect families from the dangers and risks of flood disasters.They took these adaptation strategy based on their previous experience of flooding.Aside physical modification of houses, the Cebolok community also taken anticipatory actions via joint participation activities, such as voluntary work to clean up trash blocking drainage canals.Participation from the community shows an increase in individual capacity.In the experience of research in South Africa [22], it is evident that the importance of building individual capacity to enable disaster response is created in long-term planning.This condition represents the emergence of a sense of belonging to the region's quality of life.

Gaps in Disaster Risk Management
The adaptation strategy in Cebolok were a form of social learning process from their experiences in previous flood disasters.It is also said by Haque, et al. [20] that direct encounter with flooding would transformed into flood-related knowledge and they would understand or find some solutions to dealing with the flood.This strategy is at household scale and depends on social and economic characteristics of the households.However, to be able to achieve city resilience to disaster threats, especially floods in Semarang City, disaster risk management on a broader scale is needed.Handayani et al. [7] said that there were three important milestones in disaster risk management in Indonesia, namely the formation of the National Board for Disaster Management (INBDM), Disaster Management Board (DMB) at the provincial and district/city levels, and the existence of the Local Preparedness Group (LPGs).In Semarang City, there were already 35 LPGs units in 2018 under the Semarang DMB [7].The results of the interviews revealed the fact that in the Sambirejo Village, there is no availability of an officially LPGs formed from Semarang City DMB.Post disaster response action coordinated by the head of the Rukun Warga and there was no formal community dedicated to helping coordinate flood management.In conditions of limited resources, it has been proven that the adaptation strategies conducted are related to how they ensure the sustainability of their livelihoods.It can be concluded that the actual strategy adopted by Cebolok residents does not depend on how to measure the magnitude of the disaster risk they will face, but rather on how much the impact of the disaster affects their livelihoods [23,24].
As had been said, the cause of the flooding that occurred in the Cebolok area was apart from climate change which made unpredictable rainfall, also due to the condition of the drainage system which could not function optimally.This indicates the unpreparedness of urban infrastructure in tackling flood disasters.Dodman & Satterthwaite [13] said that to increase resilience and minimize the impact of disasters, it is necessary to involve various stakeholders in urban governance, including infrastructure.With the issue of climate change, the government has a responsibility to be able to minimize hazards and reduce the vulnerability of the population.This is also in line with what was said by Setyowati et al. [25], that the government's role is necessary to take fast and appropriate action as a form of protecting the community from disaster hazard.Based on the results of the interviews, the Department of Public Works and Spatial Planning of Semarang City repaired and uplevelled roads affected by floods, including Gajah Raya Road to improve the quality of roads so they are not easily damaged.However, according to local inhabitants, these activities stimulated bad consequence.The higher road resulted in rainwater runoff flowing into their residential area which is located on the edge of Gajah Raya Road, and crates more flood incidents.
In the case of the Cebolok area, flooding was also caused by the existing drainage system.It is not functioning optimally because it was not able to accommodate all the water that came during high rainfall.The drainage system accommodates a lot of waste not only from settlements, but also from service and trading activities.According to the results of interviews with Villages head, the government has taken action to clean up the drainage canals along Gajah Raya Road, but the results have not been able to reduce flooding.This evidence confirm that the government is still taking short-term actions in the disaster risk management process.In the case of Durban, South Africa, the government has taken an active role in the adaptation process.The government has highlighted the current issues and has included climate change issues in longterm urban planning so that it is expected to effectively deal with vulnerability to disasters [26].In sum, all stakeholders need to participate in the adaptation process to achieve resilience and help increase preparedness for future disasters.

Conclusion
This paper clearly described the problems of the flood disaster in the Cebolok area.It aims to analyze the disaster management process of community adaptation actions in the flood-affected areas of the Cebolok as a form of disaster resilience.Flood disasters occur every year in this area and almost all houses are affected.Cebolok Communities took adaptation measures based on their experiences with flood disasters that had occurred before.Each household modified their physical appearance of the housing by rising the floors of the house and building additional floors to increase resilience from disasters.This indicates that there is awareness from community groups for disaster management at the household scale.However, from the perspective of Semarang City governance, there are still gaps in the disaster risk management process in terms of managing urban infrastructure, especially problems with urban drainage systems.Urban IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/01201510 infrastructure has not been able to minimize the risk of flooding and the impact for the community.It is evidenced form this research that resilience to disasters is a form of community capacity to recover and fight against the effects and risks of disasters.Hence, the authors recommend important availability of coordination and involvement from various stakeholders to achieve disaster resilience.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Photos of the Flood Disaster in Cebolok Area (Personal Documentation, 2022)

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Map of Flood Level in Cebolok Area (Analysis of Author, 2023)

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Percentage of Household doing Physical Modification in Cebolok Area (Analysis of Author, 2023)