Making a Resilient Community: Preparedness of Vulnerable Communities in Disaster Mitigation Based on Disaster Risk Map

A natural disaster is a phenomenon that causes loss and has an effect on society, specifically on vulnerable society. This research mentions vulnerable communities as women and children. In order to reduce disaster impact on vulnerable communities, it is essential to examine the preparedness level of the community. Slawi is one of the urban areas in Tegal Regency with a dense population and the potential for natural disasters. The objective is to embody a resilient community by increasing vulnerable communities’ preparedness in disaster mitigation. The method used is qualitative, and the main data collection technique is through Focus Group Discussion using participatory mapping analysis with the help of GIS. The result shows that vulnerable communities already know and understand their task and roles in disaster mitigation. Some crucial factors affect vulnerable communities’ preparedness levels in disaster mitigation. There are risk-understanding levels, knowledge of disaster mitigation precisely, and collaboration among local organizations. The urgency of government role and institution-related to provide guidance, training, and resources are needed to strengthen the vulnerable community preparedness. This research expects to provide stakeholders, regulation makers, practitioners, and academics with the knowledge to actualize a resilient community. With the increased preparedness level of vulnerable communities, the disaster impact on communities can be reduced, and they can be more resilient in dealing with natural disasters.


Introduction
In recent decades, the frequency of occurrence of natural disasters, and the extent of their devastating effects, both economic and human, have shown an almost continuous growth [1-3] A natural disaster is an event or natural event that has a major impact on humans that can threaten and disrupt people's lives [4,5].Natural disasters can be in the form of floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, storms, and so on.Indonesia is one of the countries where natural disasters often occur, this is because Indonesia passes through the Pacific ring of fire.
One of the areas in Indonesia that is prone to disasters is Slawi District, Tegal Regency, Central Java.Tegal Regency in terms of geographical, hydrological, geological, climatological and demographic conditions is included in an area prone to hazards.Throughout 2019, there were 102 disaster events 1264 (2023) 012014 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/012014 2 which included floods, forest fires, droughts, landslides, abrasion and extreme waves, extreme weather (hurricanes) and flash floods.Based on the Indonesian Disaster Information Data (DIBI), one of the disaster-prone locations in 2003-2019 occurred in Tegal Regency which has experienced 125 disaster events.Disasters that often occur are in the form of floods reaching 40 incidents with water levels reaching 30-150 cm which occur in several sub-districts in Tegal, one of which is Slawi District.Disasters can cause enormous losses to settlements, the economy and the environment, and even loss of human lives.Reducing disaster risk and community vulnerability requires various efforts to prepare and empower communities through the implementation of disaster risk reduction [6].
The concept of vulnerability can be seen from various scientific disciplines and professional fields such as academia, disaster management agencies, communities and so on [7].Vulnerability is the vulnerability of the human-environmental system to disturbances and losses related to social, economic conditions, and the community environment.Within this framework, social vulnerability can be defined as the vulnerability of the human environment and can be linked not only to multiple individual characteristics such as gender, age, education, economic well-being, and race, among others, but even to the complex community dynamics and support systems that can affect certain individuals in their ability to respond to certain threats [8].
The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction defines vulnerability as the physical, social, economic and environmental factors that make a person or a community more vulnerable to experiencing the severity of a disaster.Based on Law no.39 of the Republic of Indonesia of 1999 concerning human rights (HAM), vulnerable groups are the elderly, children, the poor, pregnant women, and people with disabilities.Vulnerability is the level of hazard that can be predicted under given conditions of exposure, vulnerability and resilience.
Resilience is the ability to bounce back to a stable state after stress caused by any hazard.Resilience can also be said to be the ability of urban communities to recover from hazard risks [9].Resilience can also be interpreted as the capacity of a city or community that can adjust, adapt, and change in response to various internal and external hazards.Resilience underlines the concepts of adaptation, adaptability, and transformation in the planning process [10][11][12].Disasters can occur at any time, but when communities have the capacity to deal with these threats, disaster risk can be reduced [13].
There have been previous studies examining resilience, preparedness, and vulnerability to disasters.Examines a bottom-up approach including disaster management mechanisms to strengthen community capacity in the disaster mitigation process [14,15].Then there is research that examines community resilience with ages over 65 years [16].However, based on previous studies, it shows that there are gaps in implementation due to a lack of understanding of the concept of preparedness and community-based approaches that are suitable for promoting the spirit of resilience in disaster-prone communities.
This research aims to create a resilient community through increasing the preparedness of vulnerable communities in disaster mitigation efforts.This research is expected to be able to provide knowledge and benefits for policy makers, practitioners, and academics in an effort to create a resilient society.By increasing the preparedness of vulnerable communities, it is hoped that the impact of disasters on these groups can be reduced, and they can become more resilient in dealing with disasters.

Research Data
Some basic information on disaster mitigation from women and children is required in this study.This is the basis for analysing their disaster preparedness, including mitigation before, during and after a disaster.The information includes a level of awareness of disaster risk, knowledge of appropriate mitigation measures, and active involvement in local organizations.Furthermore, the importance of the role of the government and related institutions in providing guidance, training and resources needed to strengthen the preparedness of vulnerable communities are also an important part of the research data.This study is focused on the urban area of Slawi, which is one of the centers of activity in Tegal Regency (Figure 1).In the case of flood risk, this area has many districts that are classified as moderate to high flood risk areas (yellow-red).The classification of flood risk levels in Figure 1 was obtained from the Regional Disaster Management Agency of Tegal Regency.Therefore, special attention is needed to increase the self-reliance of the population, especially for women and children, to create more sustainable disaster mitigation strategies.

Community Participation in Disaster Mitigation
This study uses a qualitative approach through FGD activities in collecting data.The participatory approach through FGDs is intended to obtain information about disaster mitigation from the perspective of vulnerable groups, namely women and children.The active contribution of the community is an important consideration in formulating a comprehensive disaster mitigation plan.Because after a disaster event, the population is the subject that has the first response, either in an organized or spontaneous manner [17].
Participatory approaches should be implemented by emphasizing the principles of inclusivity, promoting awareness, and acknowledging the community's perspective [17][18][19][20].Therefore, we chose several approaches to encourage community awareness.In a workshop with students, we provided an understanding of mapping through geotagging and disaster mitigation before, during and after a disaster.In the second stage, pre-test and post-test were given to see the difference in students' perspective to understand disaster mitigation before and after the workshop.Meanwhile, in the workshop with women, the approach chosen was an interactive discussion about disaster sites and disaster management before, during and after a disaster.This is encouraged by the Tegal Regency Disaster Management Agency due to the unique role of women during disaster mitigation.

Stages of Focus Group Discussion
As explained earlier, this study was constructed through qualitative methods in data collection (through FGD forums) and analysis.The data collection and analysis process were divided into at least two major stages (Figure 2).The stages in the process were designed to obtain information (which is also the result of the research) on what factors support disaster resilience in vulnerable groups in the Slawi Urban Area.
The first stage (secondary data survey to the creation of a working map) was conducted as a preliminary step in preparation for FGDs with vulnerable groups.Secondary data was collected to form a working map that serves as an object to illustrate disaster-prone locations and possible evacuation routes at that time.The result of this stage was 6 working maps as a tool for FGD implementation.The second stage (Focus Group Discussion) is the core stage of this research.All the data needed to determine the factors affecting the preparedness of vulnerable groups in disaster mitigation were generated at this stage.The FGD was implemented on 2 December 2022 for the PKK group and 2 November 2022 for high school students.
The main focus of the FGDs was to create evacuation maps and educate the vulnerable groups on their roles in disaster evacuation.For the women's group, after the participatory mapping, they were guided to express what roles they can play in disaster mitigation efforts and what factors can support them.The result of this stage was a number of factors that they thought were important in disaster mitigation, which will be further explained in the next section.
For senior high school students, the FGD was more focused on finding out how far they understood disaster mitigation.Therefore, they were first asked to fill out a questionnaire before and after the FGD in order to measure the effectiveness of the disaster mitigation education provided during the FGD.In addition, this was also done to measure how much they understood about the disaster mitigation process.The results of this stage can be seen from the graph of the research results in the next section.5

Why Should Women and Children
This study is focused on women and children as vulnerable groups in disaster mitigation.It considers that vulnerable groups have special requirements that are different from the needs of the general population in developing disaster-resilient communities.Several studies have extensively discussed the position of women and children as vulnerable groups in disasters [21][22][23][24][25] Women have various factors that make them not equal to men in disaster mitigation [21].Over the past two decades, natural disasters have killed more women than men [22].ADB also mentioned that women often have special conditions, such as being pregnant, having children, still being under pressure from traditional customs, etc., which make them unable to move freely when a disaster occurs.It indicates that women need special discussion spaces to resolve their problems in disaster management.The fact that they have stronger local knowledge than men due to their daily interactions with their families, local people, and the local environment is another reason for needing such discussion spaces [22].
Children are also vulnerable to disasters just like women.Children have been passive victims and do not have a forum for their opinions on disaster mitigation [23].It is due to their lack of knowledge, physical weakness and emotional immaturity compared to adults.Nevertheless, children still have the potential to participate and analyse important issues in their environment [25].Children need to be empowered so that they are not just objects of adult "manipulation", but can also synergise, exchange ideas, and cooperate with adults in their decision-making [24].Therefore, there is a need for basic education on disaster mitigation for children both at home and at school so that children can better understand the characteristics of their environment and what they should do when a disaster occurs [25].

Result and Analysis
Disaster would affect many aspects of demography, particularly on women and children [26].Women are more vulnerable due to disaster rather than man.It is because men or boys were often able to climb trees, whereas the girl not, partly because of social taboos.Then children are also more vulnerable than the adult are.The children lack of mobility and endurance than the adults.That is why women and children are more vulnerable than any other society group.
The result shows that vulnerable communities already know and understand their task and roles in disaster mitigation.Some crucial factors affect vulnerable communities' preparedness levels in disaster mitigation.There are risk-understanding levels, knowledge of disaster mitigation precisely, and collaboration among local organizations.The urgency of government role and institution-related to provide guidance, training, and resources are needed to strengthen the vulnerable community preparedness.
Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held in Tegal Regency to understand community preparedness.The FGD used 2 (two) maps of flood risk map and flash flood risk map to show the FGD member detailed visualization of the disaster they going to discuss.The maps are produced using GIS and are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.The first FGD aim to know to what extent women in Tegal Regency, mostly member of family welfare empowerment (PKK), are prepared to do disaster mitigation.This is because we specifically requested the Tegal Regency Disaster Management Agency to invite only woman members of the organization.The request was made due to the unique roles that the woman has during disaster mitigation.The specified women's empowerment in disaster mitigation is proven to have an impact on increasing their adaptive capacity [27].From the FGD, we know that the participants understood their Along with women, teenager is the next object for the FGD activity in order to understand to what extent their role has been done.To collect data, we conducted a presentation and discussion with some of the students in SMA 1 Slawi.The presentation's goal is to improve student's knowledge of their role in disaster mitigation.To ensure our methods are successful, we do some pre-test for the students consisting of questions about disasters.Later, we continued to the presentation with disaster mitigation as the theme, showing their role in how to mitigate and minimize disaster risk.During the discussion, the students were asked to write down what can they do when a disaster happens.Figure 6 shows the activity we did with the students.We also give the students participant a post-test to check how their understanding in disaster substance after the presentation from the researchers.The result show that the student has the increasing score than pre-test score (Figure 7).The low score on pretest was mainly due to the "unfamiliar" word of mitigation and the related action before, during, and after disaster.The increasing score shows that the workshop we carried out was successful in a sense that students had more knowledge than before.

Conclusion
The results of the study show that PKK women already know and understand their role in disaster management, such as setting up public kitchens during or after a disaster, collecting primary needs and donations for refugees or disaster victims, then treating and caring for disaster victims, and contributing to blood donations held by PMI (Indonesian Red Cross).Based on the results of the study, it was shown that before the FGD the students did not fully understand their role in disaster management due to a lack of education related to disaster management.However, after an explanation was given to students regarding the role of students in disaster risk management and reduction, they began to understand the importance of their role in disaster management.
This research shows that empowering women in disaster mitigation has proven to have an impact on increasing their adaptive capacity.There are several crucial factors influencing the level of preparedness of vulnerable communities in disaster mitigation.There is a level of risk understanding, knowledge of appropriate disaster mitigation, and collaboration between local organizations.The urgency of the role of the government and related institutions to provide guidance, training and resources is needed to strengthen the preparedness of vulnerable communities.
This research is expected to provide knowledge to stakeholders, regulators, practitioners, and academics to create a resilient society.Through socialization and related programs, the importance of disaster mitigation can increase community preparedness and capacity.By increasing the level of preparedness of vulnerable communities, the impact of disasters on communities can be reduced, and they can be more resilient in dealing with natural disasters.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank UNDP Accelerator Indonesia for supporting this study with funding from the Urban Innovation Challenge and the Tegal Regional Management Disaster Agency (BPBD Tegal Regency) and for providing the necessary data.In addition, we also thank the team that helped in this research.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Flood Risk Map of Slawi Urban Area

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Flash Flood Risk Map of Slawi Urban Area

Figure 7 .
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