Analyzing Urban Population Growth in the Towns of Non-urban Regions in Java, Indonesia, Using Spatial Analysis

As a high densely populated region, urbanization process in Java has become a regional process as the process is also characterized by the growing out of the urban areas outside the cities’ administrative limit, as well as the rapid growth of urban population in the non-urban regions, known as kabupaten. This process is also indicated by the growth of many towns as urban areas in the territory of kabupaten. In fact, the growth of urban population in kabupaten has become the main contributors of urban population growth in Java in the last decades. By analysing the spatial growth of urbanized villages that form the towns in three kabupaten in the north coast of Central Java, this study aims to examine the characteristics of urban population growth in non-statutory towns in non-urban regions in order to deepening the understanding on urbanization process in high densely populated regions like Java. Urban population growth in the non-urban regions is analysed through a time series analysis on the growth of the towns in the territory of the kabupaten and the growth of the populations who live in the towns along the observation periods. The results show that urban population growth in non-urban region is influenced by rural-to-urbanized villages’ transformation process that triggers three forms of towns’ spatial formations for their growth and development: newly small-town formation process, growing process, and merging process. Therefore, this study suggests better management on the villages’ transformation proces, to have better management of regional urbanization in the future.


Introduction
Urbanization, marked by the increase of urban population, is the most important global phenomena since the middle of the 20th century [1].Involving the transformation process of many rural areas into urban areas [2,3], urbanization process become a complex process that brings phenomenal changes from local level into global level.The process is not only represented in the changes in spatial and physical environment of the transformed areas, but also in the social, economic, and cultural activities of the people living in those areas [4,5].As Bai et.al [6] argue that the biggest transformations occur in places outside large cities, the transformation processes in the global phenomena are not only arrived in big cities and metropolitan, but also in rural areas in a process known as in-situ urbanization [3,7].
However, many urbanization studies mainly focus on the growth and socio-spatial transformation of metropolitan and large cities.There are still lack of attention is given to smaller cities in all over the world [8][9][10], even though greater urban population growth has been taking place in much smaller cities definition, in which urban areas are formed by the dynamics of urbanization process including in the areas outside cities as certain areas in the territory of kabupaten are transformed to become urban areas without any official status.In this paper, then we define the non-statutory urban areas in the territory of kabupaten as towns.
Therefore, the effort in defining urban population in Indonesia is implemented in two ways.The first is defining the population reside within administrative boundaries of kota, and the second is to sum the urban population of cities with urban population living outside the administrative boundaries of cities.In this method, the fundamental challenge is defining urban areas outside the cities, because the identification of urban population within cities is just to follow the result of city or kota formation, which is stipulated by law after the approval from the national parliament in a political-administrative process.The process makes the urban areas and their boundaries of cities are fixed and difficult to change after the stipulation of the law.A very different situation exists on the identification of urban population outside cities' boundaries, as the formation of urban areas outside the cities is highly depend on the dynamics of urbanization process in the regions, and Indonesia has no proper method for defining the towns developing in the territory of kabupaten yet.
The existing method in defining urban population outside cities is the village classification method implemented by BPS or Statistics Indonesia for the purpose of population census.BPS regularly classifies all villages in Indonesia into two categories, i.e., urbanized villages (desa perkotaan) and nonurbanized villages (desa non-perkotaan), especially in the census time, using some criteria.The criteria have been changes over time.However, since 1980, the BPS started to use a scoring technique with three variables, i.e., population density, percentage of household working in agricultural sector, and availability of urban facilities of each village to classify the village into the categories with some changes in scoring system in some census time, especially in the urban facilities scoring system [20].However, the villages classification has just implemented for the purpose of population census, and has not been implemented for the identification of urban areas outside Indonesian cities yet.
Mardiansjah et.al [14] define urban areas developed outside cities, or in the territory of kabupaten in Indonesia as non-statutory towns.They suggest to use the combination of the village's classification and the administrative boundaries of sub-districts (or kecamatan in the local term) to identify urban areas outside cities in Indonesia.With this method, Mardiansjah et.al [14] assumed the towns formed by the agglomeration of urban villages located next to each other.The use of the administrative boundaries of kecamatan is directed to differentiate a particular town to another.In this method, they assumed agglomerated urban villages located next to each other within the territory of a particular kecamatan will be identified as a particular town, and urban villages agglomeration located in different kecamatan will be identified as different towns.The implementation of this method will also bring implications that whenever there is a kecamatan has more than one agglomerated urban villages next to each other, they will be assumed to be different towns to as they are not agglomerated into one agglomeration or urban areas, even though some of them will be agglomerated into one agglomeration in the following years.When they have been agglomerated into one agglomeration, then they can be classified as a single town.
This paper aims to examine urban population growth in the non-statutory towns, resulted by the insitu urbanization process in the region.We use time serial data of the Statistics Indonesia's urbanized village classification as well as the population of the urbanized villages to unfold the population growth.Following the introduction, we utilize the following section to provide the description about the three kabupaten where the non-statutory towns are located, as well as data and method used in the study.Later, the analysis on the growth of urban population in the non-statutory towns will be presented.Further, the analysis of the influences of the growth of the towns into spatial structure will be carried out.Later, the last part will be a conclusion and recommendation.

Study Area
This research uses three kabupaten, i.e., Kabupaten Pemalang, Kabupaten Pekalongan, and Kabupaten Batang, which are located in the north-west corridor of the Pantura (Pantai Utara) or the north coast regional road, the most important road in Java that also bring importance influence into the dynamic of urbanization process in the region [5].Figure 1 shows the location of the three regencies or kabupaten, which are actually next to each other with the orientation of the location in Central Java as well as in Java Island.The three kabupaten could be classified as densely populated regions as the three kabupaten have more than 1000 inhabitants per km2 now.Result of the Population Census in 2000 has confirmed that Kabupaten Pemalang has reached more than a thousand inhabitants per km2 in 2000, while Kabupaten Pekalongan in 2010 and Kabupaten Batang in 2020.The population density of the three kabupaten is much closer to 1.500 inhabitants per km2, the level of population density utilized by Dijkstra et.al [21] in classifying areas a urban centres than to 300 inhabitants per km2, which is used for classifying areas as towns and semi dense areas in their concept of Degree of Urbanization.

Data and Method
In analyzing urban population growth in the towns of non-urban regions, this study tried to identify the towns' development in time series situation.The study figures out the growth from 1990 to 2020 using the urbanized villages classification resulted from the National Population Census.The agglomeration of next-to urbanized villages within a particular kecamatan is assumed to form a particular town, and agglomeration of urbanized villages that are located in a different kecamatan is assumed to be different towns, although their urbanized villages are next to each other.For that purpose, this study uses secondary data, especially villages' classification and their population, in a sequence of data points in time order.The data in 1990, 2000, and 2010.However, due to the unavailability of villages' classification from the 2020 census, this study uses 2010 villages' classification with the 2020 village' population to figure out the 2020 situation.
The towns that growing in the three kabupaten are classified into types according their population size.The classifications are: large towns for the towns with a population of more than 100 thousand inhabitants for each town; medium-sized towns for those with 50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants; smallersized towns for those with 30,000 to 50,000 inhabitants; and micro towns for those with less than 30,000 inhabitants.All of the classification is based on the population number of the town in 2020.The four classifications of towns are for towns that have formed by agglomeration of two or more than two urban villages, even though in fact, there are still many urbanized villages in the three kabupaten outside the towns that are agglomerated and classified into the four classifications.There are seventeen urbanized villages, which are not agglomerated into any next-to urbanized villages agglomeration.Because the seventeen urbanized villages still only become single and separated urbanized villages, so they are not classified as town or part of the towns yet in this study.

Urban population growth in the three kabupaten
The growth of urban population, as well as the total population in the three kabupaten are presented in Table 1.The data are compiled from the result of the population census in 1990, 2000, and 2010, except for the 2020 data.There are only the total population data that were compiled from the result of the population census in 2020, while urban population data in 2020 were not compiled from census result due to the result are still not available yet until now.This research predicts urban population data of 2020 by accumulating the population of the urbanized villages in 2020, but using villages' classification of 2010, due to the classification of 2020 is still not available yet until now.
The data show that the three kabupaten experienced rapid growth of urban population, which have been far more rapid than the growth of their total population.Kabupaten Pekalongan and Pemalang were the kabupaten that more urbanized than Kabupaten Batang, as they have reach more than 50% of urbanization level in 2010, which means that more than half of their population in 2010 were classified as urban population.The period between of 1990s (between 1990 to 2000) was the period when the three kabupaten experienced the most rapid growth in their urban population, although then slowing down in the following periods.Kabupaten Pemalang was the kabupaten that had the most rapid urban population growth, especially in 1990s, and Kabupaten Pekalongan had more rapid than that of Kabupaten Batang.As the implication, the two kabupaten has had more than 50% in their level of urbanization in 2010, even though the level of urbanization of Kabupaten Pemalang was slightly decreasing in 2020, due to the total population growth rate in 2010 to 2020 was a little bit higher than the growth of its urban population.The slowing down the urban population growth in this kabupaten, slightly decrease the urbanization level of the kabupaten, so the level of urbanization of Kabupaten Pemalang went back to below 50% in 2020.However, the decreasing in 2020 could also be the implication of the non-accurate data (predicted data), explained before.It is a pity we could not have the accurate data of the urban population in 2020.So, we still do not know exactly how was the growth between 2010 to 2020 due to the unavailability of the 2020 data.This study then, investigates how urban population growth in the three kabupaten by analysing the growing towns in their territory.In order to bring detailed analysis, the towns are classified into some categories based on their recent population size.The growth of urban population growth in the growth of the towns in the three kabupaten is presented in Table 2 until Table 5 below.Table 2 presents the growth in the large-size towns that consist of four towns that have a population in a range from 123,226 to 168,709 inhabitants in each town.Table 3 presents the growth of the medium-sized town that consist of five towns with a population range from 50,009 to 86,942 urban dwellers, while Table 4 presents the growth of the smaller-sized towns that consist of eight towns with a population range from 31,039 to 47,022 inhabitants, and Table 5 presents the growth of micro-sized towns that consists of fourteen towns with a population range from 7,820 to 29,348 inhabitants.
The tables do not only present the population of the towns in the particular year, but also the number of urbanized villages that form the towns as well as population density of the towns that are obtained by calculating the population to the area of all urbanized villages that form the town.The percentage shows the level of urbanization of the kecamatan in the particular year.Furthermore, the population density of the towns is categorized into some levels, using 1.500 inhabitants per km2, the level of population density utilized by Dijkstra et.al [21] in classifying areas as urban centers as the standard.The population density category is starting by below 1,500 inhabitants per km2.The next level is, the between 1,500 to 3,000 inhabitants per km2, the double of 1,500, and the following level is between 3,000 to 6,000, and the last available category is more than 6,000 inhabitants per km2.

Urban population and town growth in the large sized towns
In the large sized towns (see Table 2), there were two towns, i.e, Pemalang and Petarukan of Kabupaten Pemalang that experienced a merging process from two agglomerated urbanized villages.In the period between 2000 and 2010, the Previous Pemalang, an agglomeration of six urbanized villages experienced a merging process with Paduraksa, an agglomeration of two urban villagees, by the transformation process of seven villages nearby, i.e., Tambakrejo, Danasari, Widuri, Sewaka, Mengori, Pagongsoran and Lawangrejo Villages.In other words, the transformation process of the seven villages from non-urbanized village into urbanized ones (rural-to-urbanized villages transformation) led to the merging process of the previous Pemalang and Paduraksa.As the result of the process, Pemalang that has been classified as a large-sized town with six urban villages and 101 thousand inhabitants in 2000 has grown into a town with fifteen urban villages and 167 thousand inhabitants in 2010.Similar process has been experienced by Petarukan, an agglomeration of five urbanized villages in 1990 that merges with Kendalsari, an agglomeration of two urbanized villages, then lead Petarukan grown to become a town of fourteen with 126 thousand inhabitants in 2010, because of the rural-tourbanized villages transformation of seven nearby villages between 2000 to 2010.The seven nearby villages that experienced the rural-to-urbanized villages transformation process were Kendaldoyong, Loning, Pesucen, Karangasem, Iser, Sirangkang and Temuireng villages.Similar to the phenomenon that arrived in Pemalang, the merging process was not only increase the number of urbanized villages that form the town, but also led to a significantly increase in the population of the town from 45.001 inhabitants in five urbanized villages in 1990 to 128.867 inhabitants in fourteen urbanized villages.In these contexts, actually, the merging process was become the result of villages transformation process that have occurred in some villages located in "in-between" areas of existing next-to urban villages agglomeration.
The other two large sized towns, i.e, Batang of Kabupaten Batang and Taman of Kabupaten Pemalang, have never experienced merging process.The two towns have experiences growing process, instead of the merging process.Batang has grown from a town with six urbanized villages and about 30 thousand inhabitants in 1990 to a town with thirteen urbanized villages and 85 thousand inhabitants in 2000, then to a town with eighteen urbanized villages and 103 thousand inhabitants in 2010, and to a town with nineteen urbanized villages with 125 thousand urban population.Similar process has been experienced by Taman that has grown from a town with eight urbanized villages and 83 thousand urban dwellers in 1990 to a town with twelve urbanized villages and 123 thousand urban dwellers in 2020.The growing process of Batang and Taman Towns is actually influenced by the rural-to-urbanized villages' transformation process that occurs at the surrounding villages of the previous towns of Batang and Taman.Since the transformed villages are located next to each other also with the previous town of Batang Town for the case of the Batang Town's growth, or also with the previous town of Taman for the case of Taman Town's growth, then the transformation of the villages has also resulted the growth of Batang and Taman Town.
Therefore, there is a similarity among the two processes, i.e., the merging process and the growing process.The two processes involve rural-to-urbanized villages' transformation process that occurred in some villages surrounding the existing urbanized villages agglomeration.In the case of the growing process, the villages' transformation of some surrounding villages enlarged the existing towns as they are next-to each other, so increased number of urbanized villages that form the town as well as the number of the population of the town.While in the case of the merging process, the village's' transformation of some villages that are located in "in-between areas" merged the towns that are previously separated.So, in enlarging urban area of the towns, the rural-to-urbanized villages' transformation also increased the number of the urbanized villages that form the town and lead to significant increase of the population of the town, which is some cases could lead to a doubling number of urban populations in the town.In these contexts, we can witness that the urban population growth of the towns more influenced by the reclassification of some urbanizing villages outside the town.It perhaps could be classified as external factor, as the source of the urban population growth come from outside the towns, if we compare it to the natural factor that is influenced by internal factor in the town and the migration factor that is also influenced by internal factor of the towns.The rural-to-urbanized villages' transformation process creates what Zhu [7] said as in situ urbanization process.
However, there is also a difference between the two processes, which is the time period when the process has occurred.Both of the merging process of Pemalang and Petarukan has occurred between 2000 and 2010, while both of the growing process of Batang and Taman has occurred in a longer period, from the period in between 1990 and 2000, and also in between 2000 and 2010.These phenomena indicate that the villages' transformation process from non-urbanized village to urbanized ones occurred in all periods, and they bring influences to the towns' growth in the area, as the merging process as well as the growing process are significantly influenced by villages' transformation process.It is a pity that the 2020 classification has not been released yet, so this study could not confirm, whether the villages' transformation process is still occurring until now.

Urban population and town growth in the medium sized towns
In the medium sized towns category that consists of five towns, the merging process as well as the growing process were also occurred (see Table 3).The merging process arrived in Kedungwuni and Tirto Town of Kabupaten Pekalongan, and Comal Town of Kabupten Pemalang, while the growing process occurred in Ulujami Town of Kabupaten Pemalang and Wiradesa Town of Kabupaten Pekalongan.However, the merging process that occurred in Kedungwuni and Tirto were a slightly different with the merging process that occurred in towns in the large size category, as the merging process in the two medium sized towns was preceded by a growing process.Kedungwuni had experienced a growing process from a town of eight urbanized villages in 1990 that grown to be a town of nine urbanized villages in 2000 before then it was merged with Pajomblangan, a town of two urbanized villages in the period between 2000 to 2010, to form newer Kedungwuni, as a town of fifteen urbanized villages in 2010.The merging procees of Kedungwuni and Pajomblangan was influenced by the rural-to-urbanized villages of four villages that are located in "in between" areas between the previous Kedungwuni af Pajomblangan.
Tirto Town has also had similar processes to the processes that occurred in Kedungwuni.However, the process in Tirto was a little bit different, since the previous Tirto was not merged with another town (agglomeration of next-to urbanized villages), after the growing process in the period between 1990 to 2000, as occurred in Kedungwuni.In the period between 2000 to 2010, After the growing process between 1990 to 2000 that increase the number of its urbanized villages from three urbanized villages in 1990 to six urbanized villages in 2000, Tirto then was merged with Wuled Village, a single urbanized villages that was separated to Tirto or any other towns in the area, The merging process of Tirto with Wuled has been influenced by the transformation of six villages that are located "in between" areas between Tirto and Wuled, which occurred in the period between 2000 to 2010 The transformation process of the six villages has agglomerated Tirto and Wuled and together made Tirto Town become an agglomeration of thirteen urbanized villages in 2010.

Urban population and town growth in the small sized towns
Meanwhile, the towns formation process in the small sized category were not only the growing and the merging process (see Table 4).In addition to the two processes, there is a new-town formation process, which was experienced by Moga Town of Kabupten Pemalang, as part of the models of what Zhu [7] said as in situ urbanization in the urbanization process in the observation regions.However, similar to the towns in the large sized category, there is no town from the eight towns in this category that experienced the combination process.Each town in this category only experienced growing, merging, or new town formation process.Randudongkal of Pemalang and Sragi of Pekalongan are is the towns in this category that experienced a merging process that occurred between 2000 to 2010, the same period with the period when the other larger towns experienced the merging process.Meanwhile, Buaran and Wonokerto of Pekalongan and Warungasem of Batang are the towns that experienced growing process, which some of them experienced in the period between 1900 to 2000, and the other in between 2000 to 2010.
The new town formation could be defined as the being process from the not-exist yet to the existence of the town as new urban areas This process was only occurred in the small sized towns category, and was never experienced in the larger size categories.This process is different to the formation of new urbanized villages that is separated from the existing town, which has occurred in the transformation process of Wuled Villages as discussed before.The transformation of Wuled Villages made the villages to become a separated urbanized village that later merged into Tirto Town of Kabupaten Pekalongan, in the formation process of the town.In other word, the transformation of Wuled was only involve Wuled Village as a single village, itself, even though it was followed by a merging process into Tirto Town in the following period.The process was very different with the formation process of Moga that is form an independent town until now.The existence of Moga Town has just been identified based on the 2010 Villages' Classification with five urbanized villages and 41,986 urban inhabitants in 2010.Moga Town was not exist yet in the previous period that is in 2000.Then in 2020, Moga Town was still exist with the same number of urbanized villages (five urban villages), even though its population has been slightly increasing to 43,166 inhabitants.This experience is different to Wuled's experience that then not exist anymore as it was then merged into Tirto Town.Compared to the experience of other towns that has increase in the number of urbanized villages, Moga could be said has only an insignificant population growth with the same number urbanized villages that form the town in the two points of time.The condition is very different from those of the towns that experienced merging, growing, or the combination process, which experienced significant increase of their population.Therefore, the comparison of three phenomena could support the external factor argument for the towns' urban population in growth, which is influenced by the rural-to-urbanized villages transformation process that occurred in the surrounding villages of the existing towns that increase the number of urbanized villages that form the towns, instead of the natural and/or migration factors that can be said as internal factors.This argument support Firman et.al [5] argument on of urbanization process in Java that has highly influenced by in spatial extension process, involving many rural transformations process from previously rural areas to urbanized villages that trigger in situ urbanization process in many parts of the island.

Urban population and town growth in the micro sized towns
The micro sized towns category, which is the towns with a population less than 30.000dwellers, was the category that has all of the kind processes of the town formation process.This category that consists of fourteen towns with a population size that range from 7,820 to 29,348 inhabitants in each town, experienced all processes of the towns' formation process that occurred in the larger size towns categories (see Table 5).Gringsing Town of Kabupaten Batang was the town that experienced the merging process.Warungpring and Ampelgading of Kabupaten Pemalang as well as Karangsari Town of Kabupaten Pekalongan and Banyuputih Tiwn of Kabupaten Batang were the towns that experienced new-town formation process, while Tulis, Kandeman, Bandar and Subah Town of Kabupten Batang as well as Karangdadap, Kajen and Pait-Siwalan Town of Kabupaten Pekalongan were the towns that experienced the growing process, and Limpung Tiwn of Kabupsten Batang and Kesesi Town of Kabupaten Pekalongan were the towns that experienced the combination process.These phenomena indicted that the smallest towns or the micronized category was the category that was the most dynamic, compared to other categories.

The modes of spatial growth that influenced urban population growth of the towns
The study shows that urban population growth of the towns in non-urban regions is highly influenced by the spatial dynamic of the urban area of the towns, which is the dynamic expansion of their urban areas.Relating to the argument of Mardiansjah et.al [14], the dynamic expansion of the town is actually is because of their status as non-statutory towns, as the towns are actually territorial part of their kabupaten, which could be also said as kabupaten induk (or mother kabupaten) by Mardiansjah et;al [14:6].In their paper, Mardiansjah et.al.mention kabupaten induk as the kabupaten from where new statutory region, whether new kabupaten or new kota, could be formed through political and administrative process.But in the cases of the growing towns in the kabupaten or non-urban regions, the kabupaten induk could be interpreted as the kabupaten in where the towns, as non-statutory towns or urban areas, are located.In contrast to cities which are statutory urban areas, so that their territorial boundaries remain determined by the law of their formation, the status of the towns as non-statutory urban areas makes urban areas of the towns are not fixed.These situation makes urban areas of the towns are dynamic, depends on the dynamic of the urbanization process occurred in the region.Furthermore, the study also reveals that the dynamic expansion of urban areas of the towns is the influenced by villages transformation process that has changes many villages from rural villages to urbanized villages (rural-to urbanized villages transformation process).In terms of the classification of the villages, the transformation process also means a classification change for the villages from rural classification to urban classification.In the spatial context, as the villages are transformed, the transformation become the dynamic power for spatial growth that will form the town(s) in the non-urban region or kabupaten trough one of the three alternative modes of town's formation, i.e., new-town formation process, growing process, or merging process, or the combination of more than one of the three modes.Which mode that will be followed is depend on the location of the transformed villages relative to the location of the existing urbanized villages.If the location is not adjacent to any existing urbanized villages, then the mode will be the new-town formation process.And if the location is next to any urbanized villages, the mode will be the growing process, or if the location is in-between existing urbanized villages, then the mode will be the merging process.
In the population context, the transformation that also be said as the classification change will also influence the urban population number in the kabupaten, as the population of the transformed villages will not be classified as part of the non-urban population anymore, but as part of the urban population of the kabupaten.The changing classification of the villages that influence the number of urban populations in the non-urban region become the third factor of urban population growth, adding the two traditional factors, i.e., natural factor and migration factor.

Conclusion
This study has revealed that the rapid growth of urban population in the towns of non-urban regions in Java has been highly influenced by rural-to-urbanized village transformation process, which lead to a reclassification process of the villages that previously defined as rural or non-urban to become part of urban area [5].Zhu [7] specifically called this process as "in situ urbanization in rural areas, in which the transformation is mainly influenced by the growth of the town and the development of urban activities, especially economic activities in the villages' areas.Wijaya and Buchori [22] said that the reclassification process promotes spatial changes in village area with more built-up areas as well as urban economic activities that lead to serial changes in economic and social condition of the villages to become urban.With the rural-to urbanized transformation, then the reclassification adds the population of the town where the transformed villages are agglomerated into.The process explains why urban population growth in the towns of non-urban regions could occurs very rapid.
Furthermore, the rapid growth of urban population of the towns is mainly influenced by the number of transformed villages that are agglomerated into the town [23].The larger number of the transformed villages that agglomerated into the towns will lead to the faster growth of urban inhabitants in the towns.This study has also revealed the formation process of the towns that occurs in the study area, i.e., the now-town formation process, the growing process, the merging process and the combination process.All of the processes are derived by the rural-to-urbanized villages transformation process.All of the process contributes to the increase of urban population in the region.The last three processes are the processes that influence the growth of urban population in a particular town, as the first process is the birth proses of a town.
With these understanding we can also conclude therefore that planning and managing villages transformation process should become an important part in the sustainable regional urbanization management process.Without good direction, formulated in the planning management process, every village could be transformed in the villages' transformation process, and contributes to not only in enlarging urban areas but also increasing the number of urban populations in the region.In fact, the good planning and management can direct the villages' transformation process to form polycentric urban patterns on the region, which promotes densities at multiple centres in the city region, a spatial pattern that Zhang [24] hopes will reduce migratory pressures as well as traffic flows toward the main centres of the region.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The Distribution of Towns with Their Modes of Growth.

Table 1 .
Population Growth of the three kabupaten from 1990 to 2020

Table 2 .
Urban Population Growth in the large-sized towns of the three kabupaten from 1990 to 2020 Note: UV: urbanized villages (the number urbanized villages that form the town)

Table 3 .
Urban Population Growth in the medium-sized towns of the three kabupaten from 1990 to 2020

Table 4 .
Urban Population Growth in the small-sized towns of the three kabupaten from 1990 to 2020