Participatory Mapping Framework for Smart Web-GIS Disaster Monitoring in Slawi Urban Area, Tegal Regency

Low community capacity followed by high vulnerability to disaster leads to an increased risk of disaster. The affected communities are an essential resource for managing disasters because of their experience. One of the steps that can be taken to reduce disaster risk in an area is to reduce its vulnerability and increase its capacity. In line with that, combining technology and community participation in the smart city concept could be a holistic solution. The use of technology for disaster monitoring generates faster and efficient disaster information that helps increase the community capacity in disaster risk management. This research aims to increase community participation in fulfilling the needs of disaster mitigation based on smart cities through GIS in Slawi, Tegal. This research used a quantitative descriptive method using Web-GIS framework for monitoring disaster by utilizing participatory mapping and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) to obtain data of the community needs in study area. The results obtained were: a) the verified disaster-prone area map; b) The combination of community participation and technology for evacuation plan; c) systems needed for emergency response; and d) connecting key partners for information and funding the disaster recovery. The implementation of the framework helps in boosting the dimension of governance, people, environment, and living of smart cities.


Introduction
Geographically, Indonesia is located at the meeting point of four world tectonic plates, between the Asian Continental Plate, the Indian Ocean, the Australian Continent, and the Pacific Ocean, known as the Pacific Ring of Fire [1].This geographical condition causes Indonesia to be prone to natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, etc. Disaster risk management is needed to minimize the impact in the future.According to Juhász et al. [2], disaster management is defined as a continuous process of pre, during, and post disaster.According to Sejati et al. [3], in disaster management, the involvement of government, private, and community is crucial in realizing effective disaster risk management.To realize effective risk management, a balance is needed between resilience, efficiency, and equitable solutions for affected communities [4][5][6][7].
The existence of technological advances at this time is considered an effective step in anticipating or reducing the impact caused by disasters.Geographic Information System (GIS), is one example of 1264 (2023) 012004 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/012004 2 information technology that is considered effective in collecting and communicating spatial distribution related to disaster risk management in a particular area [8].The use of GIS in disaster management shows the results that, in disaster management GIS is considered effective, cheap, and fast [2,9].One form of utilization of GIS-based technology is webGIS.WebGIS itself is a concept to provide an overview of spatial information obtained from spatial data to support decision making [10].
WebGIS has been applied in several countries including, in Bolu Provance, Turkey, it has been applied to reduce earthquake hazards by applying complex suitability models [2].Aye et al. [11], launched an integrated webGIS collaborative framework with tools for multi-criteria evaluation to assist collaborative policy decision making [8,11].The development of web-based GIS usage is currently increasingly widespread because of its easy and fast development [2].According to Nakayama et al. [12], the use of webGIS is suitable for developing countries because it is open-source (accessible by everyone), so the costs incurred are minimal but the goal of delivering information to the public can be met [10,12].
In webGIS, data is a crucial aspect that must be fulfilled [13], the minimal amount of data will affect the success rate of disaster management [2].Participatory mapping is needed to realize an effective webGIS system.Participatory mapping itself is a method that is interactive in documenting spatial information by the community [14,15].community participation plays an important role for the success of the system in disaster risk management using webGIS because affected communities have valuable information related to their experiences [10,[15][16][17].
One of the regions in Indonesia, namely Tegal Regency, when viewed from the geographical conditions, is included in an area prone to disaster hazards [18].Slawi Village is one of the areas in Tegal Regency that has a level of vulnerability to several disasters such as floods, landslides, earthquakes, etc.Based on the Final Report of RPB Tegal Regency in 2021, it can be seen the potential area of disaster hazards that threaten Slawi Village, including floods covering 1,379.16Ha; flash floods covering 312.84 Ha; landslides covering 35.72 Ha; extreme weather (puting beliung) covering 1,380.31Ha; drought covering 1,380.28;earthquake covering 1,380.28Ha [1].In this research, the focus of the study lies on flood and flash flood disaster mitigation because these two disasters are prone to occur in the study location [19].
The active participation of all stakeholders such as the government, private sector, and the community supported by open-source information systems in realizing effective and efficient disaster risk management can realize the implementation of smart cities supported by smart communities and governance [10].According to Gubbi et al. [20], there are 6 (six) characteristics of a smart disaster governance system, these characteristics include the relationship between governance functions and technology related to disaster risk management, including [20,21]: a. Effectiveness and efficiency, relating to outcomes to address, rationalize, and restore resources; b.Timeliness, relating to rapid response to disaster response situations; c.Information, relating to the collection and analysis of disaster data; d.Reliability, related to system performance, transparency, and inclusiveness among stakeholders when making decisions; e. Communication, related to the transfer of information between stakeholders; f.Ubiquity, relating to awareness of the disaster situation and control over resources.Preparing the community (empowerment) for disasters can be assisted by smart city technology [22,23] that can be used in every phase of a disaster so as to help better disaster governance and increase community capacity [23].The utilization of technology in capacity building can help the implementation of smart cities in the study area and provide smart city knowledge input for dealing with disasters.The ease of delivering and receiving responses is a major factor in the success of the WebGIS-based participatory mapping framework [10].
While WebGIS popularity increased, most WebGIS were not initiated2 and operated by the community therefore leaving some gaps that people needed in disaster managements eventhough it has a strategic purpose [24,25].This research aims to produce recommendations for disaster mitigation 1264 (2023) 012004 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/0120043 based on community participation through the utilization of the GIS (Geographic Information System) website as a form of realization of smart city implementation in Tegal Regency [26].So. in this study, researchers tried to dig deeper related to disaster events experienced directly by the community in the study area through the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) method, and invited the community to map the needs in the webGIS framework as an effort to manage disaster risk.

Study Area
Slawi Urban Area is a region located in Tegal Regency that frequently experiences flash floods in recent years (Figure 1.).Its biophilic location that is near by the sea and flowed by rivers made it prone to water-related natural disasters.Slawi also holds a capital role in Tegal Regency.Public administrations and governing in Tegal Regency are mostly done in this area.These vital roles increase the urgency to generate recommendations for mitigation plans to reduce local disaster risk.

Data Acquisition
This research mainly uses primary sourced data to generate a comprehensive local disaster mitigation system.Previous works found that flood is the most frequent disaster occurring in Slawi Urban Area.Thus, this research will focus on acquiring flood-related data and information.The data is generated through local participatory mapping in a focus group discussion (Figure 2.).Local stakeholders such as disaster response volunteers, academics, women associations, school teachers, and local governments are participating in said mapping.In the mapping activity, the participants contribute by attributing local disasters hot spots, mitigation effort weaknesses, and local mitigation logistic needs.Those components are then documented spatially in thematic maps divided by natural disaster types.Additionally, a field survey is also conducted to increase the accuracy of acquired data (Figure 3).The survey is done in sampled disaster hotspots gathered from previous focus group discussion.This approach is taken so that data used in generating natural disasters mitigation plans can accurately depict the conditions of the local natural disaster ecosystem [22].

Research Method
National regulations regarding natural disaster mitigation efforts deemed that its execution is done before, present, and after the natural disaster occurs.Regional and local disaster mitigation plans usually compose their logics uniformly.This deed is necessary so that mitigation stakeholders and responsibilities can be easily identified when disaster happens.This article aims to generate a recommendation to local disaster mitigation efforts.The logic and methods used in this article is similar to the previous studies with improvements in Smart Disaster Mitigation Framework utilization.
The data gathered from previous mappings and surveys are used to generate recommendations to mitigation efforts.The recommendations are then further divided whether they should be done before, present, and/or after the disaster occurs.Recommendations during before, present, and after are labelled consecutively Disaster Preparedness, Disaster Response, Disaster Mitigation, and Disaster Recovery.They are then utilized to make a Smart Disaster Mitigation Framework.This framework will then be used in a local disaster mitigation information system in hopes that it can reduce casualties and property losses in future possible disaster scenarios.For more details can be seen in the research method picture below (Figure 4).

Result and Analysis
This study, in general, is divided into four main results.The four main results are disaster mitigation, preparedness, evacuation, and recovery.This result is a process in disaster management that is then translated into a smart disaster management system through the results of community participation.This result acts as a vessel for disaster management.A workflow diagram of these results as an instrument of disaster mitigation can be seen in Figure 5.As shown in Figure 5. the result was a comprehensive build that could facilitate mitigation and countermeasures before, during, and after the disaster event.Through this framework, the involvement of the government, private sector, and community in disaster risk management is significant, plus the use of GIS and WebGIS technology in it [2,4,13] to become the embodiment of a smart city [10].

Disaster Mitigation
Figure 5 shows that people need to increase their awareness of disasters in dealing with disasters.This aligns with Dede et al. [15], research that coping with disasters requires a high level of public awareness regarding disasters [15].Through FGDs with the community, it was found that to increase disaster awareness, mapping of disaster-prone areas with the community was needed to estimate the impact of the disaster on the study location and required socialization regarding the role of the community before, during, and after the disaster occurred.
A thorough survey was conducted in the study area to collect the required data, in this case related to floods and flash floods.This is important to make the disaster mapping as representative as possible according to what is happening in the field.In mapping disaster-prone locations, two field surveys were conducted.During the two surveys, assistance was provided by members of the Tegal Regency Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) and the community at the study site.The role of the local community is very important in verifying the location of the disaster that occurred so that the area where the disaster occurred can be mapped appropriately.Flood and flash flood disaster levels in the study area were divided into three levels based on interpolation analysis, namely low, medium and high (Figure 6 and Figure 7).The division of disaster levels is based on the results of the joint formulation of the community that the low level represents the area where disasters rarely occur with less than three occurrences, the medium level with a frequency of three to five disasters, and a high level with more than five incidents.The results of disaster mapping with the community will be included in the disaster mitigation portal to be used as a basis for increasing the awareness of the people living around disaster-prone areas before the disaster occurs (Figure 6 and Figure 7).According to several studies, disaster events in Slawi District, Tegal Regency became the main focus due to disaster events in that area [18,19].
The second stage in raising community awareness is by seeking information about the vital role of the community when a disaster occurs [27,28].In this study, the role of the community is divided into four: the government, gentlemen, mothers, and school students.These four roles must be included in the disaster portal to increase the community's role and function in a disaster so that the community can practice and learn roles before, during, and during a disaster.Through the results of the FGD, it can be seen that the role of the community is the key/most crucial informant in disaster management [16].

Disaster Preparedness
The results of the FGD with the community found that a scheme plan or evacuation process is needed when a disaster occurs to increase community preparedness.The community encourages planning evacuation routes because the community is confused about what to do and where to go when a disaster occurs.A well-planned evacuation process and route can minimize the number of victims when a disaster occurs [4,27].The community has a role in drawing evacuation routes commonly used when a disaster occurs and planning practical and efficient routes when a disaster occurs [2] (Figure 8).Apart from the community, using GIS technology to find the fastest route and affordability from the safe zone to the disaster location is crucial [15,27].The combination of community participation and technology can realize the role of smart cities in disaster management in the study locations through a disaster preparedness portal that shows evacuation routes resulting from community participation with a combination of technology.The gap between the growth of technology and its use by society needs to be narrowed [24,25].This gap can be reduced by creating community-based technology in disaster management.

Disaster Response
Emergency response during a disaster is a series of warnings when a disaster occurs to achieve resilience of a city against disasters.Therefore, to have disaster resilience, cities must have a disaster or disaster plan or disaster response system that prepares city residents for all disaster impacts and carries out competent responses to post-disaster damage [29].
This disaster system will later be able to assist the community in the disaster emergency response process.This comprehensive emergency response system is expected to increase community resilience in dealing with disasters [4,5].Technologies with disaster governance to produce what the authors call Smart Disaster Web-GIS Monitoring.In the absence of research on smart disaster management, it is important to investigate the potential for improving disaster management practices and arrangements by leveraging technology to accelerate efforts to improve disaster response by our society.
The results of the discussion with the community indicated that there were several points needed to fulfil a disaster response system (Table 1), which included:

Disaster Recovery
The final stage in the event of a disaster is disaster recovery.Overall, disaster recovery is all about funding and how life return to normal before the disasters [2,13].Therefore, to ensure comprehensive disaster recovery, effective and efficient funding for disasters is needed starting from before, during, and after the disaster.Collaboration is the key to disaster recovery [15,30].The result of a joint formulation with the government and the community is that a partnership strategy related to disaster is divided into crucial and supporting partners.Key partners are the primary source of information and funding related to disasters.Then, support partners provide additional disaster funding to implement a smart and sustainable disaster process.The partnership strategy scheme can be seen in Figure 9.To translate the strategy scheme into the system, a menu can be made to obtain corporate social responsibility (CSR) funding from supporting partners for disaster purposes.The collaboration framework presented tries to be similar to the characteristics of smart disaster management [20,21].Through solid collaboration, it is hoped that disaster problems can be resolved quickly and have a clear path.

Smart Web-GIS Disaster Monitoring
Based on Figure 10, Smart Web-GIS Disaster Monitoring is divided into two sides: admin and general public.The admin in this Webgis system is BPBD Tegal Regency, in charge of managing data and information related to disaster participatory results of the community.At the same time, the general public has a role to provide reports related to disaster events through the disaster mitigation portal.In addition, through this web-GIS, the community can also learn disaster preparedness, see directly when a disaster occurs, and make emergency contact through the disaster emergency response portal.Through this web-GIS platform, internal and external parties can also provide disaster assistance through the disaster recovery portal.
Through the Smart Web-GIS Disaster Monitoring concept, the gap between technological development and its use by society is hoped to be overcome.Digital transformation requires people to start becoming technologically literate [10,11], so technology, especially in disaster management, can be used effectively and efficiently [12,25].The community is the primary key in disaster management because the community is the subject of the disaster, so extracting information from the community is very important [16].Then, to move towards a smart city, strong collaboration between society, government, and the private sector is needed in disaster management in Slawi District, Tegal Regency [2,25].

Conclusion
Disaster risk management is needed to minimize the negative impacts of a disaster in the future.To realize effective risk management, a balance is needed between resilience, efficiency, and equitable solutions for affected communities.The utilization of technology is considered an effective step in anticipating or reducing the impact caused by disasters.One form of GIS utilization is webGIS, which is a concept to provide an overview of spatial information obtained from spatial data to support decision making.
Through this research, it was found that disaster-affected communities have a special role that is needed to realize an effective and efficient webGIS framework.Through the WebGIS framework for Slawi Urban Area, relevant stakeholders (community, government, and private) can utilize it to deal IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/01200410 with disasters in managing disaster phases (pre, during, and post-disaster), disaster mitigation funding, and direct information access by utilizing smart technology.Thus, this activity will also support the Tegal Regency government program in realizing the smart city implementation program in the region.
The limitation of this is that it used an urban area with homogenous demographics.Therefore, we recommend that this research be conducted in a metropolitan city with heterogeneous demographics that is regularly hit by disasters.If this framework can be implemented in such a situation, then it can be applied anywhere with minor modifications.Based on this study, we also recommend that the government of Tegal Regency, Central Java and Indonesia pay more attention to community empowerment in the face of disasters and implement smart disaster governance.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Sketches of the Evacuation Center using GIS Applications (Analysis, 2023)

Table 1 .
Disaster Response