Evaluation of solid waste management effectiveness in Indonesia from 2019-2021: a geographic information system analysis

As a developing country, Indonesia has a significant requirement for solid waste infrastructure development and the establishment of a clean, environmentally friendly, and effective solid waste management system. In other hand, poor solid waste management data remains a major challenge for identifying investment needs in each region. Sistem Informasi Pengelolaan Sampah Nasional (SIPSN) or National Solid Waste Management Information System is a comprehensive source of waste management data in Indonesia that was initiated by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia to describe existing conditions of solid waste management in Indonesia. This study used the Geographic Information System approach to evaluate waste management data from 2019 to 2021. The importance indicators are the solid waste generation, the effectiveness of waste management, the types of solid waste, and solid waste management facilities in various regions of Indonesia. The primary goal of this study is to comprehend the trend of existing state of waste management, as well as to collect and evaluate data from SIPSN and study literature on solid waste management performance in Indonesia. The findings show various areas that require infrastructure development and the deployment of adequate investment technology solutions in solid waste management. This analysis helps Indonesia for having sustainable waste management by reducing waste generation, improving recycling, and lowering environmental impact.


Introduction
In recent years, solid waste management has become an increasingly pressing issue for many developing countries worldwide, including Indonesia.The country's rapid population growth, urbanization, and changing consumption patterns have led to a significant increase in waste generation, posing substantial challenges for waste management systems [1,2].It is imperative to evaluate the effectiveness of waste management strategies implemented in Indonesia to identify areas for improvement and guide future policy interventions.
Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis provides a powerful tool for assessing and analyzing spatial data related to waste management, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of waste management practices [3,4].By leveraging GIS technology, researchers can gain valuable insights into the spatial patterns, trends, and potential areas for improvement in waste management practices across different regions of Indonesia.
The period from 2019 to 2021 is of particular interest as it encompasses a critical timeframe during which significant policy initiatives and interventions were introduced to enhance waste management IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1263/1/012067 2 practices in Indonesia.The introduction of new regulations, establishment of waste management facilities, and promotion of public awareness campaigns have been instrumental in addressing the waste management challenges faced by the country [5,6].
The primary objectives of this study are to assess the effectiveness of waste management practices across different regions of Indonesia during the specified period and to identify spatial patterns and hotspots of waste generation, collection, and disposal.Through GIS analysis, this research aims to evaluate the impact of policy interventions on waste management performance and provide recommendations for enhancing waste management strategies in Indonesia.
To achieve these objectives, the research methodology involves the collection and analysis of various spatial datasets, including waste generation rates, waste collection coverage, recycling infrastructure, and landfill sites.These datasets will be integrated and analyzed using GIS tools to identify spatial patterns and relationships.
This study builds upon previous research conducted in the field of solid waste management in Indonesia.Khan, D et al. 2014 [1] emphasize the need for comprehensive solid waste management strategies in rapidly urbanizing areas, while Lee, S., & Paik, H. S. 2011 [2] highlight the importance of waste segregation and recycling programs.Weng, Y. C., & Fujiwara, T 2011 [4] demonstrate the utility of GIS analysis in waste management planning, and Mushtaq, J., Dar, A. Q., & Ahsan, N 2020 [3] highlight the role of spatial analysis in identifying waste management hotspots.
The findings of this study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on solid waste management in Indonesia and provide valuable insights for policymakers, waste management authorities, and environmental agencies.By evaluating waste management effectiveness through GIS analysis, this research aims to facilitate evidence-based decision-making processes, resource allocation, and the development of targeted interventions to address the waste management challenges faced by Indonesia.
In conclusion, this article paper presents an evaluation of waste management effectiveness in Indonesia from 2019 to 2021 using GIS analysis.By analyzing spatial data and identifying patterns and hotspots, this study aims to contribute to the development of more efficient and sustainable waste management practices in Indonesia, serving as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers alike.

Methods
In this study used the geographic information system (GIS) approach to evaluate waste management system data from 2019 to 2021.GIS could combine spatial data with quantitative and qualitative data also descriptive information database that can support a wide range of spatial queries.The data was collected on 19 May 2023 processed with simple statistics method imputation for missing data, clustering and converted into GIS.Evaluating Indonesia Solid Waste Management performance using several variables such as solid waste generation, Percentage solid waste managed and Solid Waste management Facility in each region.The GIS will show the area that have high solid waste management performance and low solid waste management performance so this data can be used as a focus investment strategy to improve solid management performance in Indonesia.

Data collection
Data collection for this study primarily relies on the National Solid Waste Management Information System (SIPSN), initiated by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia [7].SIPSN serves as a comprehensive source of waste management data in Indonesia, providing valuable insights into the existing conditions of solid waste management across the country.

Geographic information system (GIS) analysis
GIS or Global Positioning System technology was used to determined which province in Indonesia have a high solid waste management performance.GIS analysis will be employed in this study to evaluate waste management data from 2019 to 2021.GIS software, such as ArcGIS or QGIS, will be utilized to analyze and visualize spatial data related to waste generation, waste management facilities, and other indicators of waste management effectiveness [8,9].After collecting data, the data listed and visualized using GIS then from value turns into Indonesia province map that has different colours make it easier to analysed.GIS tools offer powerful capabilities for spatial analysis, allowing for the identification of trends, patterns, and relationships in waste management practices across different regions of Indonesia.

Evaluation of waste management indicators
Several key indicators will be assessed to comprehensively evaluate waste management effectiveness.These indicators include solid waste generation rates, the effectiveness of waste management practices, the types of solid waste produced, and the availability of solid waste management facilities [8,9].The data collected from SIPSN and other relevant sources will be analyzed to gain insights into the current state of waste management and identify areas requiring infrastructure development and investment in technology solutions.

Data analysis and interpretation
The collected data will be analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to identify trends and patterns in waste management performance across different regions of Indonesia [8].Comparative analysis will also be conducted to benchmark the solid waste management practices in Indonesia against established literature on solid waste management performance [9].This analysis will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of waste management strategies implemented during the study period.

Identification of infrastructure development needs
Based on the findings, areas that require infrastructure development and the deployment of adequate investment technology solutions in solid waste management will be identified.The analysis will help in formulating recommendations for improving waste management practices, reducing waste generation, promoting recycling, and minimizing the environmental impact of solid waste [7,8].
This method aims to evaluate waste management effectiveness in Indonesia through the analysis of data from SIPSN and the application of GIS tools.By understanding the existing state of waste management and identifying areas for improvement, this study aims to contribute to the development of sustainable waste management practices in Indonesia [7,9].

Results and Discussions
The analysis aimed to comprehend the trend of the existing state of waste management in Indonesia, considering the data available in the National Solid Waste Management Information System (SIPSN) and the literature on solid waste management performance in the country.
The result of this studies was elaborated in three parts by comparing GIS of Solid waste in province in Indonesia.The First is the GIS Analysis of solid waste generated were presented and discussed.In the second part is the GIS Analysis of percentage solid waste managed compared with managed and mismanaged solid waste.In the third part, the result of GIS Analysis of solid waste facilities all around Indonesia which divided into two categories waste reduction facilities and waste handling facility.The waste reduction facility definition is a solid waste facility that initiated and runs by citizen and Waste handling facility definition is a solid waste facility to process waste that were initiated by government.Solid waste data available in SIPSN covered only half of all cities and districts in Indonesia.Out of the total 38 provinces and 514 cities and regencies, the data for 2019 included 33 provinces and 238 cities/regencies with 5 invalid data, for 2020 it included 34 provinces and 272 cities/regencies with 8 invalid data, and for 2021 it included 34 provinces and 243 cities/regencies with 2 invalid data (SIPSN, Year).The invalid data explanation is a cities or province data set which were having enormous percentage of solid waste managed due to miss calculation on SIPSN or inputs.Those data weren't match with waste generated and waste handled or reducing facility available in the area.The contribution of each city in assessing their solid waste management performance varied, with approximately 46% in 2019, 53% in 2020, and 47% in 2021 [7].

Solid waste generation
Figure 1 show that Indonesia solid waste generation from 2019-2021 are mostly concentrated in Java, Sumatra, and Borneo Island.The least waste generation was in the Papua Islands.In 2019 solid waste generation in 2019 reaching 700 thousand tons/year followed in 2020 around 679 thousand tons/years and 2021 about 643 thousand tons/years.Highest province generating solid waste is West Java, East Java, and Middle Java.The missing value filled with imputation method.Regional solid waste generated average (121,244.30tons/year in 2019, 116,646.38 tons/year in 2020 and 115,054.69tons/year in 2021) in regency/cities, Indonesia should have annual total waste generation 56-60 million tonnes.
The of solid waste generation in Java, Sumatra, and Borneo Island can be attributed to their higher population densities and industrial activities compared to other regions [10].These areas experience greater urbanization and economic development, resulting in increased waste generation.On the other hand, the lower waste generation in the Papua Islands could be due to factors such as lower population density and limited industrialization [11] The decreasing trend in waste generation over the years may indicate some positive developments in waste management practices, such as increased recycling and waste reduction efforts [12].However, further investigation is required to understand the underlying factors contributing to this decline.
The imputation of missing values allowed for a more comprehensive analysis of waste generation, enabling a better estimation of the total waste generated annually.The average regional waste generation per year was found to be 121,244.30tons in 2019, 116,646.38 tons in 2020, and 115,054.69tons in 2021.Based on these averages, it is estimated that Indonesia generates a total of 56-60 million tonnes of waste annually.Figure 3 show that Indonesia population 2019-2021 are mostly concentrated in Java, Sumatra, and Borneo Island same with the solid waste generation.The amount of waste that produced are highly corelated with population density each province [13].In 2019 population reaching 2.66 million followed in 2020 around 2.7 million and 2021 about 2.72 million.According to the solid waste generation analysis above, Indonesia should have annual total waste generation 56-60 million tonnes and 2.6-2.72 million population, so each citizen in average would produce 0.58 kg/person/days.Comparing it with Indonesia solid waste regulation about waste generation SNI-3242-2008 for big city is 0.5 kg/person/day so that already increased 0.08 point into 0.58 kg/person/day in 2021 by this research.

The percentage of managed solid waste
Percentage of Solid managed in Indonesia in 2021 very high in middle Borneo about 82% solid waste managed.The analysis revealed that Middle Borneo achieved an impressive percentage of solid waste managed in 2021.This indicates that a significant portion of the waste generated in the region was properly handled through waste management practices, including collection, sorting, recycling, and appropriate disposal methods.
The high percentage of solid waste managed in Middle Borneo, reaching around 82%, demonstrates the effectiveness of waste management efforts in the region.This success can be attributed to several factors, such as robust waste management infrastructure, community awareness and participation, and government support for waste management initiatives [14].These factors contribute to the efficient collection, sorting, and treatment of solid waste, reducing the environmental and health risks associated with improper waste disposal.
The achievement of a high waste management rate in Middle Borneo provides valuable insights and serves as a model for other regions in Indonesia and beyond.It emphasizes the importance of comprehensive waste management strategies that encompass various stages of waste handling, including waste reduction, recycling, and appropriate disposal.Additionally, community engagement and awareness play a crucial role in maintaining effective waste management practices.

Solid waste management facilities in Indonesia
The study findings indicate that solid waste handling facilities are concentrated in Java Island, reflecting the need to manage the substantial waste generated in this densely populated and industrialized region.In other hand, the distribution of waste reduction facilities across Sumatra, Borneo, South Sulawesi province, Banten, and Bali indicates a commitment to waste reduction and sustainable waste management practices these regions.These facilities play a vital role in promoting recycling, composting, and the conversion of waste into energy, thereby reducing the volume of waste sent to landfills and minimizing environmental impacts.
The regional disparities in the distribution of solid waste handling and waste reduction facilities highlight the need for a more balanced and comprehensive waste management approach across Indonesia.While Java Island requires robust solid waste handling facilities, other regions can benefit from increased investment in waste reduction infrastructure to promote sustainable waste management practices.

Solid waste management strategies in Indonesia
Effective waste management strategies are essential to mitigate the environmental and health risks associated with improper waste disposal.This discussion focuses on the current state of solid waste management in Indonesia and provides recommendations for improving waste management practices.a. Regional Disparities in Waste Management: The results highlight regional disparities in waste management across Indonesia.A robust policy and regulatory framework are necessary to guide and enforce waste management practices.The government should establish clear guidelines and regulations for waste management, including waste segregation, recycling targets, and penalties for noncompliance.Encouraging industry-specific regulations and promoting producer responsibility can also drive sustainable waste management practices, such as extended producer responsibility programs and eco-design initiatives.

Conclusion
The evaluation of waste management effectiveness in Indonesia from 2019 to 2021, utilizing a geographic information system (GIS) analysis and data from the National Solid Waste Management Information System (SIPSN), has provided valuable insights into the current state of waste management practices in the country.However, it is important to note that the available data in SIPSN only covers approximately half of all cities and districts in Indonesia, indicating the need for improved data collection and reporting systems nationwide.The analysis of solid waste management in Indonesia reveals the need for comprehensive strategies to address waste generation, waste management infrastructure, and community participation.The concentration of waste generation in Java, Sumatra, and Borneo Island emphasizes the importance of addressing waste management challenges in these highly populated and industrialized regions.The declining trend in waste generation over the years suggests positive developments in waste reduction and recycling efforts.The high percentage of solid waste managed in Middle Borneo demonstrates the effectiveness of waste management practices in the region.This success can be attributed to robust infrastructure, community involvement, and government support.It serves as a valuable model for other regions to enhance their waste management practices.The distribution of solid waste handling facilities in Java Island and waste reduction facilities in other regions indicates the need for a balanced approach to waste management across Indonesia.Strengthening waste management infrastructure, promoting waste reduction initiatives, and fostering community awareness and participation are crucial steps to achieve sustainable waste management practices nationwide.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Percentage of solid waste managed in (province).
Concentration of solid waste handling facilities in Java Island suggests the need for enhanced waste collection, sorting, and disposal infrastructure in densely populated and industrialized areas.Conversely, the distribution of waste reduction facilities across Sumatra, Borneo, South Sulawesi province, Banten, and Bali indicates a focus on waste reduction initiatives and sustainable waste management practices in these regions.b.Importance of Waste Reduction: Waste reduction plays a crucial role in sustainable waste management.It is essential to promote initiatives such as recycling, composting, and waste-to-energy conversion to minimize the volume of waste sent to landfills.Increased investment in waste reduction facilities, especially in regions with lower waste management infrastructure, can significantly contribute to reducing waste generation and environmental impacts.c.Public Awareness and Community Participation: Public awareness and community participation are vital for the success of solid waste management strategies.Educational campaigns and outreach programs can help raise awareness about waste segregation, recycling, and responsible consumption.Encouraging community involvement through waste management programs, such as community composting or neighbourhood recycling initiatives, fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility, leading to more sustainable waste management practices.d.Strengthening Waste Management Infrastructure: Improving waste management infrastructure is crucial for effective solid waste management.This includes investment in waste collection systems, transportation networks, and sanitary landfill facilities.Collaborations between the government, private sector, and local communities are essential to develop and implement comprehensive waste management plans that encompass all stages of waste handling.e. Policy and Regulatory Framework: