Water security analysis in Merapi disaster-prone area with the AWDO 2020 method

Water security is one of the crucial concepts in the supply chain of drinking water supply. This concept has become essential, especially since water security has been mainstreamed into drinking water supply activities in Indonesia through a Drinking Water Security Plan (RPAM). This study aims to apply the Asian Water Development Outlook 2020 (AWDO 2020) method as a quick assessment method related to the safety level of drinking water. The research was conducted at community-based water supply and sanitation (PAMSIMAS) locations in Pakem and Cangkringan Districts. The two sub-districts are in the disaster-prone area (KRB) III area of Merapi. In Pakem sub-district, locations studied were PAMSIMAS in Watuadeg and Pandanpuro villages. In Cangkringan sub-district, research was conducted in Dliring and Kalitengah Lor villages. Modifications were made by adding indicators to the Rural Household Water Security AWDO 2020. The initial indicators included water availability, sanitation access, health impact, and affordability. The added aspect is the impact of water resistance with the threat of a volcanic disaster. The scoring of the questionnaire results from a scale of 1-4 is analyzed from each aspect to get the total score determining the water resistance index. The total score obtained for the four locations is 16.03-17.42, which means they all are in the effective stage. There are also some deficiencies in applying the AWDO 2000 method, such as the scoring details and the possibility of scoring interpretation errors.


Introduction
According to the Medium-Term Development Plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah, RPJMN) 2020-2024 targeted total sanitation and clean water services have reached 100% in the entire territory of Indonesia [1].The goal of the Government of Indonesia is in line with the goal of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) point 6 stated by 2030, to 100% access to safe and affordable drinking water universally [2].The level of sanitation and clean water services operated by the government by the end of 2021 has reached 90.8% [3].In support of the achievement of the objective regarding the fulfillment of access to clean water, the Government of Indonesia has created a program aimed at meeting access to safe water throughout the territory of Indonesia with the Community-based water supply and sanitation (Penyediaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat, PAMSIMAS) [4].
The government also forms a concept as an effort to monitor and maintain the sustainability of access to clean water for the community called water security concept.Water security is one of the crucial concepts in the supply chain of drinking water supply.This concept has become essential, especially since water security has been mainstreamed into drinking water supply activities in Indonesia through a Drinking Water Security Plan (Rencana Pengamanan Air Minum, RPAM).According to the 2013 UN-Water Report [5], water security is defined as the capacity of society.In order to meet the needs of water, both in terms of availability and quality, to safeguard survival and human well-being.Based on Asian Water Development Outlook (AWDO), Indonesia has a lowranked water security index in terms of water availability for rural populations, with a resilience index of 2 on a scale of 1-5, where most rural communities do not have access to basic sanitation [6].
Research on the level of water security based on AWDO 2020 in the PAMSIMAS Program has not yet a lot done.Research conducted by Jannah et.al [7] calculated the household water resistance index in Indonesia using secondary data.Research related to the study of the application of water security on PAMSIMAS was done using a scores questionnaire with the principle of quality, quantity, continuity, and affordability fulfilment [8].In this study, the water security assessment in the PAMSIMAS service was carried out using water security indicators set by AWDO 2020 and added by analyzing the impact of water resistance on aspects of the Mount Merapi disaster.Therefore, this research is considered necessary because, in addition to aiming to analyze the level of water security of PAMSIMAS in Cangkringan and Pakem district, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia.

Study location
The study locations were selected based on the coverage area of PAMSIMAS and the Disaster-Prone Area III (KRB III) of Mount Merapi eruption (Figure 1 and Table 1).KRB III area is very close to Mount Merapi eruption, often hit by hot clouds, lava flows, volcanic ejections, toxic gases and hot rockfalls [9].Another impact of volcanic ashfall is the contamination of springs, which decreases water quality, such as high Fe content [10].

Research indicators
There were five indicators used in this research.Four indicators were obtained from AWDO 2020, namely: water availability (I1), sanitation access (I2), health impact (I3), and affordability (I4).The fifth indicator was the impact of water resistance on the threat of a volcanic disaster (I5).This indicator was modified because of the disaster-prone area in the research area.Primary data was collected from the household questionnaire, PAMSIMAS organizer and key person interview, observation, and water quality analysis.The detailed indicators were explained as follows: a. Water availability (I1) Access to water supply or level of water availability is said to be safe or safely managed assessed from the source of water, water quality not only physically but also chemically and biologically, as well as the duration to get clean water.In this study, the researchers added several sub-indicators to analyze water availability for rural residents.These include water supply, drainage, the influence of water availability on seasonal changes, 24-hour water continuity, and water availability in various public facilities.In addition, the water quality test is carried out for pH, Total Coliform, E. coli, Nitrite, Nitrates and iron parameters (Table 2), the results of which are also scored and layered with other subindicators regarding water availability.Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) [16] b.Sanitation access (I2) On this aspect, the level of sanitation is analyzed based on the availability of the sanitation facilities, type of facilities (private/public), type of closet, available onsite wastewater treatment, and regular maintenance of sanitation facilities.In addition, the implementation of hand washing using soap program (Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun-CTPS) c. Health impact (I3) Health impact indicator was analyzed based on diseases related to clean water and sanitation problems (diarrhea, typhoid, and dysentery).The data were collected by household questionnaire.Sub-indicators on this aspect are the frequency of disease occurrence, the severity of the disease, the water consumed, and hand washing using soap behavior.

d. Affordability (I4)
This aspect analyses the cost affordability and security of services towards clean water, sanitation, and hygiene services.The rate of Affordability associated with determining tariffs charged to customers is at most 4% of the public or user income.Sub-indicators of this aspect are the level of ability to pay fees with the current quality of PAMSIMAS, level of capacity to pay fees if the quality and service of PAMSIMAS are improved, compatibility with the ability, as well as whether there has been an increase in the cost of services.

e. Impact on the Mount Merapi disaster (I5)
This aspect is an addition or modification of the four aspects of AWDO 2020.The addition of this aspect is due to the area's position close to the Mount Merapi.Sub-indicators analyzed in this aspect are the influence of the level of water availability, water quality and changes in sanitation behavior when eruptions/other disasters occur from Mount Merapi activity.
The five indicators containing sub-indicators will be obtained from the questionnaire results given to the respondents, observation, interviews, and water quality analysis.Each sub-indicator criteria will be scored based on Table 3, and each indicator will be calculated by averaging sub-indicators.The water security index will determine the total score of five indicators by AWDO 2020 (Table 4)

Results and Discussions
Results and discussion will focus on each sub-indicators and the last is water security index.

Water availability (I1)
There are eight sub-indicators for water availability indicators: water quality compared with the other water sources (A1), continuity (A2) and quantity all day (A3), collection time from nearest water sources (A4), effect the seasons (dry and wet seasons) of water quantity (A5) and water quality (A6).
The indicator score of each village was determined from the average of sub-indicators (Figure 2).In general, PAMSIMAS is the dominant water source that can fulfil daily needs such as cooking and washing and some agricultural and livestock activities.In Dliring village, most PAMSIMAS users use private wells, while in Kalitengah Lor village, 70% of villagers depend on PAMSIMAS, while 30% still utilize rainwater for additional purposes.Based on the questionnaire results in the four villages, most PAMSIMAS users (>80%) agreed on the quality, quantity, and continuity of PAMSIMAS services.Some respondents in Dliring, Watuadeg and Pandanpuro villages stated that water availability in the dry season is less than in the rainy season.However, it is still able to meet the primary water needs.Based on WHO and JMP, access to water is considered safe if it is on-premises.Since all PAMSIMAS flows are through direct house connections, it is on-premises.The laboratory analyzed water quality for microbiological parameters: Total coliform, E. coli, nitrate, nitrite and iron (Table 5).Among the four hamlets, Kalitengah Lor and Watuadeg villages have higher water quality scores because the parameters that do not meet are only microbiological parameters, namely Total Coliform and iron, while E. coli are below the standard limit.As for Dliring and Pandanpuro village at the source point, only nitrate, nitrite, and total coliform comply.

Sanitation access (I2)
The All respondents of Kalitengah Lor village were classified as having access to proper sanitation.However, most respondents used pits as a final disposal site for feces.This condition still complies with the proper sanitation criteria due to sanitation development policies for rural areas with low population density and self-funding for sanitation facilities.While Watuadeg and Pandanpuro villages, most respondents are classified as having safe sanitation.The highest score of sanitation access was Watuadeg village (3.76) followed with Pandanpuro village (3.73), Kalitengah Lor village (3.00) and Drilling village (2.90).

Health Impact (I3)
Health impact indicators were measured based on five sub-indicators such as water borne diseases frequency (B1) and severity (B2), daily water consumption related with water borne diseases (B3), distance between water supply (wells) with septic tank (B4) and washing hand with soap (CPTS) behavior (B5).The score each sub-indicators and the average of sub-indicators (in the bracket) was given in Figure 3. Health impact information was measured based on the category of waterborne disease in the past year.Most respondents in Pandanpuro, Dliring and Kalitengah Lor villages stated that they had never experienced diarrhea, typhoid or dysentery.On the other hand, some people in Watuadeg village stated that they had experienced these diseases at least once in the past year.The frequency and severity of the disease are low in all villages.Dliring and Kalitengah Lor villages use water from the PAMSIMAS as drinking water.In Watuadeg, Dliring and Kalitengah Lor villages, most respondents stated that the distance between the well and the septic tank was within a safe distance (> 10 meters)  [17].As for Watuadeg village, most villagers have a distance between the septic tank and the well less than 10 meters due to the community's lack of knowledge when building wells and septic tanks.CTPS is one of the sanitation parameters by cleaning hands using water and soap.Hand washing with soap is one of the efforts to prevent disease [18].Most of the Dliring and Kalitengah Lor villages have implemented CTPS every time.However, some respondents in Watuadeg and Pandanpuro villages said that hand washing behaviour still needs to be equipped with soap.

Affordability (I4)
Affordability indicators were determined based on four sub-indicators, namely: willingness to pay for current PAMSIMAS condition (C1) and if PAMSIMAS services are improved (C2), the increase of the tariffs (C3), and the last is the compatibility between service tariffs and community capacity (C4).The score of each sub-indicator and the average each village shows in Figure 4.Besides Kalitengah Lor village, the current PAMSIMAS tariff is below the APPROPRIATE tariff.It shows that the community's willingness to pay a higher tariff than the current tariff is very low.Correlating to the C1 sub-indicator, if PAMSIMAS service conditions are improved, most respondents are not willing to pay higher PAMSIMAS tariffs.Furthermore, the respondents also stated that the current tariff is appropriate for the community's ability (C4 sub-indicators).For C3 sub-indicators, most respondents from all villages stated that service tariffs had stayed the same during the PAMSIMAS operation.

Impact on the Mount Merapi Disaster (I5)
There are three sub-indicators for Mount Merapi Disasters, namely: impact on water quantity and continuity (D1), water quality (D2), and water distribution facilities (D3).The score of sub-indicators and the average of sub-indicators as indicator score each village can be shown at Figure 5.According to Figure 5, all the score of indicators I5 is more than 3 except for Pandanpuro village.Although Pandanpuro village is further away from the summit of Merapi than Kalitengah Lor village, based on interviews, the distribution pipeline has been damaged by volcanic lava floods.

Water security of PAMSIMAS
The total score of five indicators of water security of PAMSIMAS was shown in Figure 6.According to water security index (

Conclusion
Water Security Analysis in Merapi Disaster Prone Area was conducted using the AWDO 2020 Method with modification.The modification was done by adding one indicator to get the water security index.The initial indicators from AWDO 2020 were water availability, sanitation access, health impact, and affordability.The added aspect was the impact of water resistance with the threat of a volcanic disaster.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Water availability access sub-indicators score and average score each village (in the bracket).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Health impact sub-indicators score and the average score each village is given the bracket.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Affordability sub-indicators score and average score each village (in the bracket).

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Affordability sub-indicators score and average score each village (in the bracket).

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Each indicators score and the total score each village.

Table 2 .
Method of water quality analysis.

Table 3 .
Score criteria for each sub indicators.

Table 4 .
Water security index.

Table 5 .
Water quality analysis.
sanitation aspect was assessed based on the guidebook Pedoman Pengukuran Capaian Pembangunan Perumahan dan Permukiman Berbasis Hasil (Outcome)[2].According to this guidebook, there are two criteria of sanitation: proper sanitation and safe sanitation.In Dliring Village, 59% of respondents have access to proper sanitation, 21% have access to safe sanitation, 14% have access to shared proper sanitation, and the rest have access to inadequate sanitation.Most people used septic tanks for onsite treatment; however, all respondents have yet to learn septic tank maintenance.

Table 4 )
, Kalitengah Lor village has a score of more than 19.2 (total score 20.1) therefore categorize as model level.While Watuadeg, Pandanpuro, and Driling villages have score between 15.6-19.2which are classify as effective level.According to this study, AWDO 2020 indicator can be used to assess water security of PAMSIMAS, however there are also some deficiencies in applying the AWDO 2000 method, such as the scoring details and the possibility of scoring interpretation errors.Thus, further study should be conducted related to sub-indicators score weighting.
The research was conducted at community-based water supply and sanitation (PAMSIMAS) locations in Pakem and Cangkringan Districts.The two sub-districts are in the disasterprone area (KRB) III area of Merapi.In Pakem sub-district, locations studied were PAMSIMAS in Watuadeg and Pandanpuro villages.In Cangkringan sub-district, research was conducted in Dliring and Kalitengah Lor villages.From the water security index analysis, PAMSIMAS in Kalitengah Lor village got the highest total score (20.1) and categorized as model level (5 -index).The other PAMSIMAS in this study were categorized as effective level (4 -index) with the total score between 15.6-19.2.Kementerian PPN 2020 Pedoman Teknis Penyusunan Rencana Aksi -Edisi II Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan/ Sustainable Development Goals (TPB/SDGs) [2] Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional 2020 Pedoman Pengukuran Capaian Pembangunan