Beyond traffic jams: public perceptions of Jabodetabek Commuter Line (KRL) System for sustainable urban development

Jabodetabek Commuter Line (KRL) is an essential transportation infrastructure that connects the city’s suburbs with the central business district. Despite the system’s expansion in recent years, there needs to be more research on how the public perceives the KRL system as a sustainable transportation option and how these perceptions might influence the system’s effectiveness in achieving sustainable urban development goals. This study aims to understand how Jabodetabek residents perceive the KRL system as a sustainable transportation option. The method of this study is qualitative research with in-depth interviews. The study found that Jabodetabek residents perceive the KRL system as a sustainable transportation option for their daily needs. The participants identified several positive aspects of the KRL system, including its affordability, convenience, and environmental friendliness. However, the study also revealed negative perceptions, such as safety concerns and limited connectivity. Positive perceptions of the KRL system can lead to increased usage and greater support for sustainable transportation policies, whereas negative perceptions can have the opposite effect by reducing usage and decreasing support for sustainability initiatives. These findings indicate the importance of understanding the public’s perception of sustainable transportation options in achieving sustainable urban development goals. These insights inform sustainable transportation policymaking and contribute to global knowledge about sustainable cities and communities.


Introduction
The KRL Jabodetabek, also called the Jabodetabek Commuter Line, is a transportation lifeline connecting the sprawling suburbs and the bustling central business district [1].It serves as a key infrastructure, supporting the movement of people within the Jakarta metropolitan area which includes Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, South Tangerang and Bekasi.To address the increasing demands of commuters, stakeholders have made significant investments in recent years to expand and modernize the rail network.These efforts have improved coverage and increased capacity, enabling the system to cater to escalating transportation needs effectively.
Despite significant advancements in expanding and modernizing the rail network, there remains a considerable research gap in understanding how the public perceives the KRL system as a sustainable transportation solution.In order to ensure that the system effectively supports sustainable urban 1263 (2023) 012027 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1263/1/012027 2 development goals, it is crucial to conduct additional research and gain a more comprehensive understanding of the public's perspectives and knowledge concerning the sustainability aspects of the KRL system [2,3].This research will provide valuable insights that can be used to inform strategies and initiatives to enhance the system's sustainability and promote its alignment with broader urban development objectives.
Investigating public perceptions is paramount due to its pivotal influence on adopting and utilizing the KRL system as a sustainable transportation option [4].Positive perceptions have the potential to act as catalysts, stimulating increased ridership and garnering greater support for sustainable transportation policies [5].This positive momentum, in turn, can significantly contribute to urban development by alleviating traffic congestion, reducing carbon emissions, and promoting creation of an environmentally friendly and liveable city [3].Conversely, negative perceptions can serve as barriers, impeding the system's widespread adoption and hampering progress towards sustainable urban development.
Consequently, conducting further comprehensive studies that bridge the existing research gap and provide a holistic understanding of the public's perception of the KRL system is essential.Research endeavours should thoroughly examine critical factors, including affordability, reliability, convenience, safety, environmental impact, and connectivity.By delving into these factors, researchers can shed light on the intricate nuances of public perception and gain valuable insights into how these perceptions influence the KRL system's capacity to promote sustainable transportation and contribute to sustainable urban development goals.
Addressing this research gap will enable policymakers, transportation authorities, and other relevant stakeholders to leverage these insights effectively in their decision-making processes.The findings derived from such research endeavours will serve as a compass, guiding the formulation of evidencebased policies and initiatives to enhance the sustainability of the KRL system and the broader urban transport ecosystem.Ultimately, the knowledge gained from these endeavours will contribute to the global understanding of sustainable cities and communities, foster innovative solutions, and facilitate the creation of more sustainable and liveable urban environments for both current and future generations.

Research location
The research will be conducted within the Jabodetabek region, which encompasses Jakarta and its surrounding suburbs including Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, South Tangerang and Bekasi.This region is selected as it represents a diverse urban setting with a significant population and a well-established KRL system.By focusing on Jabodetabek, the research aims to capture the perspectives and experiences of residents who utilize the KRL system as their primary mode of transportation within this urban area.Including Jakarta and its surrounding suburbs ensures a comprehensive understanding of how different regional communities perceive the KRL system as a sustainable transportation option.

Data collection and analysis
A qualitative study was conducted using a case study approach to comprehensively understand the public's experiences with public transportation in the Jabodetabek region.The study explored the experiences and perceptions of individuals who regularly relied on public transportation within and between Jabodetabek.Ten participants, consisting of six women and four men who were frequent commuters in the Jabodetabek area, were purposively selected for their willingness to share their experiences and perceptions of the KRL system, which served as their primary mode of public transportation.Data collection for the study took place during January and February 2023.
The study employed qualitative research methods, including in-depth interviews and observations, to gather data and gain insights into the participants' experiences and perceptions [6].Through in-depth interviews, participants were allowed to express their perspectives, share their experiences, and discuss the challenges they encountered while using public transportation, with a specific focus on the KRL 3 system.Additionally, observations were made to capture and analyse the participants' behaviours and perceptions concerning public transportation [7].

Perceptions of the KRL system as a sustainable transportation option
The study conducted in the Jabodetabek region revealed that residents perceive the KRL system as a viable, sustainable transportation option for daily commuting [1].The participants in the study expressed positive perceptions of the KRL system, highlighting its affordability, convenience, and environmental friendliness as key factors contributing to their favourable views.Participants recognized the KRL system's affordability, emphasizing that the fare structure was reasonable and accessible for many commuters.The affordable nature of the KRL system was perceived as a significant advantage, particularly for individuals with limited financial resources or those seeking cost-effective transportation options [8].
The participants also highlighted the convenience the KRL system offers.They appreciated the system's extensive network, effectively connecting various parts of the Jabodetabek region.The frequency and punctuality of train services were identified as essential factors contributing to the system's convenience [9,10].Commuters found it convenient to rely on the KRL system to reach their destinations efficiently and on time.Here are excerpts from the interview that demonstrate the convenience of using the KRL system.
"I have a positive perception of the KRL system.One of the main reasons is its affordability.The fare structure is reasonable and accessible for many commuters, which makes it a cost-effective option for daily travel.Convenience plays a significant role for me.The KRL system is reliable and offers frequent train services, making it easier to plan my commute."(Mrs YN from Tangerang, 38 years old) "The convenience of the KRL system extends beyond work-related travel for me.Whether I'm going shopping, meeting friends, or exploring different parts of the city, I can rely on the KRL system to get me there conveniently and without the stress of navigating through traffic.It's a versatile transportation option that enhances my overall mobility and saves me time and hassle."(Miss IN from South Tangerang, 30 years old) The statements from Mrs YN and Miss IN align with the [11], which suggests that positive attitudes towards a transportation system, such as perceiving it as affordable and convenient, can influence individuals' intentions to use it.According to the theory, favourable attitudes perceived behavioural control, and subjective norms contribute to forming positive intentions and ultimately influence actual behaviour.In this case, the positive perceptions of the KRL system expressed by Mrs YN and Miss IN regarding its affordability, convenience, and seamless connectivity indicate their favourable attitudes towards the system.These perceptions shape their intentions to use the system for daily travel and various activities and contribute to a positive perception of the system among other commuters [12,13].The environmental friendliness of the KRL system was another positive aspect noted by the participants.They recognized the system's contribution to reducing air pollution and mitigating regional traffic congestion [3].The use of electric-powered trains was particularly appreciated, as it aligned with their desire for a more sustainable and environmentally conscious mode of transportation.
These positive perceptions of the KRL system among Jabodetabek residents highlight its potential as a sustainable transportation option.The system's affordability, convenience, and environmental friendliness play a crucial role in shaping their views and encouraging its usage [14].Understanding and leveraging these positive perceptions can inform policymakers and transportation authorities in promoting sustainable urban development goals.By capitalizing on affordable fares, ensuring continued convenience through efficient scheduling and service frequency, and emphasizing the environmental benefits, policymakers can enhance the appeal of the KRL system.Addressing negative perceptions, such as safety concerns or limited connectivity, can strengthen its position as a sustainable transportation solution [14,15].
The study revealed positive and negative perceptions of the KRL system among Jabodetabek residents.Safety concerns, including overcrowding, pickpocketing, and occasional incidents of harassment, were mentioned by some participants, influencing their perception of the system's overall safety.Limited connectivity with other modes of transportation was also a concern, with residents highlighting the need for better integration for seamless travel experiences.Addressing these issues through increased security measures, improved facilities, and expanded network coverage can foster a positive perception and encourage higher adoption of the KRL system.Safety concerns emerged as a significant factor influencing the participants' perceptions of the KRL system.They expressed worries regarding the security measures within the stations and trains and the occurrence of theft, harassment, or other safety-related issues.These concerns stem from personal experiences, observations, or perceptions formed through word-of-mouth.The participants emphasized the importance of enhancing safety measures and creating a secure environment for passengers to increase their confidence in utilizing the KRL system.
Limited connectivity was another negative perception identified in the study.Participants highlighted challenges related to the connectivity of the KRL system with other modes of transportation or specific areas within the Jabodetabek region.They mentioned difficulties accessing certain locations, such as remote suburbs or areas not well-served by the KRL network.These limitations in connectivity could impact the system's overall usability and convenience for commuters, leading to potential dissatisfaction and a decreased likelihood of utilizing the KRL system.Below are statements from several participants regarding limited connectivity: "The connectivity issue with the KRL system was quite evident.I often travel to remote suburbs for work, and the lack of direct connections from the KRL network made my commute more challenging.It would be much more convenient if the KRL system could expand its reach and provide better connectivity to these areas."(Mr AD from Bogor, 35 years old) "I couldn't agree more.If the KRL system can establish better integration with other modes of transportation and extend its reach to currently underserved areas, it would greatly benefit commuters like us.It would save us time."(Mrs ST from Bogor, 43 years old) "There were times when I had to rely on other modes of transportation or make additional transfers to reach my destination.It was inconvenient and time-consuming."(Miss HW from Tangerang, 23 years old) Understanding these negative perceptions is crucial for policymakers and stakeholders in addressing the concerns and improving the KRL system's effectiveness.By addressing safety concerns, such as implementing increased security measures, enhancing surveillance systems, and conducting public awareness campaigns, trust in the KRL system's safety can be restored [2,9,10].Moreover, efforts can be made to improve connectivity by integrating the KRL system with other modes of transportation, expanding the network to underserved areas, and enhancing last-mile connectivity options.By addressing the negative perceptions and working towards resolving the identified issues, policymakers can enhance the overall perception and acceptance of the KRL system as a sustainable transportation option.This study can contribute to increased usage and support for sustainable transportation policies, ultimately advancing the sustainable urban development goals in the Jabodetabek region.
The study's findings underscore the crucial role of public perceptions in shaping the effectiveness of sustainable transportation systems.Positive perceptions, as identified by the participants, including the KRL system's affordability, convenience, and environmental friendliness, contribute to increased usage and garner support for sustainable transportation policies.On the other hand, negative perceptions, such as safety concerns and limited connectivity, can impede adoption and undermine sustainability initiatives.By recognizing and addressing both positive and negative perceptions, policymakers can make informed decisions to enhance the overall effectiveness of the KRL system in the Jabodetabek region.Safety concerns must be addressed by implementing robust security measures, raising awareness, and fostering a secure environment.Additionally, improving connectivity by integrating the 1263 (2023) 012027 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1263/1/0120275 KRL system with other modes of transportation and expanding its reach to underserved areas can enhance its usability and convenience for commuters [4].
Understanding and addressing public perceptions are crucial for achieving sustainable urban development goals.The study revealed that limited connectivity was a negative perception among participants regarding the KRL system.They highlighted challenges in accessing certain locations, particularly remote suburbs, or areas with inadequate KRL network coverage.This limitation in connectivity can impact the system's usability and convenience, leading to potential dissatisfaction and reduced utilization.Analysing these findings, it becomes evident that addressing the issue of limited connectivity is essential.Policymakers and transportation authorities should focus on expanding the KRL network to serve different regions better and improve connectivity with other modes of transportation.By doing so, they can enhance the overall perception of the KRL system and increase its adoption among residents.
Moreover, reinforcing the positive aspects of the KRL system, such as affordability, convenience, and environmental friendliness, can contribute to a more favourable perception.Policymakers can implement measures to improve safety and security, address overcrowding issues, and enhance station facilities to alleviate concerns and build trust among commuters.Policymakers can foster a more favourable perception of the KRL system by actively mitigating negative perceptions and reinforcing positive aspects.This condition promotes its long-term sustainability and contributes to realizing sustainable cities and communities in the Jabodetabek region.

Implication for sustainable development
The findings of this study hold profound implications for sustainable urban development, specifically within the context of the KRL system in Jabodetabek.Recognizing and understanding the public's perception of sustainable transportation options is paramount for policymakers to effectively promote sustainability and maximize the impact of the KRL system.By prioritizing public perception and aligning policies and initiatives accordingly, policymakers can drive positive change, encourage sustainable commuting behaviours, and create a more environmentally friendly and liveable urban environment [15].
Positive perceptions of the KRL system, such as affordability, convenience, and environmental friendliness, can lead to increased public transportation usage and greater support for sustainable transportation policies.When residents view the KRL system as a viable and attractive transportation option, they are more likely to choose it over private vehicles, resulting in reduced traffic congestion, air pollution, and carbon emissions [2,3,8,12].This increased usage of sustainable transportation options contributes to achieving sustainable urban development goals by creating more liveable, environmentally friendly, and socially inclusive cities.
However, negative perceptions, including safety concerns and limited connectivity, can hinder the adoption of the KRL system and undermine support for sustainability initiatives.If residents perceive the system as unsafe or inconvenient, they may opt for alternative modes of transportation or continue relying on private vehicles, perpetuating traffic congestion and environmental degradation.Addressing these negative perceptions and improving the identified areas of concern is crucial for policymakers to maintain and enhance the effectiveness of the KRL system as a sustainable transportation option.
To foster a positive perception of the KRL system and encourage its widespread usage, policymakers must prioritize public perception and actively address any negative perceptions associated with the system.Implementing measures to enhance safety, improve connectivity, and effectively communicate the benefits of the KRL system is essential.By doing so, policymakers can create a favourable perception of the system and encourage residents to choose sustainable transportation.
Furthermore, the insights gained from this study have far-reaching implications beyond Jabodetabek.They can serve as a valuable resource for policymakers worldwide, contributing to the global knowledge of sustainable cities and communities.Policymakers in Jabodetabek and other regions facing similar challenges can learn from successful initiatives and replicate effective strategies to address public perceptions and promote sustainable transportation systems.By sharing knowledge and experiences, 6 policymakers can collaborate to achieve sustainable urban development goals, creating inclusive, liveable, and environmentally friendly cities for all residents.This collective effort is crucial for building a sustainable future and ensuring the well-being of present and future generations [15].
By addressing public perceptions and promoting sustainable transportation options like the KRL system, policymakers can make significant strides towards achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Positive perceptions align with SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities by reducing traffic congestion, improving air quality, and enhancing accessibility and mobility.Addressing negative perceptions contributes to SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being by providing safe and secure transportation options and supports SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth and SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities by improving connectivity and ensuring equal access to economic opportunities and essential services.Through proactive efforts to address public perceptions and promote sustainable transportation options like the KRL system, policymakers have the potential to forge a transformative path toward a future that is both sustainable and equitable.

Conclusion
Understanding public perception of the KRL system is crucial for sustainable urban development in Jabodetabek.The study reveals positive perceptions of affordability, convenience, and environmental friendliness, but also highlights negative perceptions of safety and limited connectivity.Public perception plays a pivotal role in shaping the effectiveness of sustainable transportation systems.Policymakers must address negative perceptions by enhancing safety, improving connectivity, and communication.These efforts will foster a positive perception, promote sustainability, and contribute to the global knowledge on sustainable cities and communities.By prioritizing public perception, policymakers can enhance the effectiveness of the KRL system, contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and create sustainable, inclusive, and liveable cities for future generations.Continuous research and prioritizing public perception are vital for achieving sustainable urban development goals and creating inclusive and liveable cities for future generations.