E-administration for collaborative governance body of green tourism villages in realizing smart villages in Bali

Smart Tourism Village used technology to improve the accessibility of public services such as homestays and green tourism attraction packages. In addition, technology is also used to increase agricultural productivity, improve the marketing of agricultural products, and develop tourism village potential. In developing the Green Smart Tourism Village model, the field research was carried out at 30 villages representing 8 regencies and 1 city across Bali. This research aims to answer three problems, first there is no clear system and measurement of Green Tourism Village standardization, second there is no steady coordination between stakeholders, third there is no integrated media and information systems between Green Tourism Village, homestay and tour packages. In this study, a digital platform called SIDeWi*HuB (Sistem Integration of Green Tourism Village) in Bali is developed to facilitate a collaborative governance body of pentahelix stakeholders, namely Bali Government (Tourism Office), private enterprise (PT. RST), Academicians, Community and Tourist. For collaborative governance to be effective and efficient, E-administration is needed utilizing information technology and help stakeholders carry out the duties and responsibilities more easily. Therefore, a policy regulation is needed from the Provincial Government of Bali regarding the establishment of E-Administration for green tourism village on collaborative governance.


Introduction
The village has a very important role in realizing the progress and welfare of the nation.In 2022 there are at least 74,960 villages in Indonesia and 71% of Indonesia's population lives in villages.It can be said that the village is the spearhead of the government in carrying out development so that the Government of Republic Indonesia issued the Law No. 6/2014 concerning Villages, various efforts have been made to increase the role of villages in realizing people's welfare [1].
Traditionally, villages work through stakeholder representatives who are tasked with collecting information which is generally done through certain required documents or forms that are sent to the village government office where the administrator processes them.Authorized officers will use this information as an indicator to make the most appropriate decision.However, this traditional model has many weaknesses, especially in the technological era where efficiency is a requirement to win the competition and collaborative networking becomes a new strength so that policies can run optimally and be successful in implementation.
Collaborative governance or also known as Multi-Stakeholder Partnership (MSP) is recognized as an alternative solution to problems that are superior to those carried out by the government alone, especially those related to tourism, because it is able to assimilate various information to produce comprehensive strategic planning [2].Smart Village needs a collaborative governance that integrates information and communication technology (ICT) to improve the quality of life of rural communities and accelerate economic growth in rural areas.This concept aims to increase productivity, quality of life, and equitable development in rural areas through the use of ICT.
In a Smart Tourism Village, technology is used to improve the accessibility of public services such as homestays and green tourism attraction packages.In addition, technology is also used to increase agricultural productivity, improve the marketing of agricultural products, and develop village tourism potential.In developing the Green Smart Tourism Village model, initial research was carried out at 30 villages representing 8 Regencies and 1 City across Bali.Research related to Need of Green Village or N-GreenV [3] was conducted both quantitatively and qualitatively.Some problems occurred such as 1) There is no valid system and measurement related to Green Tourism Village standardization, 2) There is no coordinating body that integrates Green Tourism Village throughout Bali involving the Tourism Office and related institutions and 3) There is no integrated media and information system for Green Tourism Village and its homestays and potential green tour packages.This research aims to answer these problems by creating a digital platform to improve the management of sustainable tourism villages and is expected to be able to increase tourist visits to villages, increase the productivity of village business actors, improve the economy of tourism actors based on environmental control.In this study, a digital platform called SIDeWi*HuB (Sistem Integrasi Desa Wisata Hijau di Bali), or Sistem Integration of Green Tourism Village in Bali is developed to facilitate a collaborative governance body of pentahelix stakeholders, namely Bali Government (Tourism Office), private enterprise (PT.RST), Academicians, Community and Tourist.

Methods
The method used in this research is field research.The research is expected to provide a post-pandemic Bali tourism solution in the form of integrative digital platform, from assessment phase up to marketing stage, and at the same time to answer the paradox of the increasing number of tourists coming to Bali that is not corresponding to the growing number of hotel rooms in urban area, which its sprawling development has been reducing green space and changed Bali's natural environment.Hence, there is an urgent need to apply sustainable tourism principles, where the current trend is no longer mass tourism in urban areas but quality tourism in rural areas.

Research design
Considering the research nature and the information was collected from the samples by utilising the N-GreenV inventories developed by the researcher [3,4], and the results will be: 1) Green Tourism Village mapping, and 2) analysis of the tourism village stakeholders regarding the five variables measured.To achieve the research objectives, an integrated system to manage and to screening the quality Green Tourism Village is developed.As the management of tourism villages is uncoordinated and creating unfair and unhealthy competition among tourism village, between and within regencies.It is because the tourism villages are managed through different institutions such as kelompok sadar wisata/pokdarwis or tourism awareness society, village owned enterprise (BUMDes), cooperatives, etc.
From marketing perspective, a digital marketing platform (e-commerce) is also needed to guarantee the environmental quality of the tourism villages marketed.For this reason, the SIDeWi*HuB digital application is developed so that it is also ready for business with additional features of Online Booking, and Online Payment so that tourists can make reservations and payments through the application.To improve human resource capabilities and skills related to the application, there will also be training for operators in targeted villages.
The study embodies the PENTAHELIX collaboration governance model with 5 stakeholders.The impact of the SIDeWi*HuB implementation, as Figure 2 explains, involves five stakeholders: Local Government (Tourism Office), University (Politeknik Internasional Bali, Universitas AMIKOM, Universitas Telkom, Politeknik Negeri Bali), Operator (PT.RST), Communities of tourism village and Tourists.
The Tourism Office of the Provincial Government of Bali as a regulator can monitor the Green Tourism Village Governance and with its function can assure the quality that the tourism villages listed are comply with environmental principles.The Universities will be enabled to implement and control policies (standards) effectively through Green Tourism Village assessments screening, as well as providing guidance and mentoring for Green Tourism Village with the help of Forum Komunikasi Desa Wisata Provinsi Bali (Forkom Dewi Bali), a dedicated NGO (Non-Government Organization) for tourism village development to comply the requirements.PT RST will gain business potential by promoting similar platform for other provinces as well as utilizing it through its CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility).The Tourism Village Communities as the most beneficiaries are being able to use SIDeWI-HuB to promote their tourism products and improve their welfare with the obligation to provide data to be verified by the Tourism Office.Meanwhile, tourists get the convenience of making reservations effectively & efficiently ONLINE and enjoy the quality tourism.

Population and samples
The samples of this study was 30 tourism villages representing regencies/city in Bali, namely  The number of population and sample is described in the following table (Table 1).The total population of the 30 tourist villages is 177, 026 residents based on the data from each village office.Using tables and the Krejcie-Morgan formula, the minimum number of samples needed is calculated based on the proportion of the population is 384 samples to represent the population of the 30 tourist villages.

Results and Discussions
Research has implications in both theoretical and practical realms that provide an evaluation for collaborative governance that can be applied effectively for Green Tourism Village system.Green Smart Tourism Village is rather new concept in Indonesia, so that in this section, some references regarding the issues related in building that concept are elaborated with data triangulation namely Smart Village, Green Smart Tourism Village, Tourism Village Collaborative Government, and E-administration.[5].An explanation of the six pillars is as follows:

Smart village
3.1.1.Smart people.A program to place the source of information about knowledge that is needed by the community.This program aims to educate people with information that can be accessed widely dan easily.Smart Villages need a community with a high capacity for human resources to deliver creative ideas, solutions, and aware about digital transformation.

Smart mobility.
An environmentally friendly and high-tech transportation system and can be defined as the utilization of a transportation system using high technology in the form of electronic, computer and telecommunications technology so that its use can provide convenience and efficiency, be it in terms of time, cost and energy.

Smart governance.
A program carried out by the Village Government in utilizing information technology to implement e-governance, facilitating public services and facilitating the dissemination of development information to the community in a transparent, accountable and educational manner.

Smart economy.
A collection of smart economic programs by increasing community involvement through science and technology-based productive activities to accelerate the acceleration of economic growth and improve people's welfare.

Smart living.
A program that initiates residents to create a healthy, beautiful, clean, original, and neat environment in order to maintain the village environment for the sake of their future generations in a sustainable manner.

Smart environment.
A smart environmental management program that pays equal attention to the environment in urban development with the same amount of attention paid to the development of physical infrastructure as well as the development of facilities and infrastructure for residents.The basic idea is to realize sustainable development by making technological elements as the driving elements.This concept aims to improve the quality of life of rural communities through the use of appropriate technology.Smart Village can also help accelerate village development and improve the welfare of village communities.

Green smart tourism village
Green Smart Tourism Village is a concept of developing a sustainable and environmentally friendly tourism village by utilizing appropriate ICT [6][7].However, it is not only about technology, but also about empowering rural communities.Therefore, in the development of a Smart Green Tourism Village, it involves the active participation of the village community and joint decision making with the government, community organizations and the private parties involved.In Bali, there is a Kenderan Village in Gianyar Regency that has been developed as a Green Smart Tourism Village claimed by University of Indonesia Vocational Program through supporting digitalbased sustainable development.They also have been walking one step ahead by applying the circular economy concept that includes zero waste management program with 5R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recovery, and Repair) [8].
Bottomline, Green Smart Tourism Village concept aims to improve the quality of rural tourism by paying attention to environmental, social and economic aspects thru the help of ICT.Flores-Crespo, [9]shows how the Internet of Thing (IoT) can be very useful in supporting the concept by conducting study in Alpujarra, Spain.The finding is that Green Smart Tourism Village can also help improve the welfare of village communities through sustainable and environmentally friendly tourism development.
This concept can also help promote local wisdom and village culture and increase community participation in village tourism development.

Tourism village collaborative governance
A success stories of collaborative tourism governance and the constraints faced in local, regional and national contexts with 29 related articles published from 2010 to 2021 and conducted a bibliometric study to map the trends with relevant findings [2].The study shows that, compared to the national context, the local and regional contexts, are more complex but more comprehensive because they involve many stakeholders.The tourism village is also local in context, so that the issues of building an effective governance body is an issue to be addressed.
The concept of collaboration between stakeholders which was carried out for ecotourism development in Batu City, Malang by implementing the pentahelix model to identify relevant stakeholders, and the triple bottom line theory to see the role of stakeholders in sustainable tourism in environmental aspects, social and economic in the ecotourism sector through a qualitative approach with interactive methods from Miles, Huberman, and Saldana based on literature reviews and interviews [10].The Study also shows that cooperation and transactions between stakeholders in ecotourism development are still low, so researchers developed a pentahelix collaboration model that includes government, private sector, community, academia, and the media in determining the sustainability agenda in the three aspects of the 3P triple bottom line (Planet-People-Profit) or Environmental, Social and Economic.
Collaborative governance in the development of Tourism Villages in the Borobudur Area, Magelang where the Government through the Ministry of SOEs established the Village Economic Center (Balai Ekonomi Desa / Balkondes) program using a descriptive qualitative research method using purposive sampling and through interviews, observation, and documentation as well as data analysis techniques from Miles and Huberman [11].The study also shows that collaborative governance between stakeholders at Balkondes Borobudur is going well where stakeholders carry out their main tasks optimally based on 8 De Seve collaboration indicators, but deficiencies are found regarding the cooperation agreement which only regulates 3 parties, namely PT.TWC as BUMN, sponsor, and Village Government through BUMDes (village owned enterprise) but has not explained the involvement of PT.MCN as Balkondes manager and various other parties involved in the collaboration.
The perceptions of the public and tourists regarding sustainable tourism between the tourism villages of Sanur Kauh in urban areas and Blimbingsari in rural areas [12].Differences between and within (between & within) the two communities are analyzed based on variables of gender, role of stakeholders, age, occupation, education, level of tourism awareness.Differences among tourists were analysed based on gender, location identity, age, occupation, education, mode of travel and travel purpose.The study measured the differences in perceptions which were analysed with the Attention to Environmental Burden (AEB) and Concern of Conservation Effort (CCE) indicators which constructed the Perceptions of Sustainability (PS) questionnaire and found that there was a significant difference between Communities vs Tourists on AEB and PS, and in the Community vs Community and Tourists vs Tourist groups in the two villages in terms of AEB, CCE, and PS.However, the difference between Community vs Tourist in the two villages only occurs in CCE and PS.Thus, the difference in PS is influenced by the location of the village and the environment where people and tourists in rural areas have better PS than those in urban areas.This also means that collaborative governance related to Green Tourism Village will be more effective if it is carried out in rural areas rather than in urban areas.
The involvement of stakeholders in the provision of electricity for tourism villages in Bali, because most of their needs are supplied from the Steam Power Plant (PLTU) in Java which uses fossil fuels which will soon run out and threatens the tourism industry as the backbone of Bali's economy, so the Provincial Government Bali issued Governor Regulation 45/2019 concerning clean energy which encourages Balinese to use rooftop solar power for energy independence.To complement this PerGub, a Guidance and Supervision Team was formed with a collaborative spiritstarting from the Provincial Government (across agencies), PLN, Academics, NGOs, and Cooperatives (representing the community) [4].The study also refers to Bali's economic paralysis due to COVID-19 which has caused most hotels and their supporting industries to close, so the government must change the orientation from urban tourism to rural tourism.The results of a feasibility study for the Rooftop Solar Power Plant (PLTSA) program in tourism villages representing all regencies/cities outline the technical problems in its implementation and the factors that hinder it.The recommendation is that an approach to changing people's behavior is needed which must be exemplified by actors so that the program can be successfully carried out, especially because studies from academics at Udayana University's CORE (Centre of Renewable Energy) who are also a collaborative team show the enormous potential of solar energy in Bali and in harmony with the Bali Sustainable Development Goals.
From the five references above, it can be said that collaborative Governance can be implemented effectively for Green Tourism Village.However, E-administration is needed so that the decision-making process and the actions that follow it can run efficiently and satisfy all stakeholders.

E-administration
E-administration is a modern administration that utilizes technology and that provide assistance to customers in various sectors, meet management demands and strive to achieve customer satisfaction in obtaining higher and easier capabilities to manage various affairs [13].The orientation towards eadministration is no longer a form of modern life that we want to adopt but is an urgent need for the society and a motive for administration to work on self-development and solving management problems by avoiding the traditional, bureaucratic style to then orienting towards a flexible electronic style [14].E-administration plays a major role in bringing real changes in administrative work, which contributes to the development of many stages of administration and its methods and provides information through the right time and at the lowest cost so as to improve performance and achieve better quality [15].
E-Administration simplifies procedures by saving time, effort and costs while minimizing errors, monitoring the process, speeding up response times to incoming information, and reducing or even eliminating the use of paper that damages the environment.E-Administration makes document archiving more organized because the database is stored on a server that can be accessed anytime and anywhere with guaranteed security and confidentiality.The E-Administration system also contains information that is useful for users outside the relevant work units/sections to find out how far the process has been running.Some of the advantages of E-Administration are as follows: • Can be accessed via laptops/smartphones and/or other devices with internet connection.
• Submission of dispositions becomes faster, thereby speeding up the problem handling.
• The data search process can be done more easily, quickly and can be printed if needed.
• Information on new submissions can be found quickly through the application.
• Officers whom are authorized to give dispositions do not have to be in the office but can do it from anywhere and monitor reports via the internet.• Save on paper, time and costs simply because digital based.
• Can verify online and set access rights only for those who have the right to access.

• Many features and capabilities can be developed as needed
The most important requirements for implementing e-administration are developing a strategic plan and human resources as well as material resources.This requirement needs trainings to achieve effective results such as cost savings, also to expand electronic administration work and to manage traditional processes into electronic processes [14].E-administration is the use of information and communication technology in the processes to improve efficiency, effectiveness, transparency, and accountability in administering green tourism.E-administration is needed so that the decision-making process and the actions run efficiently and satisfy all stakeholders.The rapid progress of information technology and the potential for widespread use, opens up opportunities for accessing, managing and utilizing larger volumes of information quickly and accurately.The establishment of an E-Administration for Green Tourism Village based on collaborative governance is developed through digital platform as a modern administration that utilizes technology.
A digital platform called SIDeWi*HuB (Sistem Integration of Green Tourism Village) in Bali is proposed in this study to be developed to facilitate a collaborative governance body of pentahelix stakeholders between Bali Government (Tourism Office), private enterprise (PT.RST), Academicians, Community and Tourist.The SIDeWi*HuB platform consists of 3 stages, namely assessment process, registration process, and commercial process The function of assessment process is to filter tourism villages so that it will Green Tourism Village requirements with instrument that we developed in this research.If it does not meet the criteria, then a tourism village assistance is provided to meet Green Tourism Village requirements.The assessment is online and according to the recommendation of the authorized body.If the tourism village has met the standard requirements of green village, the second step is the registration process and list data of the products such as homestays, green tour packages, etc.The last stage is commercialization which include marketing activity and branding strategy.The listing that has been published and ready for tourist reservation will be still monitored by the stakeholder through the integrative system.E-administration flowchart of SIDeWi*HuB can be seen as follow.The SIDeWi*HuB design program was applied through an integrated system to manage and screen quality Green Tourism Village complete with a management system and organizational structure for its management.The research result shows that all 30 green tourism villages have passed the standard values for the five variables measured.There were 5 variables used in this study; 1) Green Tourism, 2) Need for Green Village/ n-GreenV, 3) Perception of Sustainability 4) Community Participation, and 5) Homestays, so that they can become the basis for development models Green Tourism Village and find out the community's preferences for the form of green tourism that is most suitable for the tourism village; (a) ecotourism, (b) agro-tourism, (c) cultural tourism, and (d) adventure tourism.
The SIDeWi*HuB platform is ready for business with additional features such as green tour packages offered with Online Booking facilities, Online Payments so that tourists can make reservations and make payments directly through the application.To improve HR capabilities and skills related to monitoring 1263 (2023) 012017 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1263/1/01201711 solve problems.E-administration will play a major role in bringing about real changes in administrative work, because it shortens administrative processing time and is able to provide information at a low cost so as to improve performance and achieve better quality.Therefore, a policy regulation is needed from the Provincial government of Bali regarding the establishment of an E-Administration for Green Tourism Village based on Collaborative Governance.In this study, a digital platform called SIDeWi*HuB (in Bali has been proven to facilitate a collaborative governance body of pentahelix stakeholders, namely Bali Government (Tourism Office), private enterprise (PT.RST), Academicians, Community and Tourist.The 30 Tourism Villages are able to meet the standard of Green Village and eligible to be Smart Green Tourism Village.

Figure 2
describes the flow in the implementation of SIDeWi*HuB platform which consists of the following 3 stages of process flow:• Online Assessment.The function of this stage is to filter tourism villages to comply with Green Tourism Village requirements.If it does not meet the standards, then the tourism village will be given assistance by Forkom Dewi Bali, in accordance to the recommendation given by the Tourism Office of Bali, until it meets the Green Tourism Village requirements.• Registration process.If the tourism village meets the Green Tourism Village requirements, then it enters the stage of collecting product data (homestays, green packages, etc.) to be broadcast ONLINE.• Commercial process.The process of branding/ marketing.At this go-public stage, tourists can have reservations integrated & controlled by operator, related villages, and the Tourism Office of Bali.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The map of tourism village in Bali.

Table 1 .
Population and sample.
LIPI, which later involved several ministries such as the Ministry of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration, the Ministry of Home Affairs, and the Ministry of Forestry[1].Smart Village program has six pillars, namely smart citizens, smart mobility, smart economy, smart government, smart living, and smart environment As explained in introduction, Smart Village with collaborative governance is a village development concept that develops ecosystems that enable government, industry and communities to work together in utilizing information technology for rural communities.Smart Village is a digital-based village development concept which since 2016 was introduced by the National Research and Innovation Agency (Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional/BRIN), when at that time was named Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia/