The impact of the operation of the Jatiasih toll gate on economic activities in the Jatiasih Sub-district

The JORR E1 (Cikunir-Jatiasih) toll road was was built with the primary goal of improving connectivity between the southern part of Bekasi City and neighboring regions. The construction and opening of the toll gate could yield a range of effects on the community, spanning from positive to negative impacts. This research aims to assess the impact of the Jatiasih toll gate’s operation on economic activities and their externalities based on public perception. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 102 residents of the Jatiasih and Jatimekar urban villages. A quantitative descriptive method with scoring analysis was employed for the analysis. The results indicated that the operation of the Jatiasih toll gate has significantly affected the economic condition of both the Jatiasih and Jatimekar urban villages. In the economic aspect, the operation of the toll gate has led to a considerable transformation of residential functions, with business activities being incorporated into residential properties. This integration has resulted in increased economic activities within a 1 km radius. However, it is important to note that the development of economic activities within this radius has generated negative externalities in the surrounding area. This research emphasizes the importance of monitoring economic activities to better understand economic situations and to facilitate policymaking geared toward sustainable development and management.


Introduction
The E1 Section IV (Cikunir-Jatiasih) of the Jakarta Outer Ring Road was built with the primary goal of improving connectivity between the southern part of Bekasi City and neighboring regions [1].The Jatiasih toll gate became operational in 2007 [2].As a transportation hub connecting Bekasi City to its surroundings, the toll gate's presence may have various effects on the nearby areas.Previous studies have documented changes in land use both before the Jatiasih toll gate started operating in 2006 and in 2017 within a 1 km radius [3].
The alteration in land use within urban areas have notable impact on human life, such as the enhancement of economic activities that result from toll road construction [4].The expansion of transportation infrastructure is closely tied to the advancement of land use and economic activities [3,[5][6][7].Toll road construction is expected to improve the welfare of the people, particularly those residing near the exit tolls [8].Furthermore, retail development tends to thrive in proximity to the toll road exit gates [9].The establishment of toll roads, particularly near exit tolls, paves the way for the emergence of new small and medium enterprises [10][11][12].
The growth of economic activities often leads to conflicts in land use.Zoning has been employed as a method to enforce land use regulations aimed at mitigating the adverse impacts of external factors [13].Conventional zoning systems typically entail the segregation of residential land use from IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1263/1/012016 2 commercial or industrial land use, as commercial establishments are viewed as potential generators of disturbances that may draw crowds and result in congestion issues [13].This study posits that the impacts of toll road construction and toll gate operations on the surrounding area and community may vary, resulting in both positive and negative outcomes.While several studies have explored changes in land use and economic activity around toll gates due to toll road operation, research on the effects of toll gate operations on economic activity and the externalities of rapid economic activity remains limited.Therefore, this research aims to assess the impact of the Jatiasih toll gate's operation on economic activities and their externalities based on public perception.

Research area
The study was carried out in the Jatiasih Sub-district, located in Bekasi City, West Java, with coordinates around 106.55 E longitude and 6.7 -6.15 S latitude, and an elevation ranging from 11 to 29 meters above sea level [14].This region encompasses approximately 2,427 hectares and includes six urban villages.In particular, the study concentrated on the Jatiasih and Jatimekar Urban Villages, both located within a 1-kilometer radius of the Jatiasih toll gate (Figure 1).This 1 km radius was selected to evaluate the influence of the toll gate's operation on the surrounding land use related to economic activities, as supported by previous research [3,6,8].

Data collection
The primary data were collected using questionnaires distributed in person from June 22 nd to July 17 th , 2023.These questionnaires encompassed inquiries about the respondents' profiles and their viewpoints regarding the economic impact of the Jatiasih toll gate's operation.Simple random sampling was employed, ensuring that each member of the population had an equal opportunity to be chosen as a participant [15].The population consisted of households in the Jatiasih and Jatirasa urban villages, all situated within a 1 km radius of the Jatiasih toll gate.Employing the Slovin formula [16] as defined in Equation 1 and with an error margin of 8.5%, the analysis incorporated a total of 102 respondents, as detailed in Table 1.

Data analysis
A quantitative approach was utilized in the study to gauge residents' perceptions regarding the effects of the Jatiasih toll gate's operation on economic aspects and its external consequences (as indicated in Table 2).Information was gathered in the form of responses on a Likert scale, with ratings ranging from "1 = Strongly Disagree" to "5 = Strongly Agree".The research employed a scoring table (Table 3) to assess community perceptions of the economic impact stemming from the Jatiasih toll gate's operation in the vicinity.Furthermore, the interval range was established using Equation 2.

Identification of the impact on economic conditions following the operation of the Jatiasih toll gate
The survey results showed that 78% of the respondents had a favorable perception of the Jatiasih toll gate's operation.These respondents stated that it has significantly contributed to an increase in economic activities, particularly in trade and services, within their respective domicile areas, including the Jatiasih and Jatimekar urban villages.Based on public perceptions, the operation of the Jatiasih toll gate has a significant impact on promoting economic activities within a 1 km radius, as evidenced by an average score of 4.22.However, the operation of toll gate was not the sole determining factor in selecting a business location, as indicated by an average score of 2.31.This particular indicator was deemed to have an insignificant impact because the majority of respondents (71%) had been living in the Jatiasih and Jatimekar urban villages for over 16 years, which was before the Jatiasih toll gate's operation.These results were consistent with the answers of the respondents, where only 21% agreed or strongly agreed that the operation of toll gate influenced their business location choice, while 69% of respondents stated their business location was not influenced by the Jatiasih toll gate.The research showed that a considerable proportion (92%) of the respondents had converted a small or large portion of their residence for business activities.The area of residential conversion into business activities ranged from 5 m² to 125 m², with an average conversion size of 20.5 m².Various business activities were observed within the residential zones, including grocery stores, eateries/cafes, workshops, car dealerships, and other services (laundry services and digital printing).Specific examples of business activities in residential areas were illustrated in Figure 2. Based on public perception, the operation of the Jatiasih toll gate has a significant impact on transforming residential functions by integrating business activities into residential properties, as evidenced by an average score of 4.56.The community also perceived that the operation of toll gate moderately impacted the increase of the income of the people from business activities, with an average score of 3.16 on this particular indicator.In this section, four statements were used to explain the effects of the Jatiasih toll gate's operation on the economic aspect, as presented in Table 4.The cumulative average score of these indicators was 14.25, signifying that the operation of toll gate since 2007 has had a significant impact on economic condition of both Jatiasih and Jatimekar urban villages.

Identification of externalities associated with economic activities that have emerged following the operation of the Jatiasih toll gate
This analysis showed externalities resulting from the rapid development of economic activities in the research area.The increase in economic activities after the operation of toll gate has a significant impact on the increase of generated waste, as indicated by an average score of 3.74.The respondents stated that the surge in economic activities after the operation of the Jatiasih toll gate has a significant impact on decreasing water and air quality, with an average score of 4.30.Based on public perception, the increase in economic activities after the operation of toll gate significantly contributed to the congestion in the area (Figure 3), with an average score of 3.83.This section presented three indicators/statements that explain externalities resulting from economic activities developed after the operation of the Jatiasih toll gate (Table 5).The cumulative average score of these indicators was 11.87, indicating that the development of economic activities within a 1 km radius of toll gate generated negative externalities with significant impact in the surrounding area.

Discussions
The construction of the JORR E1 (Cikunir-Jatiasih) toll road in 2007 had significant consequences for changing the land use patterns in the Jatiasih District of Bekasi City [3].When analyzing the period between 2006 and 2017 within a 1 km radius of the toll gate, it became evident that there was a conspicuous reduction in the size and distribution of plantations, vacant land, and dry fields, accompanied by a marked expansion of residential and commercial areas [3].This shift in land use was closely intertwined with the economic conditions of the study area, influenced by the toll gate's operation.Within the residential zone, a variety of activities emerged, including grocery stores, eateries/cafes, workshops, car dealerships, and various services such as laundry and digital printing.These results aligned with previous reviews, which indicated the potential viability of businesses in the food and transportation sectors [8].However, the development of economic activities resulting from changes in built-up areas after the operation of the Jatiasih toll gate has contributed to negative environmental impact.The rise in commercial activities in proximity to residential areas could, to some extent, result in increased residential property values [13].However, once a certain threshold is surpassed, land values might start to decline due to congestion or excessive noise, potentially outweighing the convenience factor [13].This research emphasized the importance of monitoring economic activities to better understand economic situations and facilitate policymaking geared toward sustainable development and management.Further investigations were necessary to address planning, design, and zoning regulations to anticipate and mitigate potential negative externalities [13].

Conclusion
The operation of the Jatiasih toll gate has undeniably exerted a significant impact on economic condition of the Jatiasih and Jatimekar urban villages, as indicated by an average score of 14.25.Among economic indicators, the third indicator stood out with the highest score, signifying that the operation of toll gate has a significant impact on transforming residential functions by integrating business activities into residential properties, with an average score of 4.56 for this indicator.However, it is important to acknowledge that the increase in economic activities after the operation of toll gate has had an adverse effect on the environmental conditions.As public perception indicated, the development of economic activities within a 1 km radius of toll gate generated negative externalities in the surrounding area, resulting in an overall average score of 11.87.The respondents emphasized that the surge in economic activities had a very significant impact on decreasing water and air quality, with an average score of 4.30.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Location map of the research area.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Economic activities in the Jatiasih and Jatimekar urban villages.

Table 1 .
Determination of the sample distribution.

Table 2 .
Variables and measurement indicators.
Income1.The Jatiasih toll gate's operation has led to an increase in economic activities within a 1 km radius.2. The operation of the Jatiasih toll gate has become

Table 3 .
Range and category.

Table 4 .
Public perception regarding impact on economic conditions following the operation of the Jatiasih toll gate.

Table 5 .
Public perception regarding externalities associated with economic activities.