Comprehensive assets-based approach for neighborhoods that are under-resourced in Jakarta (case study: Keagungan Sub-district in West Jakarta, Indonesia)

Neighborhoods that are under-resourced are one of the main problems that almost always accompany the growth of big cities, especially in developing countries, including Jakarta. This research aims to examine the application of the Comprehensive Assets-Based Approach (CABA) as an alternative solution to the problem of neighborhoods that are under-resourced in Jakarta. The research was conducted using a descriptive qualitative method by examining one of the structuring concepts as an alternative solution to settlement problems in Jakarta, which is directed at achieving liveable housing variables. Data on houses and settlements were obtained directly from Keagungan sub-districts, including neighborhoods that are under-resourced in Jakarta. The first step is to analyze settlement data to formulate the main problems in the neighborhoods that are under-resourced. The second step is to analyze the application of the CABA method to the problems that have been obtained before. The results of the research found that one of the primary root problems in the neighborhoods that are under-resourced in Jakarta is the interweaving of economic and social problems, which include lack of income, lack of knowledge and adherence to building regulations, as well as the lack of knowledge on the criteria for liveable housing. We, therefore, conclude that it is very likely to apply the CABA method for solving neighborhoods that are under-resourced in Jakarta based on community empowerment.


Introduction
One of the main problems accompanying the growth of big cities in developing countries, including the city of Jakarta, is the problem of settlements.The main urban settlement problems include a lack of supply of housing for city residents [1][2][3], uninhabitable houses [4], environmental degradation [5][6][7], and the increasing number of the neighborhoods that are under-resourced [8].
The Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2011 concerning Housing and Settlements stipulates that a house is a building that functions as a liveable place to live in, a means of fostering a family, a reflection of the dignity of its inhabitants, as well as an asset for the owner.Meanwhile, the definition of a liveable house is a building that meets the minimum requirements for humans to live humanely, with the support of sufficient environmental facilities to meet basic needs ranging from clean water, lighting, sanitation, and sewage, and is safe for the activities of its inhabitants [9].In urban areas, liveable housing poses a multi-factor problem [10].In general, the main housing problems in Indonesia involve quantitative and qualitative issues [11].Quantitatively, it concerns the number of deficit (backlog) houses that amount to 12.7 million, while qualitatively, as many as 29.3 million houses in Indonesia fall into the category of unfit for habitation.
Based on the 2021 data from the West Jakarta Central Bureau of Statistics, the number of residential buildings in the category of unfit for habitation in 2022 is estimated to exceed 50% (or as many as 2 million buildings) of the 3.09 million residential buildings in Jakarta.This is a considerable number and needs to be taken seriously.Relevant agencies need to set a priority agenda to plan and implement programs to reduce the number of uninhabitable dwellings.The Central Government has indeed carried out programs to solve the problem of liveable housing through the relevant Ministries and the regional Government.Nonetheless, the issue of neighborhoods that are under-resourced and uninhabitable houses is still increasing [12].This certainly requires efforts to formulate policies, implement and evaluate programs to improve the quality of houses and settlements on an ongoing basis.
Housing and settlement quality improvement programs should be directed at the government's management and policies on the basis of settlement residents' spatial and social conditions [13].For Jakarta in particular, priority should be based on categorizing the level of neighborhoods that are underresourced per area [14].Intervention from the government must be balanced with efforts rooted in the people who live there [15].One of the most important things to improve the quality of houses and neighborhoods that are under-resourced is an empowerment program based on the conditions and potential of the residents [8].Thus, solving the problem of uninhabitable homes and neighborhoods that are under-resourced should be based on empowerment from the local community's existing capital and potentialities.
In 2008, the UN-Habitat introduced a problem-solving approach in urban settlements called the Asset-based Approach to Community Development and Capacity Building.This concept formulates a way to build solutions based on the community's assets, including their potential and strength, referred to as capital, in physical and non-physical forms.On the one hand, physical capital and infrastructure include buildings, roads, open spaces, and the public.On the other hand, non-physical capital includes financial and economic potential and socio-political capital, which is reflected in local leadership and formal and informal social networks.Based on this background, the Asset-based Approach to Community Development and Capacity Building [16] is still very open and relevant as a tool in formulating plans to improve the quality of houses and settlements in Jakarta.

Methods
The research was conducted using a descriptive qualitative method.Actual data on houses to measure whether they are suitable or liveable are obtained directly from the field.The questionnaire prepared was designed to obtain data on liveable houses based on certain criteria which are used as variables of habitable residential buildings compiled by the Central Bureau of Statistics.
The criteria for liveable housing include durable housing (which is broken down to the building materials for roofs, walls, foundations, and floors), sufficient living space (a floor area per capita of at least 7.2m 2 ), access to decent drinking water sources, and access to proper sanitation services.Data related to uninhabitable houses are then analyzed and compared with the possibility of applying the Comprehensive assets-based approach concept based on the socio-economic potential of the residents of the settlements.The research was conducted in Keagungan Village, West Jakarta (Figure 1).

Results and Discussions
Keagungan Sub-District is an area within Taman Sari District, the municipality of West Jakarta (Figure 1).In 2017, it has a population of 20,421 people with a density of 25,503.15people/km 2 [17].With this figure, Keagungan Sub-District has the highest population density compared to other sub-districts in Taman Sari.The density of buildings and the Keagungan Village area's designation can be seen through the map of the DKI Jakarta Detailed Spatial Plan for 2025 (Figure 2).
Through the DKI Jakarta Housing Database Collection Activity for 2023 carried out by the DKI Jakarta Public Housing and Settlement Area Service from February to June 2023, that obtained data of as many as 2,353 out of a total of 2,942 residential buildings, covering 10 RWs in Keagungan Village which are spread over 10 RW area.The datas then recapitulated on the number of residential buildings and settlements obtained into a building feasibility assessment matrix, as seen in Table 1.From the recapitulation and assessment of the condition of houses and settlements in the Keagungan Village, it can be concluded that, in general, the condition of residential buildings is within the habitable category.Some buildings are categorized as unfit for habitation because they still use materials not for their purposes, such as zinc for walls and asbestos for roofs (Figure 3).
In regard to the settlement infrastructure, the only problems that arise are narrow access roads to settlements (figure 4), and the occupancy of public roads as stalls (figure 5).The presence of these stalls causes inconvenience for residents in carrying out their daily activities.These conditions have also Construction and material wise, sewerage infrastructure is in good and proper condition.Almost all channels have been closed, enabling maintenance efforts to be carried out (Figure 6.a).The only problems that arise are several channels in the settlements that let water stagnates (Figure 6.b).
Another interesting phenomenon at the study site is how the residents work to beautify the environment by planting ornamental trees on the side of the settlement road (Figure 7).This shows that motivation has already existed for the community's collective action to build a better environment for their neighborhood.In addition, there is potentially a social capital to be tapped into in the form of the Dasa Wisma women's group, which drives tree-planting activities in the community.Detailed and comprehensive recording of these potentials and problems form the basis for implementing the Comprehensive Assets-Based Approach, which will help improve the quality of dense urban settlements in Keagungan Village.The concept must be combined with government policies and endeavors to direct non-government stakeholder-led programs.One such external opportunity is the World Bank's initiative through the National Affordable Housing Program (NAHP), which aims to improve the quality of construction by assisting the lowest-income communities with home repairs.

Conclusion
Residential buildings in Keagungan sub-district are generally habitable.A couple of problems that arise include the existence of a few residential buildings that use inappropriate materials, which leads to them being categorized as unsuitable for habitation, as well as houses that are inhabited by more than one family.Meanwhile, infrastructure problems emerge in the form of violations whereby occupants use public roads to construct commercial buildings.This notwithstanding, we also found a community potential to solve their own settlement problems through their social capital, be it in the form of the Dasma Wisma women's group, as well as external opportunities in the form of programs that are ready to be implemented by the regional and central government, as well as from agencies outside the government.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Map of building density and allotment of building land in Keagungan Sub-district, Jakarta.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Materials that are not supposed to be used, such as zinc for walls (a), and asbestos for roofs (b).a

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Narrow road access to the settlement.

Figure 5 .Figure 6 .
Figure 5.Many roads in settlement are still used for commercial activities.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.The efforts of the residents to plant a variety of roadside vegetation.

Table 1 .
Assessment of housing objects liveable.