Local characters of Chinese ethnic settlements in Chinatown area of Malang and Kembang Jepun area of Surabaya

Urban development has always brought some impacts to the existing settlements’ dynamic. Heritage settlements acted as a resilient effort in adapting urban developments. Based on the archipelago’s potential wealth in ethnic diversities and cultural communities, the heterogeneity of urban society has always existed. Ethnic settlements (such as Chinese) are often found in developing countries. The unique characteristics of Chinese ethnic settlements set them apart from other ethnic settlements in the same city (such as Arab, Javanese, and others) in terms of their physical environment and community activities. The values of local wisdom in Chinese ethnic settlements in Chinatown Area of Malang were explored and compared to Kembang Jepun area of Surabaya, using typology as an approach in data analysis and processing. Urban design elements such as land use, style, building functions, accessibility, circulation, public space, green space, signage and conservation areas were discussed in this study context of urban heritage. The aim of the study was to be the future guidelines to the government in directing special ethnic settlements’ arrangement (especially Chinese) along with the characters, as well as providing theoretical input for academics to strengthen the local characters with relatively different ethnic settlements in various cities of archipelago. This study showed that Chinese architecture tolerate, adapt and maintain physical aspects through buildings and the living culture.


Introduction
The majority of Indonesia's big cities were former colonies of the Dutch East Indies colonial government, characterized by down town or beneden Stad cluster divisions based on their ethnicity of European, Chinese and Arabic area [1].Chinese community played an important role in trading activities as intermediary traders between indigenous people and the other traders.Chinese community has been existing since 1411 in an area called "Chinese Camp".Their everyday life (related to social, economic and culture) add more colors to inhabitants' culture (dominated by the Chinese).This following fact is such an interesting topic to be explored and discussed in order to find a better future city planning, based on the local wisdom.
China town area of Malang holds the migration and colonization history of the Chinese in the 17th century, where the Chinese traders came and built their own stores (even houses) around Kembang Kuning and Pasar Besar (Big Market) area.This area has now developed into commercial area that lives side by side with the other traditional Chinese houses, leaving this site into an interesting Chinese historical and cultural tourism attraction in Indonesia.In the other hand, Surabaya city also has a Chinese settlement in Kembang Jepun area that holds an important role to the economic development.This area was an important connector between European traders (Heerenstraat) and other areas in South Surabaya, bounded by the Ampel area in the North area: Atum Market, Ant Station; Jagalan in the Southern area: Simokerto, Kali Pegirikan and Kapasan in the East side; and Kalimas and Jalan Rajawali in the West side.
China town development area of Surabaya has a strong legal force, referring to the Surabaya City Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2005 about the Preservation of Cultural Heritage Buildings and/or Environment (Surabaya City Gazette of 2005 No. 2/E).This regulation supported Urban Heritage conception which leads to cultural development in supporting the preservation of areas' appearance (especially the building façade and aesthetics) through physical details that can characterize the identity of the city.Environmental identity was developed by its physical settings, social-culture environment and human behavior, including some kind of adaptations between human and their environment [2 -4].Human nature, behavior, and place identity holds an important role in socio-cultural aspect over a long period of time [5].There will always be an emotional attachment between humans and their dwellings that influence their behavior, but at the same time acted as the influencer to the environment [6].These phenomena showed that the Chinese settlements' identity is such an interesting and urgent topic to be discussed, in order to find guidelines for adaptive arrangement and resilience of future city development.Future development guidelines were expected to be the aim of this study, along with characters and theoretical inputs to the government and academics in strengthening the urban heritage local characters.

Methods
This research used Shirvani's [8] eight physical elements in Urban Design Process such as land use, building form and massing, open space, circulation and parking, pedestrian ways, activity support, signage and preservation.These elements were used to identify the Chinese settlements condition in both locations (Kembang Jepun area of Surabaya and Chinatown area of Malang).Morphological principles were used as an approach in analytical method to describe the façade and the Chinese settlements' characteristics.In analyzing architectural morphology, there are several things that need to be observed: 1. Process: The stage of knowing the history behind the formation of a city.2. Product: The stage of identifying the physical or three-dimensional form of the process.3. Behavior: The stage of identifying how humans are influential in the formed space.
The study of the regulatory system related to Law Number 11 of 2010 of cultural heritage as in objects, buildings, structures, sites, and areas that need to be preserved, due to their important values for history, science, education, religion, and culture.This reason made the study of Urban Heritage in special settlements of Chinese ethnicity became a very interesting topic to be discussed.Cultural heritage areas included the cultural heritage environments and cultural heritage buildings with some historical values, markers, or city formation identities.Cultural heritage buildings themselves were historical buildings and city markers, such as the Kembang Jepun area of Surabaya and Malang Chinatown.

Regional planning physical elements
In the constellation of Surabaya City area, the Jembatan Merah Area plays an important role as a trade centre, culture, and tourism.This area was contributed in the city's economy, tourism attraction, Surabaya's culture and historical identity.Meanwhile, Malang's Chinatown is located on Jl.Pasar Besar.It is inhabited by an ethnic Chinese community that has become an integral part of the history and life of Malang city.This area has a distinctive and unique character, ranging from traditional Chinese architecture to bustling Chinese food shops and restaurants.These two regions showed how the Chinese Community grows and interacts with the local culture, creating a unique harmony that were also affected by their physical elements.

Land use
Existing land use in Jembatan Merah Surabaya area were consist of offices, trade and services, education, housing, worship, and green open space (Figure 1 and Figure 2).The office land use has the largest proportion area of 17.13 Ha or 48.83% of the total study area, followed by the housing land use by 25.86% and religious buildings as the smallest land use in 1.42%.The office land use has a linear pattern that distributed along Rajawali and Veteran streets.These buildings have existed since the era of the Dutch Colonial Government.
Chinatowns were usually known for their domination in trading and service zones, followed by mixed zones, and cultural heritage zones.Although the green zone shows preserved buildings, the function of buildings remained still in trading and service area.Land use helped the city sustainability by separating commercial from residential areas and maintained all social, economic, and environmental functions balance.The area was first divided into eight bouwplans, followed by the shape of shop houses that turned into semi-modern buildings of 2-3 floors.Just like the origin 1800s Chinatown history, there was ethnic separation or racism against Chinese society that pushed the Dutch East Indies Government to group their residences into one specific area.In general, there is no significant difference in this region from the past to the present.

Building mass layout
In accordance with No. 16 regulation of 2017, Ministry of Public Works and Housing Regulation No. 3 of 2014 stipulates basic building coefficient to be at least 70% (specifically for cultural heritage buildings) and at least 3.0 (specifically for cultural heritage buildings) maximum range of building floor coefficient.Road boundaries are violated for settlements and commercial areas.
In Pasar Besar Area, buildings tend to be in 2-4 floors with 2-4 range of building floor coefficient (Figure 3).The basic building coefficient were estimated from 90-100%.There were on street parking that spotted along the road and off parking section spotted at the plaza or main market.In the other side of the road, buildings tend to be built in two floors of basic building coefficient and 100% estimation of Basic Building Coefficient that caused on street parking alongside the main road.

Building façade
European style built environment area were located in the corridor of Veteran street and Rajawali street of Surabaya.Various building facades were found on these 46 buildings of Veteran street.Both street corridors were consisted of European or Indische architectural style and modern buildings combined in glass material of facades and ACP (Aluminium Composite Panel).
Two dominant architectural styles were found on Pasar Besar street of Malang.The 1916-1940's colonial style were mostly applied, characterized by concrete balcony and overstek.The use of double doors and windows in wood with mesh, as well as fine-textured walls and minimal ornaments that supported their building style appearance.The other most applicable one is the Chinatown architectural style, characterized by the shield-shaped roof, the used of wood materials on windows and doors, the ornamental design of balustrade and the used of distinctive building colours.

Parking and circulation
In general, Rajawali and Veteran streets of Surabaya (as the secondary arterial road) were in a good condition.The width of Rajawali street road were 16 meters in a one-way road traffic with average 40km/h speed, meanwhile the Veteran road had narrower width of road (11.5 meters) and same average speed on one-way road traffic.The wide road supported on-street and off-street parking facilities in a good management.
The circulation pattern in Malang Chinatown was formed from a continuous grid space pattern in a one-way traffic regulation, causing no traffic jam although the accesses were limited and further approach.This area was dominated by on-street parking, meanwhile the off-street parking was located in the yard of Pasar Besar Malang.Straight parking style were dominating the on street facilities of Pasar Besar area, while parallel parking was dominating on a wider road on Laksamana Martadinata street (12 meters wide).

Open spaces
This 5,300-square-meter historical park was created to commemorate the Battle of November 10, 1945 and serves as a Memorial Park to commemorate the struggling spirit of arek-arek Suroboyo (people of Surabaya) in defending independence.Various facilities in the historical park were facilitated with historical ornamentation walls in the form of reliefs and pointed bamboo pillars, floor patterns depicting the great explosion that killed Brigadier General Mallaby, handprints of 15 war veterans who took part in the battle of November 10, 1945, an open stage commonly used as a place for performing arts and fountains between garden ponds.In Malang Chinatown, there was only one type of open space (nongreen open space) in the form of Pasar Besar parking lot (Figure 4).The green open spaces were no longer found, due to the big constructions of buildings since 2012.

Pedestrian ways
There were sidewalks in Rajawali and Veteran streets that located on the right and left sides of the road.The sidewalk width on Rajawali street was 5 m and the road width was 16 m, while the Veteran street had 3 m width of sidewalk on 11.5 m road.The existing conditions were relatively lacking, because there were several damaged paving and incomplete street furniture on the road section.
The pedestrian ways on Pasar Besar Street, Syutan Syahrir, Sersan Harun, Kyai Tamin and Laksamana Matadinata streets were in 1.5 m width, meeting the minimum standards for pedestrians and completed with lights and vegetation.Kopral Usman street had meet the pedestrian ways standard with 2 m width on the East side and 1.5 m on the West side, but some sides were used as a parking lot.As a shopping centre area, there were lack of street furniture elements found on the lane.

Activity support
There were two bus stops and a friendly street corridor in this area of Surabaya, where various festivals had been held in Jembatan Merah area such as Kartini Fair 2019 and Culinary Fashion 2022.In the other hand, Malang Chinatown also had some other activities that supports the main activity (trading) in this area.Some of them are the street vendors, pedicabs, and public transportations that become a unique selling point of this street corridor.

Signage
In the corridor area of Rajawali street, Surabaya, there are 16 signage in the form of traffic signs and commercial logos (Figure 5).In Malang Chinatown, the billboards were stick to the buildings and supported the trading activities.Most of the buildings were stores, therefore signage tends to be written in a big font up on their store building.Several traffic signs were also found on the road corridor, in the form of no-entry signs, noparking and parking signs.Although the signage on Laksamana Martadinata street is not very dominant, but store signs, billboards were integrated with the buildings, and traffic signs still hold an important role in providing information and orientation to the pedestrians.The existence of this signage was a supporting visual communication elements along this road.

Building preservation
Referring to the Regional Regulation of the City of Surabaya Number 5 of 2005 that concerned the Preservation of Cultural Heritage Buildings and/or Environment, including the age of the building (minimum 50 years, aesthetics, cruelty, rarity, historical value, area strengthening, authenticity, privileges), the grouping of cultural heritage buildings in the city of Surabaya is classified into four groups.The research locus was divided into three types, namely group A as many as 8 buildings were preserved, group B as many as 18 buildings could be restored, reconstructed or rehabilitated and group C as many as 10 buildings could be restored by revitalization or adaptation way (Figure 6).Area preservation refers to the protection and preservation of certain areas with the aim of maintaining authenticity, uniqueness, beauty, or other interests that are considered valuable.Chinatown area of Malang as in previous explanations had not much facade or any physical elements left from the historical side.However, the non-physical or intangible elements such as the distinctiveness of the community in Chinese ethnic culture in trade was still maintained.The area remained still as trading and service area with no significant changes from time to time in terms of its regional function.

Typo-morphological analysis of both Chinatowns characters
Based on the results found on each spatial design element by Shirvani [7], there were patterns that formed the study area characteristics.The dominant aspect is marked in underlined sentence.The results of the analysis concluded that there are several typologies found (Table 1), among others.

Appropriate
No significant morphological changes were found in Malang Chinatown, because the area was quite dense with a limited development.In the other hand, there were many changes in Surabaya area that had been growing into office buildings.Surabaya has a strict regulation of preserved buildings, that made it a good cultural heritage area.Unfortunately, there were rarely chinese styled building in both of the cities.Chinatown styled buildings were rarely found in Surabaya, but it still holds the same land use (as a trading area).The culture (trading) is still there, although many buildings has changed and renewed.
What we can learned is the way chinese community grows with the modernity, but holds the same culture (trading) for years.

The Chinatown local characters as cultural heritage
The typo-morphology analysis results showed that buildings preservations have been maintained well, along with the place identity that came from the Chinese community itself.The Chinese were always advancing themselves in any circumstances and showed a high pride in their culture.They always move forward, trying to fit in with the latest condition and adapting in every situation.Referring to Laurens [6], there will always be a tight bonding between place and the communities' activity, leading us to find the place identity.Chinatown area is usually a densely populated area with the largest number of colonial buildings made by the Dutch or the Chinese community itself [8].Both area of Chinatown had some touch of Dutch colonialism history, as the preserved buildings were mostly shown in European Dutch styled.The only Chinese styled building was the Confucian temple, completed with Asian ornaments and colors.In the other hand, both areas were labeled as Chinatown because of its trading culture that dominated the land use area.
Both areas were dominated by economic-based activities as the livelihood of the early Chinese Community (especially the trading sections) [1].Chinese community usually lived in the second floor of their shop houses, although some of them is now growing to live in another area.These Chinatowns became a lively public space, dominated by on street parking style and should be facilitated with friendly pedestrian ways.These showed three-dimensional place structure, such as attachment, identity and independency [9 -11].Place identity can be defined as many form of relations, leading to an action towards its environmental conditions.In the other hand, place attachment described as the affective and emotional bonds of groups that served as a reference to a place.Finally, we can see place dependence as a functional relationship to provide users' needs and supports their community behavior.
In this case, place identity was clearly showed trading as the Chinese local characters, although both areas showed lack of Chinese styled buildings.Shop houses and offices were found everywhere, but most of them were built in European Dutch Style.Rolling doors and their living concepts (living inside the store) were the maintained local characters.The place attachment is proven by the potential of both areas to attract visitors.This phenomenon also affects the city's economy from tourism sectors, especially in historical and cultural heritage facilities.It also related to the place dependence dimension that showed the importance of both areas as economic center.Chinese community of both areas are depending to the street to earn a living, showed by the dominance of shop houses and office buildings.The economic growth did not hold them back from cultural maintenance, moreover they succeed to live together with their very clear identity (trading culture).

Discussions
Based on the results, Jembatan Merah and Pasar Besar area can be revitalized to improve its physical qualities such as infrastructure, spatial planning, and public facilities.The arrangement of the area can be done by increasing accessibility such as public transportation and increasing comfort for visitors, especially on pedestrian paths.The use of public space on Jembatan Merah can be optimized with the existence of a city park with strong historical value.Optimization of green open space can be done to provide recreational space and social interaction for the community.Pedestrian-friendly public spaces can increase the vitality of the area and improve the quality of local residents' life.Meanwhile, Malang Chinatown needs a specific building or open space in educational function just like what Surabaya did in Memorial Park.
Other recommendations were made based on three important things that should be contributed in tourism industry [12], such as (1) revenue increase; (2) equal development; and (3) larger work chances.Learning from the Chinatown settlements local character (trading), they adapt, tolerate and maintain their physical characters, which means a brand identity is needed as a marketing technique.Smart heritage [13] could be another good strategy to support Chinatown development in reaching the revenue increase.Smart heritage is a conversion of smart city and heritage discourse that has been increased in the academic literature records in the few decades.In the recent 2018, it was identified in three main drivers such as community, technology, and policy [14].The smart city system keeps digging in the natural environment, along with the social and political context [15], just like the Chinatown living strategy but in advanced way (using Information and Communications Technology or ICT) [16].Meanwhile, some other discussions conclude that heritage is a performance and negotiation between identity, values and the sense of place [17] that now is being developed into Digital Heritage conception.
Former studies also discussed about the use of ICT media (smartphones, internets, televisions, etc) that plays a big role in today's needs, therefore the Digital Heritage conception could be a smart strategy to deal with it [18].The use of ICT could create a brand identity (as a smart heritage) that provides digital access to cultural objects and e-learning.Another possible way is to create 3D model as a production of virtual and mixed reality or product to create a virtual museum.The use of VR (Virtual Reality) Technology could be applied to give such a lifelike and immersive reconstruction in digital virtual tourism.Digital networking between institutes and organizations need to be friendly access by the visitors, as well as the cultural objects visualizations.This technology could be developed to easily support the equal development in each sectors through virtual reconstruction like the previous study about Roman theatre in Italy using Transport Layer Security point cloud data and geometrical 3D studies [19].Organizations and government could easily maintain and check the growth through system, so does the citizens.Larger work chances could also be developed to fulfill the visitors' need in travelling and tourism.Moreover, this digital technology can also be accessed by non-professional and wide public participation in heritage conservations.This cultural heritage could give new work fields to the citizens in creating and monitoring cultural heritage development in multimedia, marketing, business, archeology, etc.

Conclusion
The regional planning physical elements analysis of both Chinatown settlements in Malang Surabaya showed some local characters such as trading land use, shop houses building with European Dutch style, the growth of modern shop houses style, rolling doors as their local Chinatown character, on street parking style that attracts people to walk around, commercial logos on the buildings, and some of preserved and restored buildings that leads to a tourism destination (especially trading functions).These results lead us to 'trading' as their very strong identity.Some buildings may have coated with European Dutch style as their physical elements, but the trading identity always attached to the building and became a reason to adapt the old building elements into a new one (such as rolling door).
The character of Malang Chinatown and Kembang Jepun of Surabaya were formed based on the sense of place dimensions (place identity, place attachment and place dependence) that created interactions with the local community, in order to survive.The street corridors became an interacting space of both tourism and trading activities, therefore a good pedestrian ways maintenance is obligatory.Both areas attracted visitors and forced them to walk around the street, due to the on street parking conditions.This on street parking style was related to their basic building coefficient (KDB) that were optimized to 70-100%.This was an economic strategy used by the Chinese community to support each other business, although this could be against the regional regulations and at the same time showed a smart way of living.In the other hand, this strategy of on street parking did not lead a traffic jam.Trading became the main local character of Chinatown settlements that will always advancing themselves, therefore a strict heritage regulation could support them as a tourism attraction.The Chinese adapt very well at any circumstances, but they appreciate history and know exactly how to adapt their local identity with the environment to survive in life.They tolerate, adapt and maintain the physical character of the original buildings.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Built environment development in Malang Chinatown.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Signage and commercial logos in Surabaya Area.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Group A, B, and C mapped into their applied or applicable preservative concepts.

Table 1 .
Typological analysis of Chinese settlements in Surabaya and Malang.

Table 1 .
Typological Analysis of Chinese Settlements in Surabaya and Malang (cont.).