Institutional resilience of tourism villages against the Covid-19 pandemic in the Special Region of Yogyakarta

This research aims to specifically assess the institutional resilience of tourism villages against the Covid-19 pandemic in four different tourist village categories. This research is qualitative in nature. The data collection was carried out through interviews with the head of the tourist villages, who played a crucial role during Covid-19 pandemic. Content analysis is used as an analytical technique in this study. The results of the study show that each category of tourist village displays varying degrees of institutional resilience when dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. In this context, the key factors distinguishing institutional resilience in each typology of tourist villages are primarily influenced by leadership and management, innovation, tourist visitor scale, local government support, and the determination of the community as actors in the tourism business. The existence of the Covid-19 pandemic prompted different action plans, scenarios, and policies in each tourist village. Furthermore, the pandemic encouraged tourism villages to innovate continuously such as by developing new tour packages, creating new attractions, revising tourist visit targets, enhancing product marketing systems, and fostering collaborations. The support and innovation from local governments also played a significant contribution in shaping the resilience of tourist villages. In conclusion, the Covid-19 pandemic has provided valuable lessons for tourism villages. The lessons include recognizing their potential and weaknesses, mapping resources for dealing with future disasters, optimizing the use of reserve funds, exploring new business opportunities, and developing the necessary mitigation efforts. These results have practical implications for the development policies of each category of tourist villages in the post Covid-19 pandemic era.


Introduction
The Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the world's tourism sector including tourist villages [1].In this context, the institutional strength of a tourism village is a crucial factor in its recovery from the effects of Covid-19 [2].Both tourism village institutions and government agencies play pivotal roles in controlling the spread of the virus, ensuring the fulfilment of basic needs, and facilitating recovery from the damages caused by disasters [7][8][9].This is what is referred to as institutional resilience.The primary criteria for institutional resilience in the context of a pandemic, as depicted in Figure 1, include good leadership and management, access to health services (insurance) and government support (or subsidies), planning and preparation, knowledge, and expertise in disaster management, and the utilization of technology [6].Leadership and entrepreneurship are recognized as two vital abilities that tourist villages must possess, particularly during the Covid-19 pandemic [3,4].Good leadership encourages the emergence of innovations.These innovations encompass increased collaboration and cooperation, the development of tourism products, enhanced marketing efforts, empowerment of younger generations and the community through education and training, improved agricultural sector profitability, and greater use of technology [3,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].These innovations are essential for tourism village communities to thrive during a pandemic and subsequently create new potentials and opportunities to boost tourism [3,6,[13][14][15][16].
Access to health services (including insurance) and government support are also crucial factors in shaping the institutional resilience of tourism villages.Weak government support mechanisms can trigger conflicts among actors and adversely affect tourism sustainability [17].Although the role of government holds a significant position, building resilience is not an instantaneous process, nor can it be solely achieved through top-down pressure [14].Limited community involvement can impact the sustainability of the tourism village [8,11,18].Consequently, establishing connection-based resilience at the community level proves to be an effective method of risk management because individuals' perceptions of disaster risk can motivate them to change their behaviour [14].
The ability and preparedness of the community in managing disasters also influence the resilience of tourist villages.It is suggested that the ability and preparedness to deal with disasters can increase the rapid response and adaptability to the Covid-19 pandemic [19].The Covid-19 pandemic has heightened awareness of the significance of tourist village sustainability in people's live [6].As a result of the pandemic, the communities have learned to be more careful in the use of reserve funds and recognize the importance of disaster mitigation, which should be prepared for future disasters [7,11,13,19,20].Furthermore, the Covid-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of collaboration among tourism actors in tourism villages, which must be supported by adaptive policies from local governments [12].In addition, the integration of technology and smart solutions into community management practices is important to increase institutional efficiency and overcome the limitations caused by large-scale lockdowns [21][22][23].Numerous technological implementations emerged during the Covid-19 pandemic, such as cashless payments and virtual tours [24][25][26][27].This smart governance technique is at the same time able to attract public participation in the pandemic era [25].Consequently, tourism village institutions must manage their services through smart portals, including websites, applications, and other online or offline smart practices.
The Special Region of Yogyakarta or Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) is one of the regions in Indonesia known for its diverse range of tourist villages.These tourist villages are categorized into four levels: independent, advanced, developing, and pilot tourism villages [28].During the Covid-19 pandemic, these tourist villages were also affected, similar to other areas in Indonesia and foreign countries.Based on their level of development, the independent tourism village categories were expected to be resilient and serve as a catalyst for other tourism village categories during the Covid-19 pandemic.This is because independent tourism villages have stronger institutions and human resources, a stable marketing system, strong attractions, and adequate facilities compared to other tourism village categories.However, in reality, the tourism village category was also significantly impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic and is still undergoing recovery efforts.While there has been extensive literature examining the impact of Covid-19 on tourist villages, there has been no comprehensive discussion of the level of institutional resilience in each of these tourist village categories after Covid-19, particularly in the DIY context.Thus, research on the institutional resilience of tourist villages post Covid-19 pandemic still needs to be carried out.

Methods
This research primarily uses a qualitative approach.The process of data collection and analysis is described as follows.

Data collection
In this study, the researchers collected primary data by conducting structured interviews in four different tourist villages in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.These villages were selected based on criteria such as representing diverse tourism categories and having unique attractions.The chosen villages for the study were Nglanggeran, Kalibiru, Glagah, and Carakan.The interviews were conducted with the heads of these tourist villages, who were considered key informants due to their in-depth knowledge about how their villages coped with the challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic, particularly in terms of institutional resilience.

Data analysis
In accordance with Dey [29] the analytical methodology employed in this study was content analysis.This technique seeks to derive meaningful inferences from the collected data regarding specific contextual aspects and to substantiate these inferences concerning the established factors inherent in the system under analysis.The process of content analysis is carried out through eight stages: (i) finding a focus (ii) managing data (iii) reading and annotating (iv) creating categories (v) assigning categories (vi) splitting and splicing (vii) linking data and increasingly connection (viii) producing an account.

Leadership and management
According to the data presented in Table 1, different categories of tourist villages have adopted distinct survival strategies in response to the Covid-19 pandemic.These strategies are closely linked to the leadership style of the respective heads of the Tourism Village.For example, Nglanggeran Tourism Village, categorized as an independent tourism village, effectively navigated the challenges posed by the pandemic by prudently utilizing its reserve funds.These funds were used to support ongoing activities and enhance tourist facilities during the pandemic.Notably, no specific reserve fund was earmarked for assisting affected communities within this village.A similar approach was observed in Kalibiru Tourism Village, where the presence of reserve funds and various assets played a vital role in resilience against the pandemic's impact.In contrast, Carakan Tourism Village did not have a dedicated reserve fund to provide financial relief to its members affected by Covid-19.Nonetheless, Carakan Tourism Village demonstrated a strong commitment to innovation, particularly in promoting and marketing products from affected communities.A similar strategy was pursued by Glagah Tourism Village, which actively promoted tourism products originating from communities adversely affected by the pandemic.
To endure the challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic, tourism village actors spanning from independent tourism villages to pilot tourism villages have undertaken innovations tailored to their conditions they face.This phenomenon is supported by previous findings indicating that Covid-19 has served a catalyst for fostering innovation within the tourism sector [5].For an example, Nglanggeran Tourism Village successfully adapted to the challenges of the pandemic by reconfiguring attractions and tour packages for smaller groups, with tailored experiences for families.They also introduced innovative offerings such as culinary tourism and glamping tours, showcasing their ability to respond creatively to changing circumstances.This flexibility and innovation have enabled the village to thrive during the pandemic and attract a diverse range of visitors.
Kalibiru Tourism Village has embraced innovation during the Covid-19 pandemic by revitalizing agricultural land that had previously been overshadowed by the tourism sector.The pandemic prompted a realization among the villagers about the importance of returning to farming.Additionally, the livestock sector has thrived and become a new attraction.Kalibiru Tourism Village has diversified its tour packages and formed partnerships with other tourism businesses for mutual promotion and profitsharing, aligning with the importance of cooperation during the pandemic [8].However, it is crucial to emphasize the need for optimizing internal financial resources despite these commendable innovations.This illustrates how the village has adapted and evolved to cope with the challenges posed by the pandemic while maintaining its agrarian heritage.
Glagah Tourism Village, like other independent and advanced tourism villages, embraced innovation amid the Covid-19 pandemic.They introduced a new attraction -a tourist jeep near Glagah Beach.Similar to Kalibiru Tourism Village, Glagah directed tourism towards live-in packages to boost income.An important innovation involved initiating online product sales, a strategy not previously considered.This aligns with prior research emphasizing product diversification, marketing strategy changes, and industry collaboration during the pandemic [4,9].However, there is room for improvement, particularly in fostering solidarity among tourism business actors in the village.Glagah Tourism Village's adaptability and creativity highlight its resilience during challenging times.
Carakan Tourism Village has made significant innovations during the Covid-19 pandemic.They have ventured into online marketing for products like archery and batik items and introduced new tour packages, including educational activities like batik-making and archery.Despite being a pilot village, Carakan Tourism Village has room for improvement in various areas, including enhancing human resource quality, fostering collaboration, refining marketing strategies, offering training and mentoring programs, and improving internal financial management.These innovations are reminiscent of those in Panglipuran Tourism Village, one of Indonesia's top tourist destinations.However, tourism villages in the Special Region of Yogyakarta should continue to learn, optimize reserve fund utilization, and explore other business opportunities to enhance resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic [13].These results are also in line with previous research that after the Covid-19 pandemic, pilot tourism villages need to better organize their human resources, develop institutional governance, and strengthen promotional media [3,10].
In conclusion, the Covid-19 pandemic has provided valuable lessons in line with previous research which stated that perceptions of disaster risk can motivate individuals to change their behavior [14].These lessons encompass the importance of enhancing self-awareness regarding their strengths and weaknesses and the necessity of mapping vulnerabilities and resources for future disasters preparedness.This is in line with previous research on the Ban Maung Nong Khai case in Thailand showing that the pandemic has driven changes in finding solutions and viewing challenges as opportunities to open new business opportunities [6].The government's role in post-Covid-19 tourism village development is crucial, aligning with previous research.They can empower communities to utilize their potential and assets in mitigating the pandemic's impact [11,14,19].The government's role in post-Covid-19 tourism village development is crucial, aligning with previous research.They can empower communities to utilize their potential and assets in mitigating the pandemic's impact.Tourism villages should conduct situational assessments to develop effective strategies, boost tourist confidence, and revitalize the industry, as suggested in earlier research [7].Carakan and Glagah Tourism Village have implemented a policy to maintain open tourism activities by limiting visitors through a reservation system and also implementing health protocols.This policy has proven quite effective in ensuring the continuity of the community's economic activities.
Not all tourist villages have closed their tourism activities during the pandemic.This policy has been quite effective for developing and pilot tourism villages.However, it is different from developed and independent tourism villages which had experienced difficulties in accommodating government policies to implement health protocols.
The Nglanggeran and Kalibiru Tourism Village also reopened their tourism activities with health protocols after receiving government instructions.However, the implementation of these health protocol Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) has inconvenienced tourists and discouraged them from visiting.Independency To meet the basic needs of food, tourism village communities generally do not have any difficulties.
In general, tourism village communities are still able to survive by meeting their basic daily needs amid the co-19 pandemic.
However, to meet needs beyond that, people are innovating with online businesses, selling assets, and switching professions

Insurance and support
Table 2, shows that many parties have actively participated in helping tourist villages adapt and rise against Covid-19.This collaboration involves various actors, including the government, academia, the private sector, and the community working together to revive tourism village activities.This condition is in line with previous research that establishing connection-based resilience at the community level is an effective way of risk management during the Covid-19 pandemic [14].While various forms of support, including equipment, funds, and training, have been provided to tourist villages to combat Covid-19, optimal assistance from the government and other parties remains lacking.Nglanggeran Tourism Village, despite being independent, does not guarantee a swift recovery solely based on reserve funds.Visitor numbers alone cannot serve as a reliable benchmark for success in post-Covid-19 recovery, as seen in Kalibiru Tourism Village, where only about 30% of its facilities can operate.Having substantial assets also doesn't ensure a quick rebound, as human resource challenges persist due to job changes caused by Covid-19.This aligns with prior research highlighting the pandemic's impact on the tourism industry, leading to income loss and job shifts among tourism actors [5].Similar challenges are experienced by Carakan Tourism Village, which serves as a pilot tourism village.Despite its significant need for assistance as a pilot tourism village, there have been no specific subsidies provided in the form of funding for the development of a tourist village.This underscores the idea that building resilience is IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1263/1/012004 6 not a quick fix or a process that can be achieved only through top-down pressure but relies on responsibility by all institutions and everyone involved [14].Glagah Tourism Village had different conditions during the Covid-19 period.The Village acknowledges that its tourism activities were able to continue during the Covid-19 period.This cannot be separated from the role of the Head of Kulon Progo Service.The Head of Glagah Tourism Village admitted that the role of the Head of Kulon Progo Service in their sustainability during the Covid-19 period was very important.The innovative approach of packaging all activities within Kulon Progo district as tourism offerings had a substantial impact on Glagah Tourism Village.Every event held in Kulon Progo was directed towards supporting the tourist villages.This finding is very different from previous research related to the tourism sector in South Africa, where the government proved to be indifferent to the crippling consequences of its intervention for the majority of the country's tourism companies, their tourism workforce, and the livelihoods of people who depend on tourism [17].Even so, it cannot be denied that the Covid-19 pandemic also had a significant impact on their financial condition.However, Glagah Tourism Village managed to survive during the Covid-19 pandemic without relying on its reserve funds.With this type of small group visitor, it turns out that this tourist village can still do its activities without violating government regulations, namely creating crowds.Even so, the assistance or subsidies provided by these parties are not considered optimal.
This assistance includes physical assistance with health protocol tools, funding, training, and mentoring In general, there has been an increase in the number of visits to tourist villages, but they have not yet returned to their prepandemic levels.
Not all spots or other facilities in tourist villages are are currently in optimal condition for reopening as they were before the pandemic.

Preparation
Table 3, represent that all tourist villages in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) have implemented health protocols and limited activities in reopening tourist villages during the Covid-19 pandemic.The implementation of this health protocol is considered a good solution for Carakan Tourism Village and Glagah Tourism Village to reopen their tourism villages.However, the effective implementation of health protocols and visitor restriction policies cannot be universally implemented in all tourist village categories.In the case of tourist villages in DIY, this condition is based on the type of tourist visitors and the type of tourism activities.
In Nglanggeran Tourism Village, the effective implementation of health protocols and visitor restriction policies has proven to be challenging.The mandatory swab testing requirement for visitors has the unintended consequence of increasing the financial burden on individuals planning a trip to the village.Additionally, the practice of temperature checks often becomes a mere formality due to unclear instructions for visitors with temperatures above 37 degrees Celsius.Furthermore, the rule limiting vehicle arrivals to 50% of capacity leads to higher transportation costs for visitors and tour agencies.Similarly, Kalibiru Tourism Village faces difficulties in optimizing its tourism activities during the Covid-19 pandemic and the need to maintain physical distance.This situation is consistent with prior research, which has indicated that a reduction in service availability during a pandemic can result from financial constraints and the implementation of protocols aimed at preventing the spread of diseases [6,19].
Education and dissemination of information during the Covid-19 period have also been carried out by the national government, provincial governments, local governments, and academics both in independent tourism villages to pilot tourism villages.These parties have actively provided the necessary training and assistance for tourist villages to survive the Covid-19 pandemic.The training provided is related to Cleanliness, Health, Safety, and Environment Sustainability (CHSE), digital marketing, increasing human resources, increasing competitiveness and tourist attraction, as well as improving the community's economy during the co-19 pandemic.This finding is in line with previous research that the community needs to be retrained to be able to cope with the impacts that arise from Covid-19 [7].This collaborative effort among various parties is consistent with previous research highlighting that collaboration among these actors can increase the resilience of tourism sector actors, enabling them to survive, adapt, innovate, and share the same goals for tourism revival [11,12].The training and assistance in adopting technology in tourist villages during a pandemic also supports previous research.The Covid-19 condition has encouraged the government and other parties to minimize the digital divide and increase the capacity of individual actors to creatively use smart tourism technology for their business needs as is done in tourist villages in Iran [23].However, it is worth nothing that a pilot tourism village like these, the presence or absence of training and assistance depends on how active the community and managers are.This conforms to previous findings that success and failure in the development and sustainability of rural tourism programs depend on the involvement of community participation that takes into account the local social and economic environment [8,11].In the case of Glagah and Carakan Tourism Villages, the health protocol is seen as a solution during a pandemic Even so, the health protocol in Nglanggeran Tourism Village case cannot be implemented 100% in the field and has adversely affected tourist visitors because of the increased budget.

Education and Information
Various trainings related to health protocols, digital marketing, human resource development, development of tour packages, and economic improvement that supports activities in tourist villages during a pandemic have been provided by ministries, regional governments, and provincial governments.
Various trainings have been conducted by the central, provincial, and regional governments related to CHSE, digital marketing, increasing human resources, increasing competitiveness and attractiveness of tourism, as well as increasing the community's economy during the Covid-19 pandemic

Academics have also offered training in Nglanggeran and Carakan Tourism Village
In the Carakan Tourism Village, the amount of training and mentoring provided depends on the level of engagement and activity within the tourism village community

Expertise and labor
The Special Region of Yogyakarta or Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) is an area known for its disaster potential in Indonesia.For a long time, the local population, including the tourism village community, have prepared themselves with the assistance and facilitation of the region/city and provincial governments in facing the threat of disaster.However, the experience and readiness of the tourism village community to live side by side with disasters do not determine their readiness to face the Covid-19 pandemic.This is in contrast to previous research which stated that the ability and preparedness of the community in dealing with disasters can increase the rapid response and adaptability of the community to the Covid-19 pandemic [19].Initially, the Covid-19 pandemic was considered a frightening and lethal threat, and no preparations were made, especially mentally and materially.Based on Table 4, both pilots, developing, advanced, and independent tourism villages have realized the potential for disasters in their area of residence.Various efforts have been made to deal with the disaster such as socialization and training (pilot tourism villages), preparing for tsunami disaster mitigation both physically and non-physically and routine simulations (developing tourism villages), protecting the natural environment from landslide hazards (advanced tourism villages), and preparing evacuation procedures for visitor accidents (independent tourism villages).Even so, since the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, people in both independent tourism villages and pilot tourism villages have had the same fear.Since the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, people in both independent tourism villages and pilot tourism villages have had the same fear.Thus, in the context of tourist villages in DIY, it remains necessary to increase mitigation efforts, both structural and non-structural, which can be implemented through flexible policies [7,20].
During the reopening of tourism village activities during the Covid-19 pandemic, tourist villages that were independent, advanced, and developing tended to have access to greater cooperation with needed parties compared to pilot tourism villages.For example, Nglanggeran Tourism Village as an independent tourism village, besides having a health post, has also partnered with the security forces, namely Linmas (Community Protection) and the local police, along with healthcare workers from the hospital, in the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic.Likewise, Kalibiru Tourism Village already has cooperation with the local health center for emergency conditions.Apart from that, Kalibiru Tourism Village has also been equipped with a health clinic and a rescue car that could be used during the Covid-19 pandemic.Much like Nglanggeran and Kalibiru Tourism Villages, Glagah Tourism Village has also partnered with the Search and Rescue (SAR) team and the local Health Center.This collaboration existed before the Covid-19 pandemic.
This condition is in line with previous research, which found that the condition of the Covid-19 pandemic demands collaborative strategies and cooperative actions to restore what has been damaged [8].This collaboration can also be developed with pharmaceutical communities and other tourism industry players who have proven effective as in the case of Macau City [8,16].Going forward, these tourist villages also need to start thinking about the importance of village health volunteers, such as the cases in Thailand and Shanghai [14,15].These health volunteers come from rural tourism communities and are trained to have basic skills in the health sector such as screening, monitoring, following-up, and educating individuals to better maintain their health.

Factors Facts Synthesis
Experience All tourist villages have become accustomed to living amidst the threat of natural disasters.
In general, tourism villages are used to living side by side with disasters and have prepared mitigation efforts at the community level.However, the community's readiness did not determine their readiness to face the Covid-19 pandemic.
All tourist villages have prepared themselves to face disasters through structural and non-structural mitigation.
Glagah Tourism Village is even included in the Tsunami-Ready Village category.
Even though they are used to living amidst the threat of disaster, the Covid-19 pandemic remains a fear for all tourist villages.Nglanggeran, Kalibiru, and Glagah Tourism Village prepares health post facilities and human resources for security consisting of Linmas (Community Protection) and police assistance as well as for health consisting of a health center team or medical staff assistance from the hospital during the opening of the new normal phase

Equipment
The Covid-19 pandemic has driven changes in the use of technology in tourist villages in DIY.These changes in technology usage are not limited to independent tourism village but also to pilot tourism villages.This finding is in line with previous research that before the pandemic smart technology played a limited role in villages tourism due to traditional lifestyles [23].However, this condition changed in line with the Covid-19 pandemic.Even so, each of these tourist village clusters has different changes in the use of technology.It can be said that clusters of independent and advanced tourism villages tend to be earlier in utilizing technology.In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, independent tourism villages tend to seek technological innovation that can increase their selling power.In advanced tourist villages, they tend to use technology to help manage tourist villages during a pandemic.Developing tourism villages and pilot tourism villages are still in their early phases of utilizing technology and planning their future development during the Covid-19 pandemic.Even though it is still in the early phase of technology utilization and development, there has been a change in the mindset of people in developing tourism villages and pilots of the importance of technology in supporting the sustainability of tourism villages.In Advance Tourism Village, the use of technology includes noncash payments, the use of applications for online ordering, online payroll systems, and the use of the web for promotion although not all of them are optimal in their application.
In Developing Tourism Villages, the use of technology is still limited to the application of non-cash payments and digital marketing.
In Pioneering Tourism Villages, the use of technology is still limited to the use of social media as a means of promotion and development is still needed in this field.
The "Visit Jogja" application made by the DIY Provincial Government is difficult to run in Nglanggeran Tourism Village because of the difference in the ticketing system they apply.
The 'Visit Jogja' application made by the DIY Provincial Government is also considered ineffective because it is not applicable and is not widely used by visitors.
The "Visit Jogja" application made by the DIY Provincial Government has not fully collaborated with the management of Nglanggeran Tourism Village so that its use can be integrated.
Table 5 shows that the use of technology in tourist villages since the Covid-19 pandemic has primarily centered around the implementation of a cashless payment system.Unfortunately, the implementation of this payment system is not fully effective considering that there are still many people who prefer to make payments in cash.This finding is different from previous research which stated that cashless innovation has proven to be a reliable system [25].This condition is also influenced by network constraints that complicate cashless payments.Another technology utilization that played a role during the Covid-19 pandemic was the use of websites and social media for tourist villages as marketing media as well as ticket bookings.This social media can also be developed to disseminate information and share statistics regarding the condition of Covid-19 in tourist villages as in previous studies [7].Until now, there exists one application, serving as a tourism information portal in DIY, which include information about tourist villages in the region.This application was created by the DIY Provincial Government.However, in practice, this application is not always suitable for use by tourism village managers and is not widely used by visitors when purchasing tickets.This is due to differences in the ticketing system applied by each tourist village.For example, Nglanggeran Tourism Village has different ticket prices for day and night and different ticket prices for each tourist destination, but the application lists one type of ticket, making it challenging to operate.In addition, the lack of full collaboration between the application and the Tourism Village community has hindered its integration and usability.These results are in line with previous research that community involvement and stakeholder cohesiveness are important factors in implementing smart tourism [8,18].
Nglanggeran tourism village, as an independent tourism village that has received many awards, also had other innovations during the Covid-19 pandemic.One such innovation was the creation of a virtual tour as a new attraction in Nglanggeran Tourism Village.Unfortunately, this attraction did not consistently prove to be a solution during the Covid-19 pandemic.This finding is different from previous research which states that virtual tours are a solution to overcoming the collapse of the tourism industry due to Covid-19 [24].Even though there was a request for a live virtual tour, network constraints were also a separate problem.To hold a virtual tour requires an internet network, social media platforms, and gadgets [24,26].Virtual tours, in contrast, could not be sustain because they are only effective for attracting new visitor segments.This situation is consistent with earlier research, which highlights the limitations of virtual tours, including the absence of the genuine travel experience and the loss of the sensation of capturing memorable photos, making them less appealing for repeated enjoyment [26].While virtual tours can be highly beneficial for tourists who have limitations in terms of resources, economic capacity, free time, and access [26], the reality is that it requires great effort for tourist villages to find new visitors.Thus, further studies and strategies are still needed to develop virtual tours as effective attractions for tourist villages as is done by the city of Bari [27].

Conclusion
Tourism villages in the Special Region of Yogyakarta have faced different challenges in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic.It has become evident that not all government policies during the Covid-19 pandemic can be implemented effectively in all tourist village categories.The assistance and subsidies provided by the government to tourist villages are also not optimal for improving the performance of tourist villages during the Covid-19 pandemic.This condition ultimately requires tourism villages to have their own way of surviving during the pandemic.Many new ideas have emerged during the Covid-19 pandemic, both in independent tourist villages and pilot tourism villages.These innovations include developing live-in-based tour packages, developing new attractions, changing target markets, developing product marketing systems, and developing cooperation between tourism village actors.In addition, the Covid-19 pandemic has also encouraged the use of different technologies in each tourism village category.Based on this research, pilot tourism villages have the lowest institutional resilience.To address this, policies for managing these villages should prioritize (i) increasing the independence of tourist villages to meet their needs during the co-19 pandemic (ii) increasing funding assistance, training, and mentoring to improve marketing (iii) increasing cooperation in both tourism development and disaster management, and (iv) increasing the use of technology that can be useful during the Covid-19 pandemic.In addition, independent tourism villages with the characteristics of tourist visitors such as Nglanggeran Tourism Village and Kalibiru Tourism Village require special attention to the aspects of accuracy in providing assistance and accuracy in implementing tourism restriction policies.In addition, the factor of community readiness in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic still needs to be increased in all criteria for tourist villages.On the other hand, Glagah Tourism Village as a developing tourism village become a tourism village that has the highest institutional resilience.Even though, the technology adaptation is still limited, the support from the Regency Government coupled with the characteristics of tourists and the strong will of the tourism village community to survive during the Covid-19 pandemic, has positioned this tourism village as the most resilience among all the tourism village categories.Ultimately, the Covid-19 pandemic has been valuable lessons for tourist villages, prompting them to innovate, and adapt.It has compelled them to better understand their strengths and weaknesses, and to identify the resources required for future disasters.The Covid-19 pandemic has also taught tourism villages to be wise in using their reserve funds to prepare for the possibility of future disasters.Future research can further investigate the quantitative testing regarding the magnitude of the influence of each factor in determining institutional resilience in tourist villages in DIY.It can investigate further the other components of tourism village resilience in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic such as social resilience, infrastructure resilience, and economic resilience.

Table 1 .
Leadership and management of tourist village communities in handling pandemic Covid-19.

Table 2 .
Preparation of tourist villages communities in facing pandemic Covid-19.

Table 3 .
Preparation of tourist villages communities in facing pandemic Covid-19.

Table 4 .
Expertise and labor of tourist villages communities in facing pandemic Covid-19.

Table 5 .
Equipment of tourist villages communities in handling pandemic Covid-19.