Optimization of Ceramic Filter for Greywater Treatment by using Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland

Wetland technology is an effective and sustainable treatment process that relies on a combination of components. Media components, which vary based on the material used, play an important role in this technology. Ceramic-based filters are a natural and versatile water filtration method that can be used in combination with wetland systems to create a simple, low-cost, and efficient wastewater treatment technology. The aim of this study was to assess the performance and efficiency of two experimental scale horizontal flow constructed wetlands (HFCW) as a secondary stage for the treatment of household greywater. This was achieved by examining the untreated and treated greywater characteristics; evaluating the effectiveness of planted wetlands with ceramic addition in removing chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), nutrients, total suspended solids (TSS), and coliforms from the greywater; and monitoring the adaptation and growth of Bacopa monnieri L. in the treatment systems. The results showed that both treatment systems significantly improved all the greywater characteristics. The use of ceramic, gravel, and plants in wetlands enhanced the removal efficiency of Mg+2, TDS, and total hardness (TH). A higher treatment efficiency was observed in the ceramic-gravel bed than in the gravel bed.