Effectiveness of ICM system and its contribution to local capacity development: Case study in West Papua Province

Integration and coordination of various coastal and marine management efforts is the major objective of the integrated coastal management (ICM) approach. In the implementation of the Raja Ampat’s COREMAP CTI activities, PKSPL IPB University replicates ICM practices, in Yensawai Village, Raja Ampat Regency. Those include cycle guidelines, structures, and models of ICM implementation at the local government level. The ICM cycle is very important because it provides a gradual and non-negotiable “must” to be able to proceed to the next several steps. The cycle must be done correctly to contribute to continuous improvement. The goal is to have a functioning ICM system to improve local government services and contribute to sustainable development. PKSPL IPB University has successfully demonstrated its effectiveness and impact on the implementation of the ICM program. This can be seen in the increasing adoption of the concept of sustainability in local governments as well as increasing local political commitment to the rehabilitation of sustainable coastal ecosystems in West Yensawai Village, Raja Ampat Regency. The experience of PKSPL IPB University in other ICM pilot sites in implementing ICM integration was replicated in the COREMAP CTI program in West Papua Province. Contribution factors adopted by ICM in local capacity building include: (i) local government involvement; (ii) the leadership role of the coordination mechanism; (iii) key steps of the ICM Cycle process; (iv) vision-led programs; (v) local champions; (vi) visible achievements and impacts; (vii) increased value of integrated planning and management approaches, and local and political commitments.


Introduction
Geographically, Raja Ampat Regency has 610 big and small islands, atolls and taka with a coastline of about 4,860 km length, and with 34 inhabited islands [1] .Raja Ampat Regency is among the Indonesia's coastal areas and small islands which has a strategic role in the development of the nation and prospering its people.This is due to the wealth of its natural resources of this region, both biological and nonbiological resources that deliver benefits in life, especially coastal ecosystems (coral reef, sea grass and mangrove).However, the utilization of natural resource is faced with conflicts of authorities and weak of coordination, especially among involved stakeholders.This weak of coordination leads to a detrimental situation which can lead to degradation of marine environment and small islands.This weak of coordination create further impacts and unwanted situation which at the end degrade the environmental quality and ecosystems.
In order to overcome and anticipate these issues and problems, careful and integrated program planning from the involved stakeholders is needed, especially the strategic plans of each local government organization (OPD) which are included in each of local government moderate plan (RPJMD).The implementation of the RPJMD is stated in the work plan of several OPDs and related stakeholders in the coastal management plan.
Coastal area management planning is an important tool to determine the dynamics of coastal communities related to patterns of utilization and appreciation of coastal and marine resources [2,3].With a systematic coastal management plan, the management of coastal and marine areas in an area will become more efficient in the context of the process to achieve the goals of developing coastal and marine areas.
One of the basic principles of preparing a coastal area management plan is the principle of integration and aspirational principles [3,4].That is, integrated in the context of a comprehensive approach that combines the dynamics of coastal ecosystems and human systems.While aspirational is, prioritizing a bottom-up approach, where the coastal and marine area planning process is carried out by involving coastal communities as both the subject and object of the planning itself.
Basically, empirical coastal management does not have to be carried out with a strong theoretical root base as well as basic sciences such as physics or chemistry.Coastal management combines various approaches, from theoretical to pragmatic to achieve the management goals themselves [2].Coastal management has the main function to manage all activities and what is in the coastal area within a management system framework that has been designed previously [3].Meanwhile, the management of the coastal areas of the province of West Papua is still sectoral in nature and in the utilization of its natural resource wealth is often faced with conflicts of authority between government agencies.This is due to the lack of coordination between OPDs and the lack of knowledge and awareness of the implications of environmental damage on the sustainability of economic development which is one of the factors causing environmental problems.Due to the nature of externalities, the perpetrators of environmental damage are not aware of the dangers of the impacts caused by development activities.
In addition, the level of abundance of coastal ecosystem resources such as coral reefs, seagrass and mangrove logging is also still occurring in the Raja Ampat Islands Marine Nature Reserve (SAP) and regional water conservation areas in West Papua Province.
The lack of capacity, awareness and participation of community groups and civil society organizations is a barrier to effective planning, implementation and sustainability of development projects.Local governments can overcome this barrier by partnering with these groups, developing their awareness and capacities, and proactively engaging them in sustainable development programs and initiatives.
To overcome the above problems, it is necessary to increase integration, coordination and collaboration between management institutions in the management of coastal areas and small islands, as well as increase knowledge and awareness of human resources in resource utilization and environmental quality improvement.The integration of coastal and small island management is a slice of function integration (horizontal) and policy integration (vertical).Policy integration is a level of management based on the division of tasks and functions of state administration institutions based on their authority, starting from the local level to national.In the integration of this policy must notice to No. 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government, and Law No. 6 of 2014 [5] concerning Villages.Meanwhile, horizontal integration must pay attention to related sectors in coastal areas and small islands.This paper is aimed to describe the application of ICM approach in Raja Ampat Regency during the process of development of coastal and marine spatial zoning of the area (RZWP3K) implementation.

Approach and methodology
This research was conducted in September 2020 -December 2021 in West Papua Province, using the ICM cycle approach and the ICM framework PEMSEA 2006 [3] .The ICM framework ensures more focus and accountability in coastal governance.

The ICM development and implementation cycle in West Papua Province
According to Chua, 2006 [3] and PEMSEA [6,7] , integrated coastal management as a framework for managing coastal and marine resources and environment that uses a holistic and integrative approach, as well as an interactive process in decision making starting from planning, implementing and controlling the use of resources and the complex coastal and marine environment.multifunction.
There are 6 (six) stages contained in the integrated coastal management cycle as can be seen in Figure 1 below.The following is an explanation of each stage of integrated coastal management as shown below: Figure 1.ICM Sycle approach to develop ICM Program in West Papua Province, Source: PEMSEA, 2015 [6] .Related to this initiating stage, the West Papua Province has already initiated a document named RZWP3K, the coastal, marine and small islands spatial zoning, which is used for all spatial allocation within the marine territory of West Papua Province.The government has already declared this as main basis for planning in the coastal and marine area of this province.In this stage, West Papua Province has already adopted in their local regulation of RZWP3K and this is a milestone for further management steps in the future.The local regulation (Peraturan Daerah) about RZWP3K is number 13, 2019 [8].

Stage 5: Implementing. The Implementing stage developing/providing human and financial resources for the implementation of:
• Coordinating and program management mechanisms • CSIP/action plans • Integrated monitoring and evaluation system A successful ICM program is built on the local capacity to plan and manage the coastal and marine areas.One good practice is to link an ICM program collaborated with a university or research institution whose staff can be further developed and knowledge and skills improved so that they will be capable and effective in providing the needed technical support to the concerned local government.The success of ICM implementation in an administrative area is strong coordination between involved stakeholders which is lead by a lead institution.In the case of West Papua Province, the lead for stakeholders' coordination is Bappeda of West Papua Province, which is task in defining the coordination scheme and technical arrangement.There is a specific for marine related area coordinating scheme called ICM Technical Working Group (ICM TWG).
List of stakeholders of ICM Planning and Implementation in West Papua Province is listed in Table 1.In principle, stakeholders involved in the study area can be grouped into 5 main groups: Government, Leader, Civil Society, University and Private Sector.During program activity, the local government confirms its commitment to the development and implementation of the ICM system and continually improving and sustaining its effectiveness shown in Table 2.

3. 1 . 1
Stage 1: Preparing.During the preparing there are 6 (six) activities stages 1 and focuses efforts on setting up of the: (i) Project development and management for project management staff; (ii) ICM Platform; (iii) ICM training for planning and technical staff, stakeholders and local community; (iv) Consultation workshops for the different stakeholders; (v) Local Commitment; and (vi) Draft State of the Coast.It is also essential to prepare a workplan and arrange available financial and other administrative resources and proper communication with stakeholders minimizes their resistance to the project and increases their participation and support in implementing activities.Related to ICM Planning, this stage in West Papua has been applied and documents related to the ICM Planning in this province among others are: • Stakeholders' analysis document • ICM Platform document • Module and Syllabus ICM and Marine spatial training for stakeholders' participant • Module and Syllabus ICM training for the grassroots or local community 3.1.2Stage 2: Initiating.In the Initiating stage focus on: (i) Prioritizing environmental issues: (ii) Formulating Coastal management actions Plan; (iii) Formulating ICM Protocol for RWZP-3-K Implementation; (iv) Systematically engaging stakeholder (communication plan); Sustainable financing arrangements; and (v) Formulating integrated monitoring and evaluation system.

3. 1 . 3
Stage 3: Developing.The developing stage prioritizes for the formulation and long-term implementation workshops and training consultations of: • Policy and institutional arrangements • ICM for Stakeholders and local community • Coastal Strategy implementation plan, issue-and area-specific action plans • Coastal use zoning • Coastal Spatial Planning and GIS • Rehabilitation and conservation • Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation 3.1.4Stage 4: Adopting.Adoption of the plans and arrangements by the local government guarantees the integration of the plans into the development planning framework of the local government, allocation of budget, harmonization of efforts, and institutionalization of coordinating arrangements for implementation of the action plans with local government and stakeholders' consultations to facilitate the approval and adoption of: (i) ICM Platform; (ii) Coastal strategy and action plans; (iii) ICM Protocol for RWZP-3-K Implementation; (iv) Organizational, local institutional and financing arrangements; and Integrated monitoring and evaluation system.

3. 1 . 6 3 . 2
Stage 6: Refining and consolidating.During the Refining and Consolidating stage, a practical and efficient M&E system, established at the onset (Preparing) facilitates the process of assessing ICM program implementation and management.Updating data to provides the local government and stakeholders with an assessment of ICM achievements and resulting changes, and contributes to the planning for the next ICM cycle.5 Key factors and ICM Framework to ensure the success of an ICM Program 3.2.1 Stakeholders.

Table 1 .
List of Stakeholders of ICM Planning and Implementation in West Papua Province.The ICM framework ensures more focus and Local Government Commitmentin coastal governance [2,5], detail ICM framework can be shown in Figure 2.
Summary of achievements of West Papua Province with the integration of ICM into the planning processes, highlighting best practices.