Determinant factors of community’s production and behavior in disposing domestic waste into the rivers: Case study of Kampungsawah Village, Bogor Regency

Humans and aquatic biota need river as a vital source of water. River is mostly polluted by residential waste along the river. The producer of domestic waste, which are the communities are dynamic. It is required to know the determinant factors of community’s production and behavior in disposing domestic waste into the river. The study located in Kampungsawah Village, Bogor Regency. The independent variables are education level, amount of family members, level of knowledge, demeanor, habits and awareness, accessibility of the facilities, and the interval from respondent’s house to the river. Multiple linear regression and binary logistic regression are used for the data analyzation. Domestic waste production is influenced by the amount of family members, level of knowledge, demeanor, habits and awareness. The community’s behavior tendency to dispose domestic waste into the river is influenced by the interval of the respondent’s house to the river. The reason of community to throw their domestic waste into the river is because it is closer, easier, and more practical. The combination of the factors that determine the amount of waste production and behavior are different for each household. The complex and comprehensive policies and management are needed, which may differ in each residential area.


Introduction
River is aquatic ecosystems that play an important role in the hydrological cycle and become water catchment areas, so that river conditions are influenced by the environment around the river.Apart from being a place to live for freshwater biota, the role of rivers in the urban context is also very important, especially in an effort to preserve water resources.Rivers cannot be separated from various problems, one of which is the degradation of natural resources due to the waste pollution.River is indicated to be polluted by domestic and industrial waste.The most commonly found plastic waste is plastic bags that have accumulated over a long period of time, so they have been fragmented.The plastic bags are thought to have come from domestic waste in settlements along the river [1].
The biggest source of water pollution comes from domestic and industrial waste [2].Humans are very dynamic living beings, so there are many factors that influence humans to behave.Isthofiyani et al. [3] explained that the behavior of people who litter with various factors, such as lack of discipline 2 and public awareness of cleanliness due to low levels of knowledge, education, behavior patterns, or inadequate facilities are the biggest causes of the accumulation of waste in the environment.Study by Tansatrisna [4] stated that the factors that significantly influence public perception are knowledge, experience, the role of government/community leaders, and facilities/infrastructure. Knowledge and experience are the basic things that form human perception of an object/event around them, while government or community leaders, facilities, and infrastructure are individual external factors that stimulate humans in the process of forming perceptions.Domestic waste that enters the river will be settle on the bottom sediments of the waters and cause ecological instability, so that it can reduce the quality of the aquatic environment.The community plays the most important role in the problem of water pollution, humans are the source of waste generation.The community that plays the most important role in the problem of water pollution is a group of people in a complex and dynamic relationship.The paper was tried to identify the determinant factors from the group of complex and dynamic people in disposing domestic waste.

Time and location of the research
This research was conducted in RW 03 Kampungsawah Village, Rumpin District, Bogor Regency, West Java which is geographically located at 106° 38' 15" East Longitude and 06° 27' 23.0754"South Latitude.RW 03 was chosen as the research location because the location of the resident's settlements is right on the edge of the Cipinang River.The data collection was carried out in April and June 2021.

Data collection
The data were obtained through interviews with 58 respondents that guided by a questionnaire.Respondents were determined by random sampling method, a sampling technique that all members of the population have the same opportunity to be selected.Respondents are housewives whom have a role in handling domestic waste every day.The questionnaire consists of several parts and used likert score to assess the respondent's answer.Scores are determined for each question in each section, namely 1 for the answer that doesn't meet the assessment criteria, 3 for the answer that quite meet the assessment criteria, and 5 for the answer that meet the assessment criteria.Likert scores were used to quantify qualitative answers.The independent variables that used likert scores are the level of knowledge, demeanor, habits and awareness, and the accessibility of the facilities.

Data analysis 2.3.1. Multiple linier regression
Multiple linear regression is a statistical analysis that used to examine the effect of more than one independent variable on one dependent variable.The relationship that occurs between the dependent variable and each independent variable is assumed to be linear, in the form of a straight line.Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the factors that significantly affect the respondent's domestic waste production.Multiple linear regression method is conveyed in the general formula [5].The logistic regression model is formed by expressing the value of E (Y=1|x) as (x) with the following notation [6]. Notes: A linear function can be found by performing a logit transformation, assuming in general if a variable having a nominal or ordinal scale has p possible values, then a dummy variable p-1 is needed.The logit transformation can be expressed as follows π(x).
Notes: n = number of independent variables pj-1 = dummy variable X1 = education level X2 = amount of family members X3 = knowledge level X4 = demeanor X5 = habits and awareness X6 = accessibility of the facilities X7 = interval of the house to the river

Factors that affect the domestic waste production
The results of multiple linear regression show the significant factors that influence the respondent's waste production at 5% of significance level is the amount of family members, level of knowledge, demeanor, and also habits and awareness of the respondents.5.If the value of the habit and awareness variable = 1, assuming other variables are fixed or 0, then the respondent's habits and awareness contribute to reducing the daily household plastic waste production by 292.849 grams.
The amount of family members is linear with the production of domestic waste.The more family members in one house, increase the domestic waste production due to the greater accumulation of family member's consumption needs.Macroplastics in watersheds are closely related to the increation of domestic activities and not being balanced by an adequate waste management system [7].
The community's perception and behavior of disposing domestic waste is related to community's literacy.People who are literate tend to have more perceptions in protecting the environment [3].People are less educated about how to reduce and handle domestic waste.Knowledge is a very important factor in taking an action.Knowledge about the negative impact of waste for the environment, especially the aquatic environment and domestic waste management techniques must be given to the community.The use of plastic and household consumption activities will always occur in daily.
Demeanor is also one of the factors that influence behavior, one of which is the behavior in disposing waste material.Demeanor or attitude is a predisposition to act and behave [8].People are less concerned about the impact of waste on the environment, it makes people tend to produce waste without considering the impact to the environment.Habits and awareness are internal factors that can influence people's behavior.Self-awareness is the ability to recognize feelings and reasons to feel the feelings that contained in the individual person.Self-awareness is the foundation of any emotional intelligence.It is the first step in understanding yourself and making behavior changes [9].

Factors that influence domestic behavior in throwing waste into the rivers
The significant factor that influence the tendency of community's behavior to throw garbage into the river was seen from the p-value of the variable from the results of binary logistic regression.The calculations seen from value of the Wald test and the likelihood ratio on the Table 2.The results indicate that the significant factor to influence the behavioral tendency of community to throw domestic plastic waste into the river was the interval of the respondent's house to the river.It was known from the p-value that was 0.011 which less of the used significance level (α = 0.05).Based on the results of binary logistic regression that showed in the Table 2, the following equation can be formed.π(x)= e (-13,127 + 0, 016X 7 )   1+ e (-13,127 + 0,016X 7 ) + ε The equation is then simplified into the following equation: The community's behavior in throwing domestic waste into the river is influenced by the interval of the respondent's house to the river.The farther the respondent's house is to the river, the more likely the respondent will not throw garbage into the river.RT 06 is located far from the river, so community in RT 06 prefer to burn garbage next to their house rather than throw garbage into the river.RT 01 which is located right by the river chooses to throw garbage into the river because it is considered more practical, closer, and easier [10].
People prefer to throw garbage into the river instead of managing domestic waste because that is the easiest thing to do.In addition, some housewives also said that the waste production depends on the income of the head of the family.The more income, the greater ability to buy food and more waste are going to generate.Garbage is still considered as something that has no economic value, so people are still indifferent to do waste management [3].
During rainy season, the river flow rate rises.The waste that was dumped into the temporary landfill is washed away, following the flow of the river.In addition to the unavailability of laystall in each RT, the janitors who transport waste from the Bogor Regency Environmental Service do not transport the waste from RW 03, so 25% of respondents recommend that domestic waste can be transported by janitors every day.Domestic waste from RW 03 is not transported by the janitors from Bogor Regency Environmental Service because the access to the residential area of RW 03 cannot be passed by the garbage truck.19% of respondents stated that people's behavior in throwing garbage into the river has become a habit, so it is difficult to change.

The impact of plastic waste on the environment and aquatic biota
The dumped domestic waste into the rivers with the factors that previously discussed, pollute waters.River is aquatic ecosystems that play an important role in the hydrological cycle and become water catchment areas.So that river conditions are influenced by the environment around the river [11].
Indonesia is the second largest waste contributor in the world [12].Communities along the river are less concerned about the impact of waste on the environment.Plastic waste that is thrown into the river will end up in the sea and become marine waste.The waste that accumulates in aquatic ecosystems can reduce the physical quality of habitats, contain chemical pollutants, and threaten the life of aquatic biota.Microorganisms cannot biodegrade plastic waste and plastic will be oxidized internally by the exposure of ultraviolet radiation.The chemical characteristics of plastics can significantly increase water pollution due to their degradation process [13].
The abundance of macroplastics is the result of the population activities that are not accompanied by an adequate waste management system.The increasing population causes an increase in the volume of waste generation, it is causes water fertility decreation [14].Plastic is an applicable material in various aspects of life.The plastic decomposition process takes hundreds of years to degrade into microplastics.Microplastics are 1-5 mm in size, so that they can be consumed by aquatic biota and accumulate into the human body as the top predators through the food chain pyramid [12].
Plastic waste that carried by the rivers are irrelevant to the administrative boundaries.Plastic waste management must be an integrated approach from upstream to downstream.People still throw their domestic waste into the river because they feel it is more practical and close from their house.

Domestic waste management advice
The suggestions for household waste management must involve active participation of the community in accordance with the [15], which focuses on two things, namely waste reduction and handling.Every citizen has the right to receive services, participate in decision making, implementation, and supervision, as well as receive guidance to be able to manage waste properly with environmental insight from the government.Every citizen is also obliged to reduce and handle waste in an environmentally manner.The community can play a role in waste management, namely providing suggestions, considerations, and recommendations to the government and/or local government; formulation of waste management policies; and/or providing suggestions and opinions in the settlement of waste disputes [15].Based on the results of the observations and interviews that conducted in the field, here are some suggestions for household waste management that can be applied to the community of RW 03 Kampungsawah Village.The 3R principle (reduce, reuse, and recycle) considered as an appropriate and effective way in reducing waste generation.3R guidance is intended for anyone in charge of managing domestic waste, the majority are housewives [16].Lu and Sidortsov [17] said that there are two factors that can influence the behavior of residents in sorting waste before it is disposed of, an appeal from community volunteers who care about the environment and encouragement from peers.The role of local community and a proactive demeanor among residents are needed to be able to manage household waste properly in RW 03, Kampungsawah Village.
The role of community leaders and religious leaders is needed to oversee and pioneer household waste management activities.Community leaders and religious leaders are respected figures, their words and actions are role models for the community.This can facilitate household waste management actions that are being planned and implemented.The role of community leaders and religious leaders is the key in every activity that requires an active community role.
The majority of respondents suggested to build a laystall in each RT.Procurement of laystall in every RT must still be carried out even though residents prefer to throw garbage into the river.The accessibility of facilities is not a significant factor affecting production and the community's tendency to throw garbage into rivers, but the addition and improvement of waste disposal facilities is deemed necessary by the community.Waste which enters the river is found lighter in the environment or in locations that have been equipped with waste management facilities such as temporary landfill.

Conclusion
The production of domestic waste in RW 03 Kampungsawah Village, Rumpin District, Bogor Regency was influenced by the amount of family members in one house, level of knowledge, demeanor, and also habits and awareness.The community's behavior tendency to throw garbage into the river was influenced by the interval of the respondent's house to the river.Based on the regression methods used, the combination of factors that determine the amount of waste production of each household is different.The complex and comprehensive policies and management are needed, which may differ in each residential area.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of the research study.
of the behavior of throwing plastic waste into the river X7 = Interval from the house to the river ε = Error

Table 1 .
Multiple linear regression result *Significant at 5% significance levelBased on the results of multiple linear regression, the following equation can be formed.Y =

Table 2 .
Binary logistic regression result *Significant at 5% significance level

Table 3 .
Household waste management advice