Link between shark and human in Tanjung Luar, East Lombok Regency, Indonesia

The relationship between humans and sharks has existed for a long time, especially in shark utilization. Tanjung Luar is the largest shark and ray fishery in West Nusa Tenggara. The community’s dependence on shark and ray resources is very high in this location. This study aims to look closely at the performance of shark target fishing and utilization and to measure the acceptance of shark fishers to regulation. Data were collected in November 2021 using questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and snowball techniques. There were 15 respondents: eight fishers who caught sharks, three collectors that bought whole sharks directly from the fishers, and four processors who processed shark bodies into products. The results showed that the most extensive fishing grounds were the Southern Nusa Tenggara (60%), followed by Kangean (20%), Sulawesi (13%, and Savu Sea (7%).) The fishing gear used is drift longlines, with an average fishing duration of 15 days. The largest catch is usually obtained from June to September. There are 21 shark-targeting vessels, five collectors, and several shark body processors. Sharks provide a protein source and livelihood. This study revealed the history behind shark fishing by Tanjung Luar community, shark utilizations and fishers’ responses to the local government regulation on shark fishing management.


Introduction
One hundred and sixteen species of sharks live in Indonesian waters [1], some of which have high economic value, both in national and international markets.According to FAO, Indonesia is the 3rd largest exporter of shark fin and meat in the world.From 2000 to 2012, Indonesia exported over 1,200 tonnes of shark fins [2].The requiem shark group (Carcharhinidae) is the most traded shark species, contributing to up to 40% of Indonesia's annual shark catch [3].
Shark fishing in Indonesia has existed since the 1970s when sharks were caught as by-catches from the tuna fishery [4].Furthermore, sharks have become a target since the price of shark fin increased in the international market in 1988, especially in artisanal fisheries [4,5].Initially, only shark fins were traded, while other body parts were discarded [4].However, today local people use almost all parts of their bodies to be processed into products [4,5,6,7,8,9].
Tanjung Luar is the largest shark and ray fishery in West Nusa Tenggara [5,10,11,12,13].Shark fishing in Tanjung Luar Village was suspected to begin in 1920 when the Bajo tribe from South Sulawesi settled in this village.Fishing activities have been passed down from generation to generation and are still being carried out today.This situation certainly creates pressure on the shark resource itself.Therefore, various sharks-related studies have been carried out in Tanjung Luar (Table 1).Data 1260 (2023) 012041 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1260/1/012041 2 collection on sharks landed at Tanjung Luar Fish Landing Port has been carried out recently [11,12,13].Furthermore, in 2020 the Governor of West Nusa Tenggara has been issued a Regulation on the Action Plan for Sustainable Shark and Ray Fisheries Management for West Nusa Tenggara Province 2020-2025 to anticipate concerns about the decline in shark and ray populations.Socio-cultural issues in implementing regulations on the protection of shark species as a derivative of the Nagoya Protocol rules Nurlaili [25] 14 Sex ratio, length-weight relationship and reproductive size of Hexanchus spp.
Sentosa [26] 15 The sustainability of elasmobranch fisheries Wahyudin et al. [27] 16 Socio-ecological perspective on shark fishing Triyono et al. [28] On the other hand, the Tanjung Luar community's dependence on shark and ray resources is very high [25] Therefore, it is necessary to know how close the link between sharks and the community in Tanjung Luar Village is.This study aims to determine this link by looking closely at the performance of shark fishing, utilization and measuring the acceptance of shark fishers to the Regulation of the Governor of West Nusa Tenggara Number 55 of 2020.

Study site
This study was conducted in November 2021 at Tanjung Luar Village (Figure 1).Tanjung Luar is one of the coastal villages in Keruak District, East Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia.

Data collection
Data were collected using in-depth interviews and snowball sampling techniques.Fifteen respondents were chosen, i.e., shark fishers, shark fin collectors, and processors.An interview guide was used to get deep information on the following aspects: 1) shark fishery (fishing grounds, seasons, gears, and fleets); 2) shark utilization (meat and oil processing) and 3) shark regulation (understanding of the existing regulation on shark fishery).The snowball technique [29] was used to track the fishers, collectors, and processors of meat and oil.The collected data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel, presented in tables, figures, or graphs, and discussed descriptively.

Shark fishing practice
Tanjung Luar is one of coastal villages in Keruak District, East Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province.Most area of this village is low land with an elevation between 1-1.5 m above the sea surface.The annual rainfall ranges between 1000 -2000 mm, with temperatures averaging 31 o C. The total area of this village is 106.985ha, consisting of seven subregions, i.e., Toroh Selatan; Toroh Tengah; Kampung Tengah; Kampung Koko; Kampung Muhajirin; Kampung Baru Selatan dan Kampung Baru.The distance from the village office to the sub-district center is about 5 km, to the regency center is 18 km, and to the province's center is about 57 km [30].
Tanjung Luar Village is inhabited by 8,612 people, consisting of 4,347 men and 4,265 women [30].The people are heterogenous, including locals (Sasak tribe) and non-locals from different areas, including South Sulawesi and Madura.They have lived in the village for generations.Some people work as fishers, with salient commodities including squid, sardine, mackerel tuna, skipjack tuna, shark, and aquaculture products, i.e., lobster and seaweed [30].
Interviews with fishers revealed that 21 fishing vessels targeting sharks in Tanjung Luar still operate routinely.All eight respondents said they had caught sharks for more than ten years (10-34 years), and even two respondents started being fishers when they were 9 and 14 years old.Almost all respondents agree that catching sharks is the main livelihood that supports their families.This job is usually inherited from their parents.The high market demand for shark fins leads them to maintain this job.
The fishing grounds for sharks are southern East Nusa Tenggara (60%), Kangean Waters (20%), Sulawesi Waters (13%), and Savu Sea (7%).Only small portions of fishing vessels operate in Lombok waters (around Blongas).Fishers prefer to fish in southern Nusa Tenggara waters are: 1) the sharks in Flores sea have larger sizes on average, and 2) vessels operating in this area are not as many as in Sulawesi waters so that they may obtain more catch.Before making a fishing trip, shark fishers are obliged to have some papers at hand.These include the Fishing Eligibility Letter (SLO) and Sailing Approval Letter (SPB), which should be managed in the harbor master at Labuhan Lombok.If the vessel enters the waters of another province, it must have an Andon Fishing Letter issued by the associated province.The vessels targeting sharks have a capacity of >10 GT.One vessel contains 4-5 fishers, including one captain and 3-4 crews.The fishing trip lasts between 15-20 days.
The fishing gears used are drift longlines.The length of the drift longline is around 7 km, equipped with a flag for each km.The maximum number of hooks is 500, with the distance between two hooks 30-35 m.The hooks are positioned at 20-meter depth.Five of all 500 hooks usually successfully catch sharks with an average weight of around 50 kg.The highest catch is generally obtained from June to September, and the catches are all sold to shark collectors at Tanjung Luar Fish Landing Port.The fishing activity of sharks is summarized in Figure 2. The operational cost for one fishing trip is between IDR 15,000,000 -20,000,000, including managing the necessary papers.The vessel owner bears that cost.Meanwhile, the revenue is between IDR 20,000,000 -100,000,000, making the profit between IDR 5,000,000 -80,000,000.This profit is shared between vessel owners and fishers.The interviews revealed two systems of profit sharing systems, i.e., divided-by-two and divided-by-three sharing systems (Figure 2).In a divided-by-two system, the profit is divided into two parts, 50% for the vessel owner and 50% for fishers (the captain and crews) involved in the fishing trip.Of that 50% for fishers, the captain and ordinary crews get different portions.The captain receives double the share of a regular crew.So, if there are four fishers (1 captain and 3 crews), the part for fishers is divided into five, with the captain getting 20% and each crew getting 10% part.If the captain is the vessel owner, he also gets his portion as the vessel owner and captain.Therefore, in the scenario of four fishers, the captain receives 70%, and each crew gets 10% of the profit for that trip.In a divided-by-three system, the vessel owner gets two parts (66%) of the profit, and another part (34%) is distributed to the fishers joining the trip.Each fisher receives an equal share, similar to the divided-by-two system.However, in this system, if the captain is the vessel owner, usually, he will not get the share as the captain but only as the vessel owner.His share as the captain will be distributed to the crews.The divided-by-three system is more common in Tanjung Luar.As soon as the vessel harbors at the fishing port, transport workers bring the captured sharks to the fish auction place (TPI).A transport worker is paid IDR 5,000 per shark individual.After that, the vessel is cleaned up by Pengoros.Besides cleaning the vessel, Pengoros also load and unload the fuel to and from the vessel and do docking.Docking is usually conducted from December to February when fishing intensity decreases significantly due to weather conditions.For all his jobs, the pengoros is paid 5% of the raw revenue from one shark fishing trip.

Shark utilization
At Tanjung Luar, there are five shark collectors, four actively doing business (Figure 4).A collector buys the sharks that landed at TPI Tanjung Luar (in the form of whole sharks) before the sharks are processed into products.The shark collectors in Tanjung Luar have worked for 10-29 years.This job is hereditary and has become the main livelihood that supports their family lives.A shark collector buys whole sharks (all body parts are still complete) in bulk or per individual.The price of sharks in bulk depends on the number and size, while the price per individual ranges between IDR 500,000 -600,000.At TPI Tanjung Luar, the whole sharks are cut and chopped with fin, and other body parts are separated.The main body part pursued by shark collectors is the shark fin, the most expensive part of the shark body.The fins are then dried by shark collectors and sold to Medan and Surabaya.A shark collector can sell from 50 to 200 kg of shark fins monthly.The biggest sale of shark fins usually occurs from August to October.The remaining body parts of sharks (excluding the fins) are then sold at TPI to shark processors.
The interview results with the shark collectors revealed that they object to the new regulation about the obligation to pay for non-tax state income (PNBP) concerning the shark catch.The results of our interviews with collectors obtained information that they objected to the existing PNBP system.According to the system, the costs incurred depend on the type of shark and which part of the fins are traded.For example, the tariff for the dorsal fin differs from the caudal fin, and the rate for the CITES appendix shark is the same as that for the non-CITES appendix, so the collectors think the costs will increase.
Interviews were also conducted with three shark meat processors, one at Dusun Batu Rimpang (Tanjung Luar Village) and another two at Dusun Kampung Tengah (Rumbuk Village), as well as a shark oil maker at Kampung Koko (Tanjung Luar Village).Shark processors have done their jobs for more than ten years.These jobs are also hereditary and act as their main livelihoods for them.Meat processors get the shark meat from shark collectors at TPI Tanjung Luar.Few meat processors usually buy shark meat collectively, around IDR20,000/kg.They also pay for other costs, e.g., wages of fish butchers and transporters that bring the meat to the processing place.Those meat processors bear all these expenses together.As soon as the meat arrives at the processing place (usually a house or particular building), shark meat will be chopped into pieces of large size (100 grams) or small size (50 grams).Then, the meat pieces are rinsed with fresh water and skewered using bamboo skewers.The skewered meat is then grilled above the coal for about 5 minutes.After that, the processed meats are ready to market.The smoked shark meat's price is IDR 10,000 for six skewers (small size) and three skewers (large size).
Interviews with the large-scale meat processor reveal that they employ eight workers, generally close relatives or neighbors.They buy bamboo, coals, and coconut fruit skins during meat processing.In largescale meat processing, particular sellers usually pick up and distribute the products at traditional markets.Small-scale meat processors usually employ only two workers and use corn cobs to replace coals.The smoked meat products (both from large-scale and small-scale industries) are sold to market around Aimel, Labuhan Lombok, Praya, Mujur, Keruak, Sakra, Jeluju, and Pemotong.Table 2 shows the cost and benefits of one cycle of shark meat processing.Source: Interview, 2021 In addition to shark meat processing, the research team found a shark oil maker living at Dusun Koko, Tanjung Luar Village.The job as a shark oil processor is inherited from his parents and has been going on for 20 years.Unlike meat processors that rely on shark collectors, the shark oil maker catches deepwater sharks using a small boat with an attached engine.The shark caught is mainly from the genus Centrophorus, which has the best quality for making shark oil.The sharks are caught around East Lombok Waters daily using bottom longlines at 450 -500 m deep.Once enough sharks are collected, those sharks are gutted, the liver is taken, while the bile is removed.After that, the liver is washed and dried on a particular net under the sun (Figure 5).The oil generated is stored in a basin and then filtered.The oil produced is divided into two, i.e., best quality and medium quality.Best quality shark oil is highly transparent, obtained from the first until the fifth (sometimes until seven) drying.Medium-quality shark oil is darker from the following drying until the 20th.Sixteen individuals of sharks can produce 70 bottles of shark oil, with each bottle containing 500 ml of oil.In total, 35 liters of shark oil are generated from 16 deepwater sharks.The shark oil is sold to a collector for IDR200,000 per 140 ml of the best quality oil or one liter of medium quality oil.Besides smoked meat and oil, shark skin and viscera are also transformed into products.Skin is processed into crackers.The skins that have been washed are cooked for 5 minutes, cut into pieces, added with spices, and then dried.The price of a cracker is IDR300,000/kg.

Shark regulation awareness
The local regulation highlighted is the Regulation of West Nusa Tenggara Governor no.55/ of 2020 on the Management Action Plan of Sustainable Sharks and Rays Fisheries for 2020-2025.The interview results showed that fishers know this regulation very well.Fishers get information from fisheries officers, conservation agencies, and NGOs through intensive socialization and awareness programs or other fishers.Nevertheless, they said it is difficult to comply with some points in the regulations (Figure 6).

Discussion
The link between humans and sharks has lasted for a long time.At Tanjung Luar, this link is believed to have occurred since the arrival of Bajo people living and inhabiting the village.In this study, the authors see this link from two aspects, i.e., sharks as the source of income for people and the fishers' knowledge of sharks.

Shark as a source of income
Shark fishing activities in Indonesia have a long history.Shark hunting in Indonesia started since the colonial era, with sharks and salted fish being exported.Shark hunting is driven by an effort to meet daily life [27].Fahmi & Dharmadi [4] stated that shark fisheries in Indonesia have been going on since the 1970s; at that time, sharks were by-catch from tuna longlines.This study found that the activities related to shark utilization at Tanjung Luar Lombok have been done for generations, which became the main livelihood supporting the family lives of fishers, collectors, and processors.They all have been in these jobs relatively long (>10-34 years).This situation implies a strong link or dependence between the three utilizers (fishers, collectors, and processors) with shark resources during this long period.On the other hand, processed products, mainly smoked shark meat, have a large distribution from East Lombok to Middle Lombok Regencies.It means many people in Lombok consume smoked sharks.This situation might be addressed by the relatively low price of smoked shark (Table 2), so lower-income people can afford it to fulfill the need for animal protein.Shark utilization in the form of smoked and fresh meat is also found in some places in Indonesia, such as Muncar (East Java), Bali, Pangandaran (West Java), Kupang (East Nusa Tenggara) [6,7,8,9].Therefore, it can be concluded that sharks have a strong relationship with the community in Tanjung Luar regarding sources of income and protein.

Fisher's knowledge of sharks
Fishers' knowledge of fishing grounds and seasons indicates a link between sharks and humans.Tanjung Luar's fishers catch sharks in the southern waters of East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi waters, Kangean and Savu Sea.They routinely visit the places to catch sharks, which implies that they understand they will get them at those locations.Interviews revealed fishers know when sharks will appear and when they will not.Fishers' knowledge of fishing grounds and seasons creates ecological knowledge, creating a strong relationship between sharks and humans.Table 3 shows the fishing grounds and seasons of sharks in Tanjung Luar.The points in the regulation the fishers can comply with are, for example, the restriction of the number of hooks in drift longlines (max 500 hooks) and the number of a trip in one year (max 30 trips per year).In contrast, some points are difficult to comply with, for example, the prohibition of catching pregnant female sharks and releasing them alive.Avoiding pregnant sharks from being caught is difficult because fishers cannot determine which shark individual to be caught.Releasing pregnant females back to sea is also difficult as the longlines are set for around eight hours, so at the time of hauling, the captured sharks are usually dead already, including the pregnant ones.Therefore, designing fishing gear for friendly and sustainable sharks and understanding the shark's critical habitats, including breeding and nursery grounds, are required in the future.

Conclusion
Sharks have provided people in Tanjung Luar with the main livelihood for a long time and have supported their families.Sharks are also a source of protein for the people of Tanjung Luar and Lombok Island in general.Shark fishers are already aware of shark regulations.They accept the rule, but some items take more work to implement in the field.Our study concludes that the relationship between sharks and humans in Tanjung Luar Village has been going on for a long time, and there is a strong relationship between them.

Author statement
Nurul Dhewani Mirah Sjafrie was the main contributor, while Selvia Oktaviyani, Wanwan Kurniawan and Fahmi contributed as the associate contributors.All authors approved the final manuscript.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Sampling site of Tanjung Luar Fish Landing Port, West Nusa Tenggara.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Profit sharing system of shark fishing in Tanjung Luar.

Table 1 .
Several studies related to sharks have been carried out in Tanjung Luar.

Table 2 .
Cost and benefits from smoked shark processing.

Table 3 .
Fishing grounds and seasons of sharks by fishers in Tanjung Luar.Concerns about the decline of shark and ray populations at Tanjung Luar were answered by the provincial government of West Nusa Tenggara by issuing Governor's Regulation of West Nusa Tenggara no.55 of 2020 on Management Action Plan of Sustainable Shark and Ray Fisheries.The interviews found that all respondents (shark fishers) know the regulation well and have good intentions to obey it.According to fishers, some points in the regulation can be complied with, yet others are difficult.