Formulating a revitalization strategy for a sustainable mangrove environment with natural and human resource management

Damage to mangrove areas in Sayung District in the 1980s due to the conversion of mangrove forests into tiger shrimp ponds had a long-term impact. The problems that trigger the destruction of mangrove ecosystems are the loss of natural landscapes due to abrasion, accretion, and tidal flooding, as well as human, economic, and development activities. In recent years, the improper management of natural resources has begun to be realized, not only by local governments and stakeholders but also by the active awareness of the community. This study aims to develop a strategy for revitalizing the management and sustainability of mangrove ecosystem resources through a socio-ecological approach. The location selection method used a purposive method, while the sample selection used a simple random sampling method. Researchers using SWOT analysis will determine the formulation of the revitalization strategy. The cross-tabulation between internal and external factors results in aggressive strategic decisions and the horizontal integration of growth. The formulation of the revitalization strategy includes 1) The establishment of ecotourism and mangrove forest educational tourism; 2) the establishment of craft centers based on sustainable mangrove resources; 3) exhibition slots created by the community surrounding the mangrove ecosystem; 4) Natural product consumption in the private sector; 5) Ongoing promotion of coastal and river clean-ups in conjunction with community empowerment; 6) Seeds for pond fish, mini crabs, seaweed, and other aquatic life are available. 7) Traditional medicine based on mangrove germplasm; 8) Product marketing digitization to increase selling price and bargaining position; 9) Training in essential mangrove restoration; 10) Conservation and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems; 11) Tour guide training and modern education-promotion for the younger generation; 12) A labor-intensive program for the development and improvement of facilities and infrastructure; 13) Silvofishery training and implementation; 14) The establishment of a downstream business center and the incubation of the derivative service sector; 15) The formation of hygiene awareness groups and waste banks, as well as 16) Advanced training for unemployed human resources.


Introduction
Abrasion, accretion, and tidal flooding, as well as human, economic, and development activities, are the problems that trigger the damage to mangrove areas in Sayung District, Demak Regency [1].Natural factors have succeeded in influencing changes in coastal coastlines through hydro-oceanic sea processes such as waves, current patterns, tides, and climate change [2].The damage to mangrove forests has led to severe abrasion and accretion in coastal areas, resulting in significant yearly shoreline changes [3].Rising sea levels due to climate change also cause abrasion in Sayung [4].Erosion in the coastal area of Sayung due to sea waves causes sediment and organic material deposition on the edge and coast [5].Not only that deposition, but inland water currents such as those from rivers also carry sediment, or researchers know this result as "accretion" [6].The tidal flood causes waterlogging and human settlements, which causes much erosion [7].
In the 1980s, the conversion activities of the mangrove ecosystem for economic purposes by the community, such as for tiger shrimp ponds, settlements, and drying marine aquaculture, had a negative impact in the form of environmental damage to the mangrove ecosystem, even in the long term [8].Nevertheless, on the other hand, it causes ecological damage to the mangrove ecosystem for a long time [9].The conversion of mangrove land by the community, disturbing the flow of sedimentary material, and sand mining also trigger changes in current and wave patterns [10].Indonesia's Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries found from satellite photos between 2009 and 2014 that 2,116 hectares of Sayung's land were eroding and shrinking [11].Other data also states that Demak has experienced a coastline retreat of up to 30.4 kilometers [5].In addition, 640 hectares of fishpond land, a sector of the community's economy, has been damaged or even lost [12].The Demak-Semarang industrial region is expanding and reclaiming, worsening erosion and turning the coast into a 2 km bay [13].
The management of the Sayung mangrove ecosystem has many problems that require solutions, ranging from social, economic, environmental, and institutional.Coastal characteristics generally have a close ecological relationship between the ocean and land.They can provide high productivity potential due to the benefits of natural resources and environmental services from land and sea, particularly mangrove areas [14; 15].The loss of natural landscapes due to natural, community, and development activities that ignore the sustainability principles that have occurred in recent years is starting to be realized by all stakeholders.Not only local governments and stakeholders but public awareness is starting to build.
Revitalization or activities to revive the importance of mangrove ecosystems are one way to solve social, economic, and environmental problems through institutional cooperation faced by the Sayung area [16].The revitalization approach to the importance of sustainable mangrove forests needs to pay attention to several factors, such as a) the characteristics of natural resources, b) bioecology, c) human resources, d) economic conditions, and e) socio-cultural conditions of the surrounding community [17].Through this article, researchers hope to contribute originality to formulating a revitalization strategy for sustainable mangrove ecosystem resource management.

Methodology
Researchers used descriptive analytical methods and case studies to explain problem-solving systematically, facts, and facts [18].The researcher used a purposive method to determine the research location in Sayung District, Demak Regency, Central Java.The determination of respondents using two methods: a) The first method is quota sampling, where the people of Sayung District are 50, and the stakeholders are 20 (sub-district government, environmental service, agriculture office, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector); and b) The second method is simple random sampling to determine respondents from residents of the Sayung sub-district.People who live on the coast of Sayung District and often use and benefit from the mangrove ecosystem are the focus of the research.
Researchers use a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges) to formulate a strategy for revitalizing sustainable mangrove ecosystem resource management.In the first stage, researchers develop a revitalization strategy with crucial respondents and then acquire internal and external factors to create a SWOT matrix.The second stage is to survey with a questionnaire guide to determine the weight and rating of each internal and external factor in the revitalization effort.This study's data processing and analysis methods compile a list of internal (Internal Factor Evaluation/IFE) and external (External Factor Evaluation/EFE) evaluation factors.

Result and discussion
The mangrove forest is one of the main coastal ecosystems in Sayung District, which is very sensitive and vulnerable to environmental changes.Nevertheless, on the other hand, if they can grow well, mangrove forests can provide benefits as a source of food, firewood, building wood, and other products.Mangrove forests also have essential functions as sediment catchers, surface runoff filters, coastal protection from waves, habitats for various organisms, and breeding grounds for aquatic organisms.Given the benefits of mangrove forests for social, economic, and environmental life, revitalization is essential with the intention that management can run sustainably.Through the SWOT analysis, internal and external factors could be used to make a plan for reviving the mangrove ecosystem resources in Sayung District, Demak Regency.(2.22), more significant than weakness, shows the population's 4 ability to overcome shortcomings (0.67).The community is optimistically utilizing its strengths to revitalize the mangrove ecosystem around the environment optimally.Meanwhile, the EFE value of opportunity (2.17) is greater than the EFE of threat (0.88), meaning that the community sees positive opportunities to overcome threats.Before compiling the matrix space, the researcher performs a reduction or subtraction between the IFAS and EFAS values.The IFAS value is the total score of the strength factor (2.22) minus the total score of the weakness factor (0.67), amounting to 1.55.The EFAS value, namely the number of opportunity factor scores (2.17) minus the total threat factor scores (0.88), amounted to 1.29.The matrix in Figure 1 illustrates the planning and strategy in decision-making.IFAS and EFAS spatial matrices can indicate mangrove ecosystem restoration in Sayung District using the Aggressive Strategy.It is in quadrant I, which means that the community can best use its strengths to take advantage of opportunities that come from outside sources.

Identification of evaluation of internal and external factors
The matrix in Figure 2 further emphasizes how to choose a strategy for revitalizing the mangrove ecosystem in Sayung District.The total score of IFE (2.89) and EFE (3.05) resulted in a meeting point in Quadrant II, which means growing with horizontal integration.Community empowerment in Sayung District is the key to successfully implementing the mangrove ecosystem revitalization strategy.Expanding mangroves for rehabilitation and conservation improves community welfare.After seeing the results of the two matrices, the researcher combines aggressive and horizontal integration growth strategies.To keep the mangrove ecosystem in Sayung District healthy, the community and all interested stakeholders must work together on the system.

Strenght-Opportunity strategy
Maximizing the strength of mangrove ecosystem biodiversity and its role in supporting environmental sustainability is an effort to create opportunities (Table 2).SO's first strategy is to open ecotourism and educational tourism in mangrove forests [19].The second SO strategy, the collaboration between stakeholders (government, private sector, NGOs, and academics), is to facilitate the establishment of non-timber-based craft centers.The following products are handicrafts that have the opportunity to grow: a) dried mangrove leaves are capable of producing handicrafts; b) grated mangrove fruit of the Sonneratia alba species is an ingredient in the production of soap and cake flour; c) Bruguera gymnorrhiza mangrove fruit is the material for chips production [20]; d) Avicennia spp mangrove fruit is the raw material for cendol [21]; and e) Interestingly, Rhizophora mangrove fruit is the raw material for making coffee with a mixture of jackfruit which is capable of producing fabric dyes [22].The third SO strategy is the opportunity for various kinds of products that the community can produce.The local or central government can provide exhibition slots to promote the community's work.The constant promotion has hope for increasing the community's welfare.In the fourth SO strategy, the private sector can absorb the handicrafts and food products of the Sayung community through intensive promotion.The market and the private sector can help improve community welfare and protect the environment by making it easier for products from mangrove ecosystems to move through the downstream process.

Strenght-Threats strategy
Cooperation with stakeholders for a strategy to revitalize the mangrove ecosystem is a way to deal with the threat of environmental damage due to climate change, tidal flooding, abrasion, sedimentation, and accretion.The first ST strategy is that the local government and stakeholders promote the coastal and river clean-up movement (Table 3).This campaign encourages the Sayung District community and aims to accelerate rehabilitation and conservation while increasing the mangrove habitat.The expansion of the mangrove ecosystem positively impacts the environment, such as through the development of fish, IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1260/1/0120386 crabs, shrimp, and various fauna in the mangrove forest.Mangrove forests can increase fishermen's catches and become a source of mangrove crab seeds that can provide sustainable benefits.In the second ST strategy, the KKP and the local government help provide seeds of aquaculture fish, mini crabs, seaweed, and others so that ecological and economical activities in Sayung District go hand in hand.The community maintains sustainability in line with the sustainability of the family economy.The third ST strategy is women's empowerment.This empowerment has the aim of utilizing germplasm in the mangrove ecosystem.Flowers from the mangrove species Rhizopora apiculata, Sonneratia alba J., and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Lam are raw materials for traditional skin diseases [23].The bark of the mangrove species Rhizophora spp is the raw material for toothache and malaria medicine [24].Meanwhile, the young roots of the three types of mangroves are also helpful as toothache medicine and as a diarrhea cure [25].Of course, women's groups quickly access these ingredients, and this herbal or natural treatment tends to have no side effects.The fourth ST strategy is to digitalize how to market community handicraft products with raw materials sourced from resources in the mangrove ecosystem.
The key to getting past the threat of low selling prices is the active participation of the younger generation, which has access to new technology and digital skills.Digitalizing marketing aims to shorten the chain so that producers get a more significant share of the prices they set.At the same time, the goal is to give producers more power in negotiations.

Weakness-Opportunity Strategy
The first WO strategy is to conduct basic-level training such as forming local communities, reporting ecosystem changes, increasing conservation competence, and simple conservation (Table 4).The local community can have a canopy and monitor and evaluate marine mangroves to collaborate with stakeholders so that communication and coordination lines are open.The second WO strategy is to conduct training on the conservation and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems targeting the younger generation to encourage a high sense of love and enthusiasm.The younger generation, as agents of change, has the potential to overcome the threat of environmental damage in the long term through changes in the behavior of a culture of conservation and sustainable rehabilitation.
The third WO strategy is to conduct tour guide training in mangrove ecosystems, in line with the plan to expand ecotourism.Understanding the results of the training and learning ecology will raise awareness for young people to care for and take part in a role.Young people can also promote modern education through creative content to promote ecotourism sites, environmental conservation activities (conservation and rehabilitation), and nature-care villages.The fourth WO strategy, in line with the development of tourist visits, can help develop and improve supporting facilities and infrastructure through labor-intensive programs.For an aggressive plan to accelerate conservation and rehabilitation in regions, the construction of infrastructure and facilities related to attractions, amenities, accessibility, and ancillary uses is essential.

Weakness-Threats strategy
The first WT strategy is to conduct silvofishery training and practice by planting Rhizopora mucronata mangroves on the edge of ponds or utilizing sewers.In this case, a mangrove ecosystem requires a special utilization zone for silvofishery activities.So that this zone can continuously provide income to farmers around the area.On the other hand, it does not damage the ecosystem itself.Silvofishery has many advantages for sustainability and biodiversity, such as increasing production per unit area and wild shrimp catches because mangroves provide food.Mangroves also function as biofilter centers to reduce harmful contamination for fish farming.The first WT strategy is to undertake silvofishery instruction and practice by planting Rhizopora mucronata mangroves or exploiting sewers [26].The second WT strategy is to establish a business hub downstream that is not limited to handicrafts, souvenirs, and foods but also incubates lodging services, photography, certified training centers, and even the emergence of environmentally friendly aquaculture workshops.For this downstream business center to grow, academics and professionals need to become sources of knowledge and technology.The third WT strategy relates to the initiation and incubation of the establishment of an environmentally conscious organization through a waste bank.Apart from playing an active role in absorbing household waste products, the waste bank's purpose is also to reduce environmental pollution.Community empowerment engaging women and the younger generation aims to boost trash bank revenue [27].The fourth WT strategy is to increase the competence and abilities of the community's human resources, particularly unemployed individuals, through advanced training [28].The next step is to go through the next advanced training.Advanced materials include marketing of objects, community activities, and environmentally friendly mangrove-based cultural activities.Also, the option to get funding from the government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and donor agencies, as well as from domestic and international private CSR, can be an excellent way to get the money that will last.

Conclusion
Develop a strategy to revitalize the management of sustainable mangrove ecosystem resources with aggressive strategies and grow with horizontal integration by the people of Sayung District through several ways, namely: 1) The establishment of ecotourism and mangrove forest educational tourism; 2) the establishment of craft centers based on sustainable mangrove resources, and 3) exhibition slots created by the community surrounding the mangrove ecosystem.4) Natural product consumption in the private sector; 5) Ongoing promotion of coastal and river clean-ups in conjunction with community empowerment; 6) Seeds for pond fish, mini crabs, seaweed, and other aquatic life are available.

7 )
Traditional medicine based on mangrove germplasm; 8) Product marketing digitization to increase selling price and bargaining position; 9) Training in essential mangrove restoration; 10) Conservation and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems; 11) Tour guide training and modern education-promotion for the younger generation; 12) A labor-intensive program for the development and improvement of facilities and infrastructure; 13) Silvofishery training and implementation; 14) The establishment of a downstream business center and the incubation of the derivative service sector; 15) The formation of hygiene awareness groups and waste banks, as well as 16) Advanced training for unemployed human resources.

Table 1 .
Internal and external factor evaluation weights, ratings, and scores.
Source: Data processing; Note: W= Weight; R= Rating, and S= Score Examining Table1reveals that the people of Sayung District have sufficient strength to overcome their weaknesses.The total strength score
SO2 Establishment of craft centers based on sustainable mangrove resources SO3 Exhibition slots made by the community around the mangrove ecosystem SO4 Absorption of natural products by the private sector Source: Data processing