Development of eel conservation strategy

Eel (Anguilla sp.) is one of the fish that is spread in the world into 18 types with the order Anguilliformes. Eel have a Catalan life cycle pattern which means to start living in the sea, then grow up in freshwater and return to the sea to spawn. Cimandiri River is one of the watersheds where there are many eel fish stocks and has the potential to meet the needs of eel fishing activities. Freshwater eel found in the Cimandiri River are dominated by Anguilla bicolor and Anguilla marmorata fish species. Glas eel activities in the Cimandiri River are quite massive because the high demand for enlargement companies can have an impact on the occurrence of overfishing at estuary. Community activities in agriculture both upstream and downstream can also have an impact on the sustainability of freshwater eel resources in the Cimandiri River. Sand mining carried out by the community for business and house construction as well as lack of awareness in the community can also have an impact on environmental damage. The government has imposed several rules in the management of freshwater eel in support of conservation efforts. As a form of efforts in the management of freshwater eel can be carried out, namely through an approach in realizing area management, preventing conflicts in resource utilization between sectors and environmental damage. This study aims to examine the management strategy of the eel fishing area in the Cimandiri River based on stadia. The research was conducted at the eel fishing site, both estuary, middle and upper reaches of the Cimandiri River. Data collection of respondents perpetrators of eel arrest activities and related stakeholders as key informants was carried out through in-depth interviews. The results showed that in the management of eel fish in the Cimandiri River has aggressive strategy that makes the best use of every opportunity that exists. Environmental management strategies in an effort to optimize the Cimandiri River include: making programs and policies to release (stocking) eel at least stadia yellow eel or adults for the sustainability of freshwater eel resources, increasing cooperation with the community to achieve the protection of freshwater eel habitats, and improving the quality of human resources in maintaining river sustainability.


Introduction
Eel fish (Anguilla sp) is one of the fish that is spread in the world into 18 types with the order Anguilliformes [1].There are 6 of them living in Indonesian waters, namely Anguilla bicolor, Anguilla borneensis, Anguilla celebesensis, Anguilla interioris, Anguilla marmorata, and Anguilla obscura [2].Eel fish is in great demand among East Asian countries.Indonesian eel products are one of the commodities in demand by the world.However, along with the high demand, there are also problems in 1260 (2023) 012029 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1260/1/012029 2 the management of eel in Indonesia.These problems include limited information and data.Data and information regarding the distribution of the eastern part of Indonesia.Another problem that often occurs is illegal use.Supervision of fish utilization in Indonesia is not optimal because the current regulations are still incomplete.The eel fish resources in stadia glass eel can only be obtained from nature and the low awareness and concern of the community on the issue of eel fish sustainability.Habitat destruction is also one of the problems in the management of eel fish.Sand and rock mining activities in rivers are also the cause of the degradation of eel fish habitat in Indonesia.Environmental damage if it continues to occur in the river will have an impact on the threat of extinction of eel fish [3].
The government made several rules in maintaining the preservation of eel fish in Indonesia.Rules in the form of limited protection based on a certain period of time and a certain size.The intended protection is in the form of a ban on the capture of glass eel for all species of eel fish (Anguilla spp.) in every dark month on the 27 th -28 th of hijria; Anguilla bicolor and Anguilla interioris adult at a weight of more than 2 kilograms cannot be captured all the time and Anguilla marmorata and Anguilla celebesensis adult at a weight more than 5 kilograms should not be caught all the time.
The management of eel fish is carried out not only by relying on the prohibition of government regulations, but also by completing the basic needs of information both from the ecological aspect (distribution habitat), biology (food, groeth, and reproduction), and social aspects [4].Management strategies for environmental sustainability should also determine ecological criteria by testing the water quality index [5].Rational eel management and comprehensive stakeholder involvement are expected to maintain the sustainability of eel fish resources so that the use of eel fisheries can be sustainable [6].This study aims to examine the strategy of managing eel fish resources in the Cimandiri River based on stadia.

Methodology
This research was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic in May-August 2020.The respondents taken were key repondents located on the Cimandiri river, Sukabumi Regency, West Java.Data collection was carried out by means of in-depth interviews with respondents through purposive sampling techniques and selected respondents were the perpetrators involved directly and understand the actibities of eel fisheries in Sukabumi Regency.
SWOT analysis is used to formulate policy strategies by maximizing strengths and opportunities, and simultaneously minimizing weakness and threats [7].The determination of river area management strategies in eel conservation in the Cimandiri River is intended to show potential strategies by combining internal and external factors (strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats) [8].The identified internal (IFAS) and external strategic factors (EFAS).EFAS factors are calculated based on the weight, rating, and score provisions of each factor [9].The stages carried out in the SWOT analysis are through data collection from interviews and direct observation [10], identification of problems from community and environmental conditions, and weighting which is done to problems that have been classified [11].Respondents who were involved in data collection through interviews were respondents who had an important influence in eel fishing activities and the management of the Cimandiri River.The respondent can be said to be a key respondent because it can represent the role of other subjects who were not made respondents.The respondents involved in this study, namely the Marine and Electricity Service of Sukabumi Regency, large-scale local collectors local collectors on a scale small, eel fishermen both the main fishermen of the eel and those who have side jobs, and fish anglers who are in the vicinity of the eel fishing grounds with adult stadia.
The determination of weight in this study was determined based on the results of interviews of key respondents to internal and external factors determining the strategy of managing eel fish resources.The weight assessment begins with each key respondent's view of each parameter in internal and external strategy factors.The assessment score uses the following numerical criteria (Table 1).Bad and has no linkages with stakeholders 1 After obtaining the score value from the key respondents against internal and external factors, it is then added up.Then it is added up based on internal factors and external factors.The weight of each parameter is determined from the result of the number of scores of key respondents divided by the total number of each factor, then the weight is obtained.This calculation is presented in the form of the following Table 2. Scale of values by degree of interrelationship (Table 10) Factors that can adversely affect river management Scale of values by degree of interrelationship (Table 10) The determination of ratings in the SWOT analysis is also calculated based on the priority urgency of handling internal and external factors.The scale of values in determining ratings is assessed with a score of 1 to 4, the following are presented criteria in determining rating scores (Table 3).After obtaining the score value from the key respondents against internal and external factors, it is then added up (a).Then the result is (a) divided by the number of strategy factors, such as for example internal strategy factors there are ten (10) factors.The rating obtained is the value of a divided by 10.This also applies to external strategy factors.Table 4 of rating determination is presented as follows.3) The SWOT matrix is created based on the multiplication of previously obtained weight and rating values.The following are presented the internal strategy factor and the external strategy factor.The score at each strategy factor determines the location of the quadrant position [12].The strategy of internal and external factors is then combined into a management strategy that can make strengths and opportunities the main management strategy and correct weaknesses and threats to sustainability of management.The SWOT matrix analysis scheme is described in Table 6 [13].

Results and discussion
Based on research on the internal factors (IFAS) model, it is known that the internal factor score is 2,71 with the highest score found in the strength factor of 0,39 with the network eel fish business actors.The network of eel fish business actors has the largest score because also during the eel season, every eel fisherman already has agreement with local collectors where the need for tools and the need to catch eel is provided by local collectors and the catch is resold to local collectors.Meanwhile, the lowest score is known on the weakness factor with a score of 0,13 namely community cooperation with the government.The recognition of eel fishermen to the government's support in eel fish activities so far is in the form of socialization and training on the importance of eel fish, but this is felt to be not optimal because there is no follow-up from the government in fostering eel fishermen to be able to manage independently.The completion of socialization activities carried out in the community, has no impact on improving the community in handling eel or the subsequent efforts of the eel that has been arrested.The complete form of the internal factor weighting model (IFAS) is presented in Table 7.The results of the study on the External Factors matrix (EFAS) model found that the external factor score of 2,24 with the highest score was found in the opportunity factor of 0,36 with skill criteria using fishing gear.The use of skillful fishing gear can provide maximum catches and tends to the fishing gear used is also environmentally friendly.So that the use of fishing gear that is currently used does not pose a threat to the aquatic environment.
The lowest score was found in the threat factor of 0,16 with the criteria for efforts to deal with eel after arrest.The lack of community expertise in handling eel catches has an impact on the survival rate of low-caught eel fish.The complete form of the external factor weighting (EFAS) model is presented in Table 8.The management of eel fisheries that is currently in force in Sungai Cimandiri is the existence of a good relationship between eel fishermen and eel seed collectors to the eel enlargement party.This is because the operational capital of fishermen is fulfilled by eel collectors, so as to create good cooperation with the principle of trust.Eel fishermen who catch in the estuary of Sungai Cimandiri, generally have other livelihoods as basic income in meeting their daily needs.However, the income from capturing eel in general has a greater income compared to its main livelihood.
Government support for eel fisheries activities at the mouth of the river has the potential to minimize the threat of environmental damage issues.The role of the government in managing and fostering eel fishermen by forming a community or organization that has been created, namely the independent wira pokmaswas.The government can make policies by integrating fishing activities with eel farming, so that aspects of sustainability and sustainability of fish resources in increasing production can be achieved [14].IFAS and EFAS factors are used as inputs for the preparation of problem-solving strategies in river management and community economic problems.The SWOT matrix presented uses Strategy-Opportunity, Weakness-Opportunity, Strategy-Threat, and Weakness-Threat considerations as shown in Figure 1 below.In this case simply justify the caption so that it is as the same width as the graphic.
Based on the results of the SWOT analysis of eel fish in Sungai Cimandiri, it is known that it has excellent strengths and opportunities to be optimized in environmental management.The strategy for management in Sungai Cimandiri requires opportunities or aggressive strategies, namely by utilizing strengths with existing opportunities.It is explained how many environmental management strategies can be suggested including: 1. Encourage local governments to create programs or policies that prioritize sustainability.One of them is by requiring eel fish business actors, both collectors and eel enlargement companies, to release part of the eel from its enlargement.This is intended so that eel fish can go to the open sea to spawn and regenerate eel fish resources.The release of eel fish in stadia yellow eel or adult eel can better defend against threats than previous stadia [15,16].In addition, conservation efforts that can be carried out in the Cimandiri River, it is more appropriate if supervision by all stakeholders of eel fishing points in all Cimandiri watershed flows, given the ban on eel fishing in adult stadia and the prohibition of catching stadia glass eel in every dark month 27 -28 Hijri.This is in accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia Number 80 / KepMen-KP / 2020 concerning limited protection of eel fish.The affirmation of this government regulation is important to be applied as an effort to achieve the preservation of eel fish resources so as not to exceed the maximum limit or the occurrence of overfishing [17].2. The local government and the Fisheries and Marine Service of Sukabumi Regency cooperate with parties such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and empower communities around the river by expanding the scope of pokmaswas activities in protection, supervision, and greening around Sungai Cimandiri in order to maintain the quality of the river environment, as well as minimize non-eel fishing activities that have the potential to damage the habitat of eel fish in the Cimandiri River.One of the protections that can be done is by limiting eel fishing activities to adult stadia upstream and downstream of rivers so that adult eel fish can return to the sea to spawn.In addition, it gives an appeal to the community to reduce activities that can damage the river, such as not throwing garbage into the river, not mining excess sand, and work together to carry out regular river cleaning activities.Another activity that must be improved in realizing conservation is the cooperation and coordination of each Village Government whose area is crossed by the Cimandiri River channel.The division of territory in the protection of eel fish habitats is to impose a ban on human activities at the nesting points of eel fish and provide markers that are easy to understand by the community.This policy is based on the potential that exists around the river both upstream and downstream.The upstream area to the middle river, is used as a source of irrigation for agriculture and plantations.Part of the tributary area is used as water recreation in the form of rafting tours.The lower reaches of the river to the mouth of the river are used as areas of agriculture, plantations, industry, to fisheries with one of them being the catchment area of glass eel. 3. Efforts to improve the quality of human resources in realizing conservation are very important to carry out cooperation between stakeholders, the community (eel fishermen), eel collectors, eel enlargement companies, non-governmental organizations, research institutions or universities, and local governments.Therefore, it is necessary to have a Forum Group Discussion between stakeholders that focuses on developing the capacity of eel fish fishermen and increasing awareness of the importance of preserving rivers from upstream to downstream.This will also have an impact on efforts to align the economic chain of eel fishery resources in the Cimandiri river.Cooperation programs that can be carried out include coaching and training on the enlargement of eel fish, handling to maintain the level of life of glass eel after fishing.Fishermen skills in managing glass eel can help eel fish enlargement companies in their implementation, in accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia number 68 of 2016 concerning the establishment of Indonesian national work competency standards in the category of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, the main group of fisheries in the field of eel fish enlargement business.Improving community skills in efforts to enlarge eel fish can indirectly control efforts to catch eel fry as a form of conservation of eel fish sustainability.Prevention activities in eel fishing activities that are destructive or can even threaten the sustainability of eel, it is necessary to socialize the importance of eel fish in the community, and efforts need to be made to introduce its cultivation techniques [18].Important criteria in the success of eel cultivation include, the application of appropriate technology for cultivation enlargement from glass eel seeds, juvenile (elver) to consumption size (200-350 grams) [19].
Stakeholders are the most important part in the effectiveness of economic management and utilization opportunities.Eel fishermen have a dependence on economic needs on eel fish resources.Fishermen will follow government policies that can improve the welfare of fishermen.
Local collectors tend to be able to control eel fishermen because generally all fishermen's equipment needs are facilitated by eel collectors but with an agreement every fisherman's catch is sold to the capital-giving collector.Eel enlargement companies have a tendency to need glass eel and cooperate with collectors to be able to meet the needs of glass eel for cultivation.Nongovernmental organizations and research institutions have the ability to conduct studies of environmental conditions both in terms of ecology and socio-society, and can be a liaison between stakeholders around the river and local governments who have the authority to make policies.

Conclusion
Management that can be carried out in eel fishing areas include: encouraging local governments to cooperate with eel fish business actors in making programs or policies that regulate about the partial release of eel fish from their enlargement; Banning eel fishing on adult stadia around the clock along the Cimandiri River; Supervision at eel fishing points by supervisory groups (Pokmaswas) in the implementation of applicable regulations in efforts to protect eel fish; and increasing cooperation between stakeholders, one of which is by improving the ability and skills of fishermen in managing eel fish catches and improving infrastructure to be more independent and collaboration between Non-Governmental Organizations and other stakeholders in providing awareness the community is important to reduce activities that can damage the environment for the preservation of eel fish habitats.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.In this case simply justify the caption so that it is as the same width as the graphic.

Table 1 .
Scoring of factors strategy internal/external.

Table 2 .
Calculation of the sum-weight of internal and external factors.

Table 3 .
Scale of values in ratings.

Table 4 .
Scale of values in ratings.

Table 5 .
Determination of score values of weights and ratings.