A study of the Environmental Effects of the Use of Palm Stem Injection Technology for the Purposes of Fertilization and Control of Palm Pests in the Al-Tarmiya District

The aim of the research is to identify the environmental effects of the technology of injection of the palm trunk for the purposes of fertilization and control of palm pests. They are distributed among four divisions within the Directorate of Agriculture of the province, and a simple random sample of 7% was chosen from the total number of palm farmers in Baghdad Governorate / Al-Tarmiyah district, which numbered 1708 farmers. They are distributed among three agricultural divisions within the district, which are (Al-Tarmiyah Center, Al-Abaiji, and Al-Mashahada) so that the sample size is (120) individuals. The second part includes (15) paragraphs related to the environmental impacts of using the palm stem injection technology. The results of the research showed that there is a weakness in the extension activities provided in the field of palm service and focus on the control aspect at the expense of the rest of the aspects. The results also showed the agreement of the majority of the respondents on the paragraphs set for the environmental effects, as the paragraph (the risk to farmers is reduced when using injection technology) got a weighted mean of (3.5) and a weight percentile of (97.5) and it came first, in contrast, the last paragraph (preserving living organisms such as birds) came on a weighted mean of (3.12) and a weight percentile of (78).The researcher recommended the importance of increasing and diversifying extension activities in the areas of palm service and urged all groups to participate in them.


Introduction
Agriculture is one of the important economic axes in the world, as it enters into the commercial and industrial fields and plays a major role in the development of societies [1], Agricultural activity is of great importance in the primary dimensions of sustainable development.In the economic dimension, it contributes to the gross domestic product and is an important source of investment attraction.In the environmental dimension, it contributes to pressure on biodiversity, combating desertification and increasing the area of agricultural lands.As for its role in the social dimension, it is represented in achieving food security, eradicating poverty and providing job opportunities.The agricultural sector 2 contributes a major and effective role in achieving comprehensive sustainable economic development through the provision of the necessary food products to meet the needs of local food demand, in addition to its contribution to exporting surplus agricultural output and is part of foreign trade [2], Most countries of the world seek to improve this vital and important sector by benefiting from scientific progress and disseminating modern agricultural ideas and practices among rural people to increase and improve the quality of agricultural production [3], which leads to the development of agricultural production and the achievement of self-sufficiency through Increasing national agricultural production, which are central goals that all countries strive towards, including Iraq [4],Where crops in Iraq are exposed to many damages that eliminate a third of agricultural production annually, and these damages caused by agricultural pests vary between (20-60%) depending on the type of crop, environmental changes, and the agricultural region [5].The use of fertilizers and pesticides is a necessity aimed at increasing the growth and production of agricultural crops, protecting them from diseases and pests that affect them, and enabling crops to flourish and produce in order to help feed the growing world population.However, the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the field of agriculture has become a double-edged sword between necessity.To strengthen production and provide food security, and the risks of excessive or misuse.The excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides can affect soil fertility and cause many problems related to the health of farmers [6].Excessive use of fertilizers can impede plant growth, pollute soil and water, and increase global warming.Excessive use of fertilizers is the reason why the agricultural sector has gradually become one of the major sources of greenhouse gases over the past 70 years, contributing 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions.When plants and soil convert fertilizers into useful nutrients, some of the by-products are greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, so with the right amount and the right technology, plants thrive and small amounts of greenhouse gases are released.However, when an excessive amount of fertilizer is used that plants cannot absorb, the surplus is left in the soil, which is one of the reasons for the increase in emissions rates [7], Pesticides used to protect agricultural crops from pests and diseases contribute to causing environmental pollution if they are used incorrectly and without using modern control technologies that reduce the quantities of pesticides used.As farmers depend in their agricultural work on the use of chemical pesticides, mainly in order to reduce the damage caused by agricultural pests at the present time, and it is estimated that about 2.5 million tons of these pesticides are used in agricultural crops every year and for all parts of the world.Chemical pesticides in many countries of the world not only pose health risks to workers, consumers, and people who live in the vicinity of these treated areas, but also threaten non-target species, including natural enemies and predators [8].In recent years, interest has increased in issues related to human health and the use of scientific methods for environmental preservation.[9], Considering [10], that the effects left by agricultural pesticides in the environment have negative effects on humans, animals and plants, as he summarized these effects as follows:

First -The Effects Left by Pesticides on Human Health
Pesticides cause damage to the central nervous system through the entry of pollutants into the human body through several ways, including (inhalation, skin pores, accumulation on food and drinks), causing various human diseases.

Second -The Effects Left by Pesticides on Animals
Mercury enters as one of the compounds for the manufacture of pesticides, and it is a toxic substance, and its presence on agricultural crops and trees makes the animal more susceptible to it and causes animal diseases as a result of eating pesticide-exposed feed.

Third. Effects of Pesticides on Plants
Wrong use of pesticides or uncontrolled pesticides causes severe damage to plants, impeding their growth and productivity and increasing their production costs, as well as soil pollution that will continue to transmit pollution to new crops and trees, and cause diseases to humans and animals that feed on agricultural products exposed to these pesticides.Many local, regional and international studies point to the dangers of pesticides and stress the need to rationalize their use.The last years of this century have witnessed a remarkable increase in the production of chemical pesticides in the world, and pesticides in general and insecticides in particular have become one of the technological inputs to increase agricultural production and combat diseases.Which infect plants, and because of the misuse of fertilizers and their excess, it caused the destruction of many natural enemies of insect pests, which led to the emergence of insect pests that were previously considered secondary [11], emphasized that the risks of contamination with pesticides and fertilizers do not depend on their arrival to humans, animals and plants only, but also the effect of pesticides on water, as pesticides play an essential and important role in water pollution, which was the reason for doubling the danger to humans and animals Plants, because they are all indispensable for water, are the cause of life, and he identified the most important ways for pesticides to reach water through:  Precipitation of pesticides on the surface of the soil during spraying operations, thus becoming a source of water pollution. Heavy rains after the spraying process accelerate the movement of the pesticide in the soil particles, and thus it is transferred to the aqueous medium. Treated plant residues. Remains of pesticide factories.Pesticides also affect plants through:

Effect on Genes -Occurrence of Malformations -Tumor-Like Bulges -Delayed Cell Division -Phototoxicity -Appearance of Mutations in Plants
And that what happens when using pesticides sometimes causes a defect when repeated additions are not studied, and random in many countries, will have many negative effects, direct or indirect, on the vital system in particular and the environment in general.As for the direct repercussions, they are on the living components of the ecosystem, including the health of humans, animals and plants themselves.As for the indirect effects, they reflect negatively on the components of the ecosystem, water, air, and soil, causing an imbalance in the composition of their elements and their natural balance.Where pesticides are considered a double-edged sword.Whereas, while it is a tool to protect crops and reduce pest damage, it is considered a source of danger to humans and their environment when used improperly.The world is facing in this period several problems, the most important of which is pollution, in a large way, which affects humans, animals, plants and the environment from the dangers of these problems.It is in a state of exacerbation and the reason for that is the excessive use of agricultural pesticides [12].In Iraq, several studies, including Al-Jubouri [13], Al-Ani and Al-Jadi [14] and Awwad [15] indicated that it is the excessive, indiscriminate and wrong use of pesticides by farmers in part of the agricultural areas in the country.Many health sources and cases of death and poisoning among individuals were diagnosed annually with pesticides.As a result of the farmers' lack of optimal management processes and their lack of knowledge of modern technologies in the use of fertilizers, irrigation and control methods [16], as the world has been witnessing for more than two decades many activities to reduce the problem of environmental pollution and its dangers, as some of these activities are represented In the implementation of environmental programs and the organization of scientific conferences and seminars, including programs implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations, the World Health Organization, the International Labor Organization and the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development, where the proper use of agricultural pesticides is One of the successful ways to reduce risks.The use of modern agricultural technologies has an important role in developing the reality of the agricultural sector and improving the productivity of crops and agricultural products in general, as many studies and experiments conducted on agricultural crops have shown.The use of modern techniques and methods in production is that the investment is economically and technically feasible, as proof of technology is appropriate and feasible from an economic point of view [17], in addition to that it reduces environmental damage to various crops [18].The date palm has great economic importance, in addition to being one of the most important symbols of Iraqi civilization [19].Therefore, agricultural extension is considered a system to facilitate farmers and their organizations' access to knowledge, information, and technologies, and their interaction with the relevant parties [20].Therefore, this research came to answer the following research questions:  What are the extension activities for palm control and fertilization? What are the environmental effects of the use of injection technology in the palm trunk for the purpose of control and fertilization of palm trees 1.5.Research Aims  Identifying the social and economic traits of the respondents (educational level, age, experience in palm cultivation, possession, the importance of palm trees in agricultural income)  To identify the participation of palm farmers in the extension activities of control and fertilization of palm trees. Identifying the environmental effects of using the palm stem injection technology for the purpose of controlling and fertilizing palm trees.

Operational Definitions
Environmental effects of the control process: -These are the negative results of the use of pesticides to combat agricultural pests and insects in farms and fields, which show their impact on human health, animals, plants, soil and water despite the efficiency of these chemical pesticides and their economic advantages, but they are not devoid of negative effects on the environment.Environmental effects of the fertilization process: -It is the damage resulting from chemical fertilizers that are used in agriculture in order to meet the needs of plants, and these fertilizers contain many chemicals that greatly harm the environment.Injection technology for the purpose of control: -It is one of the modern control methods that contribute to the eradication of types of insects and reduce the waste of pesticides used, with the possibility of using the injection mechanism under different environmental conditions such as rain and wind.The injection method is easy and safe environmentally and economically.Injection technology for the purpose of fertilization: It is a method of fertilizing plants using a plastic container in which a "fertilizer solution" is placed and connected to the tree trunk with a plastic tube through an injection needle through a hole in the trunk.This method saves between 90 to 95% of the amount of fertilizer compared to the traditional fertilization method, which saves huge amounts spent on purchasing fertilizers every year.The injection mechanism: -It uses injection technology to treat pest infestations of palm trees and to meet the date palm's need for nutrients by making a vertical hole in the trunk of the palm tree, provided that it is 1 cm in diameter, 20 to 25 cm deep, and inclines about 45 degrees.After that, a plastic or metal tube is placed in it.The hole is made in preparation for pouring or injecting the pesticide or stimulant into the palm tree, then the tube is pulled out and the hole is closed.Technology: It is an innovation designed and invented by researchers and specialists in the agricultural field for the purpose of implementing and facilitating agricultural operations faster and more accurately compared to the traditional methods used.

First -The Research Method
The use of the field survey method in achieving the aim of the current research because it is appropriate in obtaining data related to this field [21], and it is derived from the descriptive approach in social research [22].

Second -The Research Community
Al-Tarmiyah District was chosen from Baghdad Governorate as an area to conduct the research for two reasons:  The presence of a large number of palm groves in this district.
 The technique of injection with the trunk of the palm tree was applied in this area.In the light of the above, the researcher prepared a questionnaire that includes two parts, the first part is related to the social and economic characteristics of the respondents, and it includes (8) paragraphs, and the second part includes (15) paragraphs to determine the environmental effects resulting from the use of injection technology in the palm trunk for the purposes of fertilization and palm pest control.

Fifth -The Validity of the Scale
The apparent validity of the scale was examined by presenting it after the completion of the measurement tool to a group of experts in agricultural extension to measure the apparent validity and experts and specialists in horticulture and prevention to measure the validity of the content.A preliminary test (pre-test) was conducted in the month (11/2022) on a sample consisting of ( 15) respondents taken from the Tarmiya district -Baghdad province.
The stability of the questionnaire was measured using Cronbach's alpha equation, and the stability coefficient was (0.90), where all the statements were characterized by high stability.
Data were collected during a period from (12/2022 to 1/2023) using the personal interview method.
The following statistical tools were used (frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean, Cronbach's alpha equation, weighted average, weight percentile).

Sixth: Quantifying the Scale
The researcher used a graduated quadruple scale consisting of degrees of agreement (large -mediumfew -disagree) and the following weights were given (1,2,3,4) respectively for all paragraphs amounting to (15) paragraphs to determine the environmental effects of using the injection technology of the palm trunk for the purposes of fertilization and control Palm pests by identifying the degree of approval of the use of technology, The degrees of this scale ranged between (15-60) degrees, and the weighted mean and the weight percentile were calculated for each paragraph of the questionnaire, then the weighted mean and the weight percentile for each paragraph of the questionnaire were calculated.

The First Objective
To identify the social and economic characteristics of the respondents:

The Educational Level
The results of the research showed that the majority of the respondents are intermediate school graduates, with a rate of 30%.Then college graduates by 4.27%, then high school graduates by 5.22%, then read and write by 5.8%, then the honest respondents had a percentage of 6.6%, while the respondents had higher education certificates by 5%, and this percentage is very low as in Table (2).We conclude from the above table that the majority of the respondents are educated and are good at reading and writing, and this is a positive factor that helps the farmer to read the instructions for using pesticides and fertilizers and the quantities specified by the producing companies and how to use the injection technology correctly on palm trees and to learn about the advantages and benefits of technology in the fields of control and fertilization as well On the environmental effects resulting from the use of technology.

Age
The results showed that the category of respondents whose ages ranged from (33-45) years came first with a rate of (5.33%), then the category of respondents (20-32) years.It came in second place with a rate of (7.32%), then the category of respondents (46-58) years came in the third place with a rate of (6.27%), then the category of respondents (59-71) came in the last place with a rate of (6.2%), as in Table (3).
Table 3 We conclude from the above table that most of the respondents are young and middle-aged, and these groups are characterized by their acceptance of new ideas and developments, and they accept everything new in their field of work and application in order to develop their agricultural production.

Experience in Palm Cultivation and Orchard Management
The results showed that the category of respondents with experience ranged between (22-38) years.It came first with a rate of (60%), then the category of respondents (39-and over) years ranked second with a rate of (3.27%), then the category of respondents (5-21) years with a rate of (7.12%), as in Table (4).We conclude from this that the majority of the respondents have sufficient experience to know the diseases that affect palm trees, methods of controlling them, types of fertilizers, various methods of control, fertilization, and palm service, in addition to sufficient information on how to use injection technology in the control and fertilization processes because of their role in preserving the environment in general.

Possession
The results showed that the category of respondents who have possession ranging between (3-35) dunums came in the first place with a rate of (61%), then the category of respondents (36-68) dunums ranked second with a rate of (33%), then the category of respondents ( 101-69) dunums ranked last, at a rate of (6%), as shown in Table (5).

The Area Planted with Palm Trees
The results showed that the category of respondents who have an area planted with palm trees ranging between (3-35) dunums ranked first, with a percentage of (8.45%), then the category of respondents (36-68) dunums came in the second rank, with a percentage of ( 6.37 %) Then the category of respondents (69-101) dunums came last with a rate of (6.16 %) as in Table (6).Table 6.Distribution of the respondents according to the categories of the area planted with palm trees.We conclude that the majority of the respondents are the owners of small and medium holdings, and that a large percentage of the respondents own orchards of medium size and somewhat large, and this indicates that most palm farmers need modern technologies to facilitate the process of palm service due to the role of these technologies in reducing time and effort and reducing labor costs

The Number of Palm Trees Planted
The results showed that the category of respondents who have palm trees ranged between (20-280) palm trees came first with a percentage of (4.58%), then the category of respondents (281-540) palm trees came second with a percentage of ( 8.25 %) Then the category of respondents (541-800) palm trees with a rate of (8.15 %) ranked last as in Table (7).Table 7. Distribution of respondents according to the number of palm trees planted in their orchards.We conclude from the above table that two-thirds of the respondents own palm trees in their orchards in large numbers, and the greater the number of palm trees in the orchard, the more the farmer is encouraged to use all modern methods that facilitate the palm service process.

The Importance of Date Palms in Agricultural Income
The results showed that palm cultivation is a major source for (87) respondents with a rate of (5.72%) and is a secondary source for (27) respondents with a rate of (5.22%) and is considered a source of little importance for (6) Respondents with a rate of (5%) as shown in the table (8).We conclude that palm cultivation is a basic and important source of agricultural income on which the vast majority of the respondents depend, which calls for intensifying agricultural extension efforts towards it and intensifying awareness of the injection method of fertilization and control in order to increase the number of palm trees and increase their productivity.

The Second Objective
To identify the participation of palm farmers in the extension activities of control and fertilization of palm trees.The search results showed as in the following table (9).Table 9. Distribution of respondents according to participation in extension activities related to palm control and fertilization.
No. We conclude from the above table that the highest participation rate was activity (listening to radio programmes), with an average of (73%) in the field of control and a rate of (10%) in the field of fertilization.This may be due to the ease of obtaining and accessing information through radio programs in various places, then Participation in an activity (watching TV programmes), with a rate of (56%) in the field of control, and a rate of (17%) in the field of fertilization.This is due to the farmers' follow-up to the agricultural television program, which was broadcast on various satellite channels, and which includes various agricultural topics, including the use of the palm stem injection technique by a number of farmers, and the activities of the Prevention Department related to this technology.Then, participating in an activity (indicative leaflet) with a rate of (22%) in the field of control and a rate of (4%) in the field of fertilization.The use of injection technology in the trunk of the palm tree, Then participation in the activity (field day) at a rate of (9%) in the field of control and at a rate of (0%) in the field of fertilization, due to the lack of implementation of this activity in terms of number and content of injection technology, then participation in the activity (field visit) at a rate of (8 %) in the field of control and by (5.1%) in the field of fertilization,This may be due to the lack of implementation of this activity and the agricultural departments' continued inclusion and implementation of this activity within the annual plans and interest in using the users of this technology, then participating in the activity (guiding seminar) with a rate of (6%) in the field of control and a rate of (5.1%) in The field of fertilization, due to the limited number and places of implementation of this activity among palm farmers and the focus on the advantages and benefits of using this technology, then participating in the activity (demonstrative field) with a rate of (4%) in the field of control and a rate of (5.1%) in the field of fertilization.This is due to the weakness of the role of guidance in adopting and applying this technology and its inclusion in the illustrative fields for the participation of the largest number of palm farmers and urging them to adopt this technology, then to participate in the activity (training course) with a rate of (3.3%) in the field of control and a rate of (0%) in the field of Fertilization, and this may be due to the lack of training courses and the preparation of participants in the practice, adoption and dissemination of injection technology.The third objective: to identify the environmental effects resulting from the use of injection technology in the palm trunk for the purposes of control and fertilization of palm trees.The results of the research showed that the respondents pay great attention to this axis, and this is reinforced by their answers to the set paragraphs of (15) paragraphs, which obtained a weighted mean ranging between (12.3-9.3)degrees and a weight percentile that falls between (78-78).5.97%, as shown in the following table (10).Table 10.Distribution of the respondents according to their answers to the effects of using the injection technique in the palm trunk for the purpose of fertilization and control.We conclude from the above table that the paragraph (less risk to farmers when using injection technology) obtained the highest weight percentage (97.5%)and a weighted mean (3.9).This can be due to the fact that the injection technology is safer and the farmer is not exposed to the risk of inhaling chemicals.Then it was followed by a paragraph (contributes to reducing the percentage of agricultural environmental pollution in the country in general) with a weighted average of (81.3) and a percentage weight of (95.25%).This is due to the fact that chemical fertilizers or pesticides are chemicals that cause pollution in the air, land, foodstuffs, human and animal health, and beneficial insects such as bees that fly long distances in search of food when using traditional methods of control and fertilization that cause sprays to fly over long distances, causing damage In the environment, unlike the method of injection into the trunk of the palm tree, in which insect and fungal palm diseases are treated and the plant needs nutrients without harming the environment, humans or animals.The paragraph (the injection technology contributes to making farmers more aware and knowledgeable about preserving the environment) ranked third with a weighted mean (8.3) and a percentage weight (95) because the injection technology of the palm trunk gives farmers awareness that the traditional method causes damage to the environment and is the cause of its pollution.The paragraph (Injection technology is evidence of the application of simple habits that contribute to solving environmental problems) ranked fourth with a weighted mean (67.3) and a percentage weight (75.91) because environmental pollution results from factories, laboratories, or car combustion, etc. for this modern technology that contributes to reducing Environmental problems by reducing pollution resulting from the two processes of fertilization or control, Whereas, the paragraph (the injection technology contributes to changing our lifestyle in a manner commensurate with the environment and dealing with it better) ranked fifth with a weighted mean (63.3) and a weight percentage (75.90),because the injection technology of the palm trunk preserves the environment from pollution, as it contributes In the change of traditional methods that cause pollution in the environment, and occupied the paragraph (preserving the presence of the vital enemies of palm pests in the orchard) Sixth place with a weighted average (59.3) and a weight percentile (75.89) because the traditional control eliminates the natural enemies (predators), unlike injection technology, which contributes to preserving the numbers of vital enemies and the paragraph (the level of danger to animals is reduced as a result of the use of the injection technique) ranked seventh with a weighted average (50.3) and a weight percentile (5.87) because the injection technique of the palm trunk treats the plant only, unlike the traditional spraying that leads to droplets of pesticides falling on the weeds.which animals feed on and which harm these animals, The paragraph (Injection technology is evidence that technological development contributes to preserving the environment and contrary to common concepts) ranked eighth with a weighted average (50.3) and a weight percentile (5.87) because technological development contributed to improving human life for the better from one side and from another.The latter caused many damages to various aspects of life, including the environment, but injection technology as a new innovation contributed to changing the common concept of the damages of modern technology.,The paragraph (the use of injection technology contributes positively to solving many environmental issues) ranked ninth with a weighted average (47.3) and a percentage weight (75.86) because the positive results achieved by the injection technology with the trunk of the palm tree in the field of preserving the environment had a role in Reducing environmental pollution compared to traditional methods that cause a lot of environmental damage.The paragraph (the percentage of pesticide inhalation by farmers decreases when using the injection technique) ranked tenth, with a weighted mean (45.3) and a percentage weight (25.86), because the traditional method, whether in control or fertilization of palm trees, is of this height, which is characterized by height, in addition to exposure to harsh conditions.Atmospheric conditions, such as winds, cause all harm to humans, whether in the long or short term, in contrast to the injection technology of the palm trunk, its system is closed, which reduces damage to humans and the environment, The paragraph (Maintaining beneficial insects such as bees when using the injection technique) ranked eleventh with a weighted mean (43.3) and a weight percentile (75.85).Caused the killing of many beneficial insects such as bees and the paragraph (the pollution of the orchard environment is reduced by using the injection technology) ranked twelfth with a weighted average (43.3) and a percentage weight (75.85), because the injection technology of the palm trunk treats the plant only, unlike the traditional method that causes pollution to the orchard environment through the spread of pesticide droplets.During the spraying or fertilizer process that causes water and plant soil pollution.As for the paragraph (preserving agricultural products from contamination when using the injection technology), it came in the thirteenth rank with a weighted average (36.3) and a percentage weight (84), because the injection technology with the palm trunk treats the infected plant only, unlike the traditional method that leads to contamination of agricultural products as a result Drops of pesticides fall during traditional spraying and pollute crops and agricultural products that cannot be benefited from.The paragraph (using injection technology reduces water pollution and preserving living organisms in water) ranked fourteenth (penultimate) with an arithmetic mean of (3.35) and a percentage weight of (3.35).(83.75),This may be due to the poor perception and awareness of the farmer that traditional spraying methods cause water pollution as a result of spray volatilization during spraying with control or fertilization and transfer to the water, which causes the death of living organisms in the water, unlike modern methods such as the injection technology of the palm trunk that does not cause water pollution and preserves living organisms .While the paragraph (preserving living organisms such as birds) got the lowest weight percentile (78) and a weighted mean (3.32).This can be due to the fact that the majority of the respondents do not care about other aspects and their importance is limited to plant service

Conclusion
 The extension activities provided in the field of date palm service are rather few and the focus is on the control aspect at the expense of the rest of the aspects. The injection technology is a manifestation of civilizational development that contributes to reducing agricultural and environmental pollution throughout the country, and preserves agricultural products from pollution, and vital enemies from extinction, and preserves the environment and the health of humans, animals and beneficial insects such as bees. It contributes to reducing the risk to farmers when conducting the fertilization and control process compared to the traditional method that may cause poisoning

Recommendations
 Continuing to spread this injection technology because of its role in preserving humans, animals, the environment and beneficial insects such as bees in all governorates of the country. Increasing extension activities in the field of fertilization and intensifying efforts in the field of control  Increasing interest in technology and increasing government support for farmers by providing this technology and training farmers on how to use it. Work to raise farmers' awareness of the importance of this technology in preserving the environment.

Table 1 .
The research included all date palm farmers in the province of Baghdad (Al-Tarmiyah district), and the number of them (1708) farmers, distributed among three divisions within the Directorate of Agriculture of the provainc (Al-Abayji, Al-Mashada, Al-Tarmiyah) Distribution of respondents among the agricultural divisions of Al-Tarmiya district.Opinions of a group of field specialists in plant and soil protection, horticulture and agricultural extension, as experts are considered one of the main sources in building the scale. Reviewing research and studies in the field of agricultural extension and protection of crops and horticulture.Baghdad / Karkh Directorate of Agriculture, Tarmiya Agriculture Division, 1/9/2022, Statistics Baghdad / Karkh Directorate of Agriculture, Al-Abaiji Agriculture Division, 12/14/2021, Statistics.Baghdad / Karkh Directorate of Agriculture, Al-Mashada Agriculture Division, 9/1/2022, Statistics.
52.4.Fourth -Data Collection ToolThe questionnaire was adopted as a means of obtaining information from the respondents in order to suit it with the nature of the research and the data required to obtain it, where the questionnaire is considered an appropriate tool for collecting data because it is more objective than other means of collecting data to achieve the objectives of the research.The questionnaire was prepared after reviewing: Scientific literature related to the issue of the environment and how to preserve it. The annual reports of the palm tree injection campaign issued by the Ministry of Agricultural. Interviews with the workers in the campaign (management and researchers) affiliated with the General Authority for Plant Protection 2.  Plant Protection, 11/17/2023 (Al-Abayji Agriculture Division). An interview with the assistant chief agricultural engineer/.Yasser Jassem 30, Plant Protection,/11/2023 (Baghdad Agriculture Directorate / Karkh).

Table 2 .
Distribution of respondents according to educational level.

.
Distribution of respondents according to age groups.

Table 4 .
Distribution of respondents according to categories, years of experience in palm cultivation and orchard management.

Table 5 .
Distribution of respondents according to categories of possession.

Table 8 .
Distribution of respondents according to the importance of palm cultivation in agricultural income.