Requirements for Developing Farmers’ Capabilities in the Field of Fodder Crops Cultivation in the Side of Rusafa / Baghdad Governorate

The current research aims to Identify the requirements for developing the capabilities of farmers in the field of fodder crops cultivation in the side of Rusafa / Baghdad Governorate, Where the research community included all the agricultural divisions of the Directorate of Agriculture in Baghdad Governorate / Rusafa and they are (5) agricultural divisions and a random sample was taken from them at a rate of 50% and it was (3) agricultural divisions, A proportional stratified random sample of fodder crop farmers was taken by 40% from each agricultural division and their total became (145) farmers, the research data was collected using a questionnaire that included 43 paragraph distributed in (4) fields, the data was analyzed using the spss statistical analysis program, as well as the use of manual analysis using the Vakronbach coefficient, the weighted mean, the hypothetical mean and weight percentile, the research results are shown that the field of requirements for developing the capabilities of farmers to cultivate and serve the crop gets the first order with a weighted mean of (3.40) degrees and a weight percentile of (85) degrees, followed by the field of requirements for developing the capabilities of farmers for creativity in the field of fodder crops cultivation with a weighted mean of (3.37) degrees and a weight percentile of (84.25) degrees, then the field of requirements for developing the capabilities of farmers To face the problems with a weighted mean of (3.33) degrees and a weight percentile of (83.25), as for the field of requirements for developing the capabilities of farmers to communicate with extension and service institutions, it came at the last level with a weighted mean of (3.31) degrees and a weight percentile of (82.75).) degree, We conclude from this the agreement of all respondents on the fields and paragraphs of the questionnaire and the importance of the requirements for developing the capabilities of farmers to improve the field of fodder crops cultivation and their productivity, and therefore the researcher recommended the need for more efforts from the responsible authorities represented by the Ministry of Agriculture and its institutions to adopt this study and work to meet Requirements for developing the capabilities of farmers in the field of fodder crops cultivation through the preparation and implementation of specialized programs, and the need to intensify extension activities (training courses, extension seminars, demonstration fields) and work on communication and exchange of visits with farmers.


Introduction
Development is an important and inevitable necessity and an essential element for the advancement and development, as it includes various aspects of life in society, which should be an integrated and balanced sustainable development on a sound scientific basis and according to a specific strategy with the ability to continue and communicate [1], and sustainable agricultural development represents an essential and important pillar in it, and it is one of the most important means to advance the agricultural sector and ensure the achievement of the preservation of natural resources To meet the needs of current generations and at the same time preserve the right of future [2], and the necessity of bringing about this agricultural development and make it a real development based on scientific and technical progress [3], and it acquires its importance as the main key to the economic progress of most countries that are interested in the agricultural sector and depend on it to achieve Economic growth, and this vital sector is considered one of the important sectors that must be taken care of and worked to develop [4], as it is at present a necessary requirement that all those developed and developing countries alike look forward to as an important and decisive factor in achieving food security that ensures that society obtains what it needs from food [5], and food security comes at the forefront of the great challenges facing agriculture in all countries [6], and to achieve this goal, attention must be paid to improving agricultural production, both plant and animal, to meet the large and increasing needs of food products and achieve food security [7], especially in developing countries, including Iraq.Livestock is an important and essential aspect in the agricultural sector, as it is no less important than the plant aspect, because it is one of the main sources of food, and most of its products are used as inputs to stimulate the industrial sector [8], which depends on the cultivation of fodder crops and the establishment of pastures, which is one of the important pillars necessary for its development and advancement as the availability of feed and the necessary food helps animals to cover their needs necessary for growth and production [9], and there is also an indicator of increasing demand for them and expanding their cultivation to meet the needs of livestock projects and the importance of facing the problems and obstacles that prevent that expansion and increase their productivity [10].Despite the spread of the cultivation of fodder crops and different areas in most provinces in Iraq , which have the potential and resources that make them important in their cultivation with various other crops, but this matter is still below the ambition as there is fluctuation and limited areas and productivity, which requires good exploitation of what is available From those possibilities and resources by following and working with modern scientific methods, and adopting and using agricultural techniques or developments that are one of the important inputs to agricultural fields and a means of increasing productivity and improving quality [11], the adoption and use of these techniques or agricultural developments requires that farmers have a certain level of capabilities, it means everything that individuals can perform or to do mental or kinetic actions [12], as it represents the possibility of success in carrying out a specific work or task or practice [13], so farmers should have capabilities characterized by mental potential and a level of knowledge and skills that enable them to perform and practice agricultural work in the field of crop cultivation successfully, as well as seeking attention to the development of those capabilities at all levels to achieve continuous improvement and development and raise the efficiency and improve the performance of individuals [14].capabilities development is a learning process that brings about changes in the behavior of individuals and enhances their knowledge and skills to raise their effectiveness and efficiency and reach goals [15], as well as it is planned and organized interventions through the delivery of knowledge and skills to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of individuals [16], capabilities development aims to enhance the capabilities of farmers to manage their farm affairs successfully, and it is important to point out the importance of developing and strengthening the capabilities of fodder crop farmers by providing them with the appropriate knowledge and skills necessary to raise and improve the level of their performance and practice of agricultural work in the field of fodder crop cultivation, improve their productivity, and bring about change and continuous development, which is through attention to the areas that need to develop their capabilities, including developing the capabilities of farmers to grow and serve the crop and its great importance to farmers, which included a set of agricultural operations and practices that are the basic components in the production and improvement of fodder IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1259/1/0121293 crops, developing their capabilities to face problems, developing their abilities to creativity in the field of growing fodder crops, and developing their abilities to communicate with the relevant extension and service institutions.To develop the capabilities of individuals, it needs the presence of educational institutions that adopt this to change their behavior in order to accommodate the requirements of change and modernization [17], and agricultural extension is that institution or apparatus that is entrusted with or performs the tasks of the process of bringing about the desired behavioral changes of knowledge and skills of farmers [18].Therefore, the mission of agricultural extension includes raising awareness and educating farmers, developing their capabilities, improving their skills and way of thinking so that they can fully benefit from scientific and technological progress in the field of agriculture [19], which works to achieve the objectives of that institution.Represented in serving and developing the rural community, ridding farmers of traditional practices, and providing them with new and advanced agricultural knowledge and skills [20], and thus developing and upgrading their capabilities.It is necessary to intensify efforts by the extension institution to increase the activities and events of extension to pay attention and strengthen the capabilities of farmers and identify the requirements for their development and identification in the field of growing fodder crops, improving their productivity and advancing their reality.Based on the above and the importance of developing the capabilities of farmers in the field of fodder crop cultivation, and in light of the scarcity of research and studies conducted on the requirements for developing farmers' capabilities, specifically in the field of fodder crop cultivation, this research came to answer the following question: -What are the requirements for developing farmers' capabilities in the field of fodder crops cultivation in Rusafa / Baghdad Governorate?

Research Objective
Identify the requirements for developing the capabilities of farmers in the field of fodder crops cultivation in the Rusafa side / Baghdad Governorate in the following fields:  Requirements for developing farmers' capabilities to grow and serve the crop . Requirements for developing farmers' capabilities to face problems . Requirements for developing farmers' capabilities for creativity in the field of fodder crop cultivation . Requirements for developing farmers' capabilities to communicate with relevant extension and service institutions.

Research Hypothesis
The majority of respondents agreed on the requirements for developing farmers' capabilities in the field of fodder crops cultivation in the Rusafa side / Baghdad Governorate.

Research Methodology
In order to achieve the goal of the research, the descriptive analytical approach was used, which is one of the forms of analysis and scientific interpretation organized to describe a phenomenon or problem defined by a correct scientific methodology accurately in a quantitative or qualitative manner, and this approach is appropriate and appropriate to complete the current research and reach accurate and detailed data and facts about the phenomenon of the subject of the research.

Research Sample
A random sample was selected by 50% of the agricultural divisions of the Directorate of Agriculture in Baghdad / Rusafa Governorate and by (3) agricultural divisions, namely (Al-Nahrawan, Al-Madain, Baghdad / Rusafa Center), and a proportional stratified random sample was selected from the farmers of fodder crops by 40% of each agricultural division, where their number reached (145) farmers distributed to the agricultural divisions of the research sample.

Data Collection Tool and Design Stages
A questionnaire has been prepared in order to achieve the goal of the research as a tool for data collection and is the most used means to collect data and facts, and the preparation of the questionnaire has passed through a series of stages, and where the questionnaire was presented in its initial form to a number of experts specialized in the field of agricultural extension and field crops / fodder crops and the amount of ( 16) experts to indicate the degree of their agreement on the fields and paragraphs in order to verify the apparent honesty and sincerity of the content.The opinions of experts were collected and their answers were recorded, and the averages of the degrees of approval of experts were compared with the threshold of cutting (75%) to prepare the questionnaire in its final form, all fields and paragraphs have achieved more than (75%), as the percentage of expert agreement reached the threshold of cutting (88.60%), which is an acceptable ratio, and in light of that, taking the opinions of experts in line with the purposes of the tagged research, the questionnaire was maintained with some modifications to it, and where the number of paragraphs of the scale or the final research scheme became (43) paragraph distributed On (4) fields according to the objective of the research.

Stability of the Search Tool
In light of the above, a preliminary test of the test-pre resolution was conducted on 11/27/2022 on a sample of (30) respondents randomly selected from among the farmers of fodder crops to verify the stability of the scale, using the Facronbach equation, and the results of the stability coefficient values ranged between (0.82 -0.87) degrees for the questionnaire fields, all of which are considered good and scientifically acceptable stability coefficients that meet the purposes of the research and confirm that the scale is characterized by a high degree of stability.

Data Collection and Analysis
The data and information necessary for research were collected using the questionnaire form from the sample of fodder crop farmers, which numbered (145) respondents for the period between (12/13/2022) -(18/1/2023) and by a personal interview method, and after completing the data collection, unloading and tabulation, those data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical analysis program, as well as the use of manual analysis, and statistical methods were adopted Such as the use of the Vacronbach coefficient, weighted mean, hypothetical mean and percentage weight.

Requirements for Developing Farmers' Capabilities to Grow and Serve the Crop
The results of the research showed that the paragraphs related to the field of (requirements for developing the capabilities of farmers to cultivate and serve the crop) and the number (15) paragraphs on weighted media located between (3.73 -3.15) degrees, and weights percentile located between (93.25 -78.75) degrees, and as shown in Table (1), and therefore the paragraphs all remain within the requirements for the development of farmers' capabilities in the field of cultivation of fodder crops so that each of them obtained a weighted media for degrees of approval greater than the hypothetical mean of (2.5) degrees.It is clear from Table (1) that there is a convergence between the weighted media of the paragraphs related to this field, and the paragraph of the use of modern irrigation methods and techniques in the cultivation of fodder crops came in the first order with a weighted media (3.73) degrees and weight percentile (93.25) degrees, as these methods are a solution to the problem of water shortage suffered by the study area, as well as maintaining moisture in the soil and in quantities that benefit fodder crops, And improve the properties of the soil, in addition to providing quantities of water that can be used to increase the areas of land planted with those crops and thus improve and increase agricultural production, and the rest of the paragraphs came successively according to their order in the according to the level of consent of the respondents, and the paragraph of commitment not to spray fertilizers in the case of wind, rain and high temperature came in the last order with a weighted media (3.15) degrees and weight percentile (78.75) degrees, The reason for this is to consider compliance and avoid spraying fertilizers in those conditions is normal and a well-known condition for many of them does not need a recommendation to avoid environmental and health consequences and damages, in addition to the soil not benefiting from fertilizers in those conditions well and optimally in terms of their concentration and distribution over the area in a balanced and equal manner and waste in quantities due to wind and rain.

Requirements for Developing Farmers' Capabilities to Face Problems
The results of the research showed that the paragraphs related to the field (requirements for the development of farmers' capabilities to face the problems) and the number (7) paragraphs on weighted media located between (3.58-3.10)degrees, and weights percentile located between (89.50-77.50)degrees, and as shown in Table (2), and therefore the paragraphs all remain within the requirements for the development of farmers' capabilities in the field of fodder crops cultivation so that each of them obtained a weighted media for degrees of approval greater than the hypothetical mean of (2.5) degrees.It is clear from Table (2) that there is a convergence between the weighted media of the paragraphs related to this field, and the paragraph of participation with workers in agricultural extension came in identifying the problems of growing fodder crops and their productivity and arranging them according to priority and finding solutions in the first order with a weighted media (3.58) degrees and a weight percentile (89.50) degrees, and the reason for this is due to the importance of the participation of farmers with workers in agricultural extension who represent the official side through the exchange of visits and meetings in addressing and identifying problems And the obstacles facing them in the field of cultivation and service of fodder crops and their productivity and to arrange them according to priority and how to prepare for them and confront them and deal with them and find solutions or present them to the competent and relevant authorities to address them, and the rest of the paragraphs came successively according to their order in the table and according to the level of consent of the respondents, and the paragraph came to work in a team spirit in cooperation with the rest of the farmers of fodder crops and face the problems and solve them in the last order with a weighted media (3.10) degrees and weight percentile (77.50) degrees, and the reason for this is to consider cooperation among farmers, providing assistance and teamwork as a work and a given matter and within their traditions and customs to face problems and address them, whether in the field of growing fodder crops or cooperation in other circumstances facing farmers.

Requirements for Developing Farmers' Capabilities for Creativity in the Field of Fodder Crop Cultivation
The results of the research showed that the paragraphs related to the field (requirements for the development of farmers' capabilities for creativity in the field of fodder crop cultivation) and the number ( 12) paragraphs on weighted media located between (3.62 -3.13) degrees, and weights percentile located between (90.50-78.25)degrees, as shown in Table (3), and therefore the paragraphs all remain within the requirements for the development of farmers' capabilities in the field of fodder crop cultivation so as to obtain each of them on a weighted media for degrees of approval greater than the hypothetical mean of (2.5) degrees.It is clear from Table (3) that gaining the two paragraphs a continue learning and raising awareness in the field of fodder crop cultivation, and the ability to open up to the external environment and benefit from it in the field of fodder crops cultivation in the first order with a weighted media (3.62) degrees and a weight percentile (90.50) degrees, as it is the continuation of learning and raising awareness of farmers and openness to the external environment and keeping pace with modern scientific developments And benefit from them the basis in building modern and advanced agriculture in the field of fodder crop cultivation, where farmers can be equipped with the knowledge, skills and expertise necessary to develop and enhance their capabilities and make them experts in their fields in order to achieve increased productivity and development of fodder crops, as well as to meet the challenges and problems and address them, and the rest of the paragraphs came successively according to their order in the table and according to the level of consent of the respondents, and the paragraph came to ensure that they receive and record the guidance and scientific information on the cultivation of fodder crops and benefit from them in the last order with a weighted media (3.13) degrees and weight percentile (78.25) degrees, and the reason for this is the poor educational level of many of them prevented the recording of guidance and scientific information on the cultivation of fodder crops as well as the laziness of some of them and sufficiency with what they keep in their memories of information for this field.

Requirements for Developing Farmers' Capabilities to Communicate with Relevant Extension and Service Institutions
The results of the research showed that the paragraphs related to the field (requirements for developing the capabilities of farmers to communicate with the relevant extension and service institutions) and the number (9) paragraphs on weighted media located between (3.57-3.02) degrees, and weights percentile located between (89.25-75.50)degrees, as shown in Table (4), and therefore the paragraphs all remain within the requirements for the development of farmers' capabilities in the field of fodder crop cultivation so that each of them obtained a weighted media for degrees of approval greater than the hypothetical mean of (2.5) degrees.It is clear from Table (4) that the paragraph of participation with workers in agricultural extension in the preparation of plans and extension programs and projects for the cultivation of fodder crops on the first order with a weighted media (3.57) degrees and a weight percentile (89.25) degrees, and the reason for this is due to the importance of those plans, extension programs and projects for the cultivation of fodder crops for farmers and the need for their participation with workers in agricultural extension in their preparation, where they emanate from them and belong to them that express their interests and meet Their desires and needs and the efforts are joint so that they collect their experiences and knowledge to help them overcome obstacles and face difficulties and possibilities of treatment and change, as well as help them make their decisions to manage their farms and crops and increase the efficiency of their use of their agricultural resources and acquire appropriate modern agricultural practices to increase the productivity and development of those crops, and the rest of the paragraphs came successively according to their order in the table and only The level of approval of the respondents, and the paragraph of contribution to the establishment of activities, events and agricultural exhibitions in the field to support expertise and knowledge in the cultivation of fodder crops in the last order with a weighted media (3.02) degrees and a weight percentile (75.50) degrees, and the reason for this is the lack of encouragement and weak capabilities in the establishment of these activities, events and agricultural exhibitions, despite their importance in supporting the expertise and knowledge of farmers and enhancing their capabilities in the field of fodder crop cultivation, As well as the lack of interest of the relevant authorities in this aspect.
As for the ranking of the fields of requirements for developing farmers' capabilities in the field of fodder crop cultivation, which are (4) fields, the results of the research showed that the weighted media of the fields of requirements for developing farmers' capabilities in the field of fodder crops cultivation located between (3.40-3.31)degrees, and weights percentile located between (85-82.75)degrees, as shown in Table (5), and therefore all fields remain within Requirements for developing the capabilities of farmers in the field of fodder crop cultivation because each of them obtains weighted media for approval degrees greater than the hypothetical mean of (2.5) degrees.It is clear from Table (5) that the field of requirements for the development of farmers' capabilities to cultivate and serve the crop came in the first order with a weighted media (3.40) degrees and a weight percentile (85) degrees, and the reason for this is due to the size of the importance of this field for farmers, as the cultivation and service of the crop are the basic components in crop production and improvement and it is indispensable through the optimal utilization of the capabilities and capabilities available in this area.The production of fodder crops in high quantities and quality requires farmers to conduct these processes and practices and implement them well and correctly and in appropriate and modern ways and techniques.The field of requirements for the development of farmers' capabilities to communicate with the extension and service institutions related to the last order came with a weighted media (3.31) degrees and a weight percentile (82.75) degrees, and the reason for this is due to the continuous preoccupation of some farmers with matters of agriculture and crop service and their limited time, which prevents communication and communication with the relevant extension and service institutions and benefit from them, as well as the laziness and inaction of some other farmers in this communication and communication, Despite the importance of communication and communication with these institutions in supporting the knowledge and skills of farmers and enhancing their capabilities in the field of growing and developing fodder crops.
In the light of the above-mentioned results of the research in the fields of requirements for developing farmers' capabilities in the field of fodder crop cultivation, the hypothesis that states that the majority of respondents agree on the requirements for developing farmers' capabilities in the field of fodder crop cultivation is accepted.

Conclusion
We conclude from the current research a agreement of all respondents on the fields and paragraphs of the questionnaire and the importance of the availability of requirements for developing the capabilities of farmers, which were considered fields of research to improve the field of fodder crop cultivation and productivity, and attention and emphasis on the field of requirements for developing farmers' capabilities to grow and serve the crop compared to the rest of the fields And the possibility of benefiting extension and agricultural institutions and relevant authorities to prepare extension programs to develop the capabilities of farmers in the field of growing fodder crops and increasing their productivity.

Recommendations
The researcher recommends the need to make more efforts from the responsible authorities represented by the Ministry of Agriculture and its institutions and the relevant authorities to adopt this study and work to meet the requirements of developing the capabilities of farmers in the field of fodder crops cultivation by preparing and implementing specialized programs with a focus on the field of cultivation and service The crop, and the need to intensify extension activities (training courses, extension seminars, demonstration fields) and work on communication, exchange of visits and interest in modern means of communication to develop the capabilities of farmers in this field.

Table 1 .
distribution of respondents according to the paragraphs of the requirements for developing farmers' capabilities to grow and serve the crop.

Table 2 .
Distribution of respondents according to the paragraphs of the field of requirements for developing farmers' capabilities to face problems.

Table 3 .
Distribution of respondents according to the paragraphs of the field of requirements for developing farmers' capabilities for creativity in the field of fodder crops cultivation.

Table 4 .
Distribution of respondents according to the paragraphs of the requirements for developing farmers' capabilities to communicate with the relevant extension and service institutions

Table 5 .
Distribution of respondents according to the fields of requirements for developing farmers' capabilities in the field of fodder crops cultivation.