Reducing the Harmful Exhaust Emissions from the Diesel Engine of the Tractor CASE JX75T by using the EFWP Filter at Different Engine Speeds

In this investigation, the influence of using the EFWP filter on the tractor exhaust emissions was determined. A Water and paper filter is a filter designed to operate as a filter for the exhaust for the reduction of the harmful gas (CO, CO2, NOx, and HC) emission from the engine of the tractor. Emissions experiments were carried out on CASE JX75T tractor at different engine speeds are 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, and 2250 rpm. All engine speed of the tractor underwent experimentation before the installation of the EFWP filter and after installation it. The noises and Bsfec also were measured when the two cases. Each engine speed was tested for approximately 20 minutes in two cases. The results showed a significant (P≤0.05) decreasing in carbon monoxide CO (51.40%), carbon dioxide CO2 (25%), nitrogen oxides NOx (43.43%) and hydrocarbons HC (60.98%) emissions and also, the noises reduced by 25.38% and there was no significant increase in the BSFC (5.34% only) after the EFWP filter was put in the tractor exhaust. The results also showed that increasing the engine speed from 750 to 2250 rpm led to significant increases in CO2, NOx, and HC emissions, while decreased the CO emission. Also, the increased by a percentage of 155.88 and 159.38 % in the case using the EFWP filter and without using it (the ordinary case) respectively. Using the EFWP filter reduced the noises not overridden internationally permitted standards (65 dB).


Introduction
Tractors are the major power machines in fields agricultural which energy its comes from the fossil fuel burned internal in their engine.As the gross amount of powerful tractors, vehicles, and other agricultural machinery is increasing, more and more different pollutants are released into the environment.Farmers to achieve extreme productivity must reduce fuel consumption and keeping yield at satisfactory limits thereby reducing the adverse gas emission effect on the environment (toxic emissions [1].The diesel engine is one of the sources of air pollution due to harmful gas emission with its exhaust such as carbon monoxide CO, Carbon dioxide CO 2 , nitrogen oxides NOx, hydrocarbons HC, etc [2].Many studies were interested in engine exhaust gases emissions surveillance and take measures for the decreasing of the gases emission harmful in the atmosphere and [3][4][5][6].Most of the data for fuel consumption and environmental influence evaluating today are acquired according to experimental data when the mode of the engine is a constant while, during different field operating, 1259 (2023) 012124 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1259/1/012124 2 engine speed and load properties are permanently changing [7].The engine diesel exhaust emissions mainly consist of NO and NO 2 which is express as NOx by emission analysts, free C and unburned HC [8].A high concentration of NO 2 to the air can result in a lot of health troubles such as breathing.NOx can also take part in harmful acid rain formation in the environment and plant.Carbon monoxide can be a big problem for people when rising concentrations in the atmosphere.CO interacts with hemoglobin leading to a decreasing of oxygen amplitude of the blood.HC is related to air pollution due to the immediate toxicity of some compounds and Its harmful role in the atmosphere and the ozone layer [9].[10] found a significant average reduction in carbon monoxide CO (35.3%), nitrogen oxides NOx (26.1%) and hydrocarbons HC (34.3%) emissions after the installation of the whale filter in vehicles.Some vehicles use the catalyst converter to reduce exhaust emissions.It was found that the use of the catalytic converter helped to oxidize the main air pollutants (hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide) to less harmful gases to the environment (O 2 , H 2 O, H 2 , CO 2 ) [11].[12] found that the increase in the speed of the engine led to an increase in the proportions of exhaust gases emitted when the engine speed increased from 9000 to 1500 cycles per minute, the proportion of gases emitted by 20%, 68, 35%, respectively (Q7).Also, many studies were Interested in environmental impact evaluation and refinements in fuel consumption and efficiency of fuel use for specific tractors, cars and else machines [13][14][15].Specific propellant fuel consumption has a direct correlation with increasing engine speed and increases exhaust emissions.[16] found that increasing the engine speed from 200 to 350 rpm led to increasing the injection of more fuel, hence an increase BSFC by 32% .Aloud sound (noise) is one of the sources of environmental pollution.Noise affects human health directly.Exposure to noise can harm one of important the organs of the human body, the ear.Hearing weakness because of noise pollution could either be interim or permanent.When the sound level passes the 70 dB, it turns into noise for the human ear.Noise levels higher than 80 dB result in harmful effects on the ear.When the ear is exposed to high loud noise (higher than100 dB) for a long time, it can cause irreclaimable harm and result in lasting hearing loss [17].The aim of this study is to estimate the exhaust gases emitted (CO, CO 2 , HC, and NOx), the brake specific fuel consumption, and the level of sound emitted from the engine of the tractor when the different engine speed in the case of using the exhaust gas filter and without using the exhaust gas filter.

Material and Methods
Exhaust gases analyze device (OPABOX): Use the Exhaust gas analyzes device (OPABOX) manufactured by the texa company (Fig. 1).The device is a measure of the partial flow velocity of the diesel engines.Includes an exhaust gas analysis chamber developed to meet international standards.OPENBOX supplied with a rechargeable internal battery, Bluetooth, standard sample pipe kit.OPABOX connects to a laptop through the Bluetooth feature.Exhaust gases were tested when the tractor engine operating and stabilized when the specific engine.

Exhaust Filtration by using Water and Paper (EFWP)
The exhaust gas purification system (EFWP) (Fig. 2) consists of connecting pipes, reservoirs, safety valve, water discharge valve, and fuel cell.The flexible heat-resistant pipes are connected in the exhaust of the tractor, another side of the pipe (perforated Tube) connected by a tank filled with water 75% of its volume.When the exhaust gas enters through the perforated pipes inside the water tank, The gases spread inside the water and react with it, reducing the concentrations of harmful exhaust gases then going into paper filter moisturized with vegetable oil.The paper filter operating on catching part from gases emitted, which in turn reduces the emission of exhaust gases before that released the gases to the atmosphere.

Sound Level Meter
The sound level meter (

Methodology
The investigation was conducted on seven engine speeds are 750, 1000, 1250,1500 ,1750, 2000, and 2250 rpm when using a filter for reducing the gas emission and comparing it with a case without using the filter (ordinary case).Each engine speed required a different consumption from diesel fuel, hence emitted gases will be the amount different.In general, the emitted gases from the engine go into exhaust gas filter across serial pipes which had different diameters are 7, 9.5 and 15 cm in order to reduce gas compression in the filter system (EFWP) (Fig 2).The filtered gases released to the atmosphere and portion of gases go to OPABOX device to analyses emitted gases.The data of analyzed gases were sent by Bluetooth feature to a laptop equipped by software of OPENBOX (Fig 1) .
The data appears on the laptop screen and had been saved in the memory of it.The study focused on four types of emitted gases are Co, CO2, and Nox.The diesel fuel combustion theoretically can result in CO 2 , thereby, the calculation of carbon dioxide is straightforward.The diesel fuel chemical composition is C12H26 [18], the resulted amount of CO 2 will be determined depending on the compression ratio (1:17) as illustrating in [19] action the following reaction:

Carbon Monoxide
Oxygen lack is the primary reason for carbon monoxide forming in the exhaust.As well as the reason that results in Carbon monoxide forming is that carbon monoxide separates when a high temperature (Lindgren, and Hansson 2004) as the following reaction:

Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the exhaust were created by nitrogen oxide (NO) and little parts of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) [21], Formatting of NOx is interpreted by [20] and as in the following Equation.The data pointe that off-road diesel machines account for 25% of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from transportation sources [19].
→ (8) 2.9.Total Hydrocarbons (HC) Unburned hydrocarbons (HC) in diesel fuel engines happen because of many reasons may be linked in engine design, engine life, and diesel fuel quality.In general imperfect combustion occurring in diesel engine when there was more fuel without sufficient oxygen for combustion process

Experiment Design
The experiment was designed according to the completely randomized design (CRD).The means were compared by testing the least significant difference at a probability level of 0.05.The data were analyzed statistically by utilization IBM SPSS version 22 software.

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)
Figure 5 shows the effect of and engine speed on brake specific fuel consumption, in case using gases filter and without using it.The brake specific fuel consumption increases with increasing the engine speed for both cases.Increasing engine speed from 750 to 2250 rpm led to increasing the BSFC by a percentage of 155.88 and 159.38 % in case using gases filter EFWP and without using it (the ordinary case) respectively.Increasing the engine speed needed pushing considerable fuel inside the combustion chamber to recompense the wasted unburned exhausted fuel, thereby increasing the BSFC. Figure (6) shows the BSFC for the gas filter (EFWP) is higher; in general, than that for conventional diesel engines, a slight increment was about 5.34% only and this increment no a significant according to the LSD test.

Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Emission
Figure 7. shows that the emission of CO2 increased with increasing the engine speed for both cases when using a filter of exhaust and not use it due to increasing the fuel injection inside the combustion chamber with increasing the engine speed hence increasing the CO 2 emission (S).The gas emission from the engine without a gases filter system had a higher value of CO 2 emission compared with using EFWP filter when the same engine speed.The engine speed of 2250 rpm recorded the highest value of CO 2 emission.It was 12.03 and 8.53 %vol.This means that CO 2 emission a reduction by a percentage of 29.10%.The engine speed of 750 rpm recorded the lowest value of CO 2 emission reached 3.02 and 4.7 %vol.when using the EFWP filter and without using the EFWP filter.The EFWP filter reduced CO 2 emission percentage by 35.7%.These results occurred due to the EFWP filter which decreased concentrations of the exhaust gases which released to the atmosphere.In general, exhaust CO 2 emission reduced by 25% when compared between using the gas filter and without using it (Fig 8).

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emission
Figure 9 was shown that the CO concentrations emitted from the engine at constant load and at variable speed.It appears that CO concentrations tend to decrease as the engine speed increases, while the high CO concentrations were observed at the lower engine speeds.When increasing the engine speed from 750 and 2550 rpm the CO emission decreased by 60.32 and 91.18 % when using and not using the EFWP filter.At the higher engine speed, air-fuel mixing improves and combustion gas temperatures increase in the combustion chamber which increases CO reaction with sufficient amount oxygen hence converting into CO 2 From the figure 10, it can see clearly in a case using EFWP filter the CO emission was reduced compared with in case not using EFWP filter.The CO emission reduced to 51.40%.this was due to using EFWP filter.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Figure 11 shows that the NOx concentrations emitted by the tractor engine increase as the engine speed increases, due to increased combustion temperatures and improved fuel mixing in the air as the engine speed increases.Nitrogen oxide emissions increase by52.16 and 49.77% when the engine speed increases from 750 to 2250 rpm when the EFWP filter was used or not used.The maximum value of NOx emitted recorded by an engine speed of 2550 rpm in case normal exhaust.It was 723.77 ppm, while the minimum value of NOx emitted recorded by an engine speed of 750 rpm and in case using the EFWP filter.It was 409.30 ppm. Figure (12) shows that using the EFWP filter reducing the emission of NOx comparing with NOx emission of normal engine exhaust.The NOx emitted reduced by 43.43% when using the EFWP filter.

Hydrocarbon Emission (CH)
Figure 13 shows the unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC) concentrations for diesel fuel when different engine speeds.The unburned hydrocarbon contaminant is the direct result of incomplete combustion.unburned hydrocarbon concentrations increase when the engine speed increases with or without the use of the filter due to the increase of diesel injection proportion in the combustion chamber.As such, a part of gaseous hydrocarbons (vapors) remains unburned adjacent to the cylinder walls and in the cracks, which increases the emissions of hydrocarbons with exhaust gases.The highest engine speed of 2250 rpm recorded the highest emission of hydrocarbons of 28.5 and 45.88 ppm when using or not using the filter, while the engine speed 750 RPM recorded the lowest hydrocarbon emissions with exhaust gases of 12.7 and 24 ppm when using or not using the filter.Figure 14 shows that the use of the filter has reduced hydrocarbon emissions by 60.98% compared to the non-use of the filter.This can be due to the melting some of the hydrocarbons in the water of the filter, and the hydrocarbons that insoluble in water will pass on the paper filter, which in turn works to catch the hydrocarbons and thus reduce their concentration in the gases emitted into the atmosphere.

Noise Resulting from the Tractor Engine
Figure 15 shows that increased engine speed resulted in loud noises from the tractor engine in case using or not using the EFWP filter due to increasing the power strokes led to an incrementing number of times of fuel explosion in the combustion chamber when increasing the engine speed.Increasing engine speed from 750 to 2250 rpm led to increasing the noises coming from the tractor engine by 39.94 and 49.44 % in case using the EFWP filter or not using it.Figure 16 shows that noises emitted from the tractor engine which has exhaust filters were lesser than that of the tractor engine without EFWP filter at the same operating conditions.For example, the engine speed of 1500 rpm, recorded noises reached to 73.11 and 103.21dB when using the EFWP filter or not using it (i.e reducing the noisy by 29.61%).In general, using the EFWP filter reduced the noises by 25.38% compared with a

Conclusions
Using an exhaust filter significantly reduces exhaust gas emissions.Emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons decreased by 35.7, 51.40 43.43 and 60.98% respectively.While there was no significant increase in engine efficiency when using the exhaust filter.The noise from the tractor engine was reduced in the case of exhaust filter use and was within the global environmental standards (64.43 dB).Exhaust emissions increased with increased engine speed except for the emission of carbon monoxide has decreased with increased engine speed.It can be proposed to use this filter with tractors to minimize environmental pollution from harmful gases.This filter is made of cheap and available materials and can be used easily.
Fig 4) was used to determine the sound level.It can measurement from 35 to 130 dB.The sound level was measured two times, nearby the tractor driver and nearby the tractor engine for each treatment.The sound level meter contains a digital screen and a sound sensor.The weight of the device 330g and dimensions of 252*64*32.5mm.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.Effect of water filter and engine speed in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC).

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The impact of a water filter on brakespecific fuel consumption (BSFC).

Figure 7 .Figure 8 .
Figure 7. Effect of water filter and engine speed in CO 2 emission

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.Effect of water filter and engine speed in CO emission.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Effect of water filter in CO emission.

9 Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Effect of water filter and engine speed in NOx emission.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Effect of water filter in NOx emission.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Effect of water filter and engine speed in HC emission.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Effect of water filter in HC emission.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Effect of water filter and engine speed in sound emission.

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.Effect of water filter in noisy emission.
(2).Specification of Diesel FuelThe specifications of diesel fuel used in experiments are summarized in table(2).

Table 2 .
Specifications of diesel fuel.
case non-using the EFWP filter This is because the exhaust filter reduces the sound produced by the engine as a result of reduced vibration in the tractor engine, thereby reducing noise. 10