The Effect of Solar Panel Type on some Irrigation System Parameters and Bean Crop Germination Percentage

An experiment was carried out at Al-Raed Research Station, which is located on the Baghdad-Anbar road during the winter season, in order to study the effect of the type of solar panels and irrigation system on some performance indicators of irrigation systems and germination percentage of bean crop (Vicia Faba L). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with three replications. The experiment consist of two factors. 1st factor was the solar panel type with two levels : monocrystalline and polycrystalline. Second factor was the irrigation system with two levels Drip and sprinkler irrigation system the following indicators were studied : solar panel efficiency (%), Irrigation system capacity (L / H), coefficient of homogeneity, germination percentage (%). The results shows that the monocrystalline achieved the best result by achieving the highest solar panel efficiency (24.21 %), the highest irrigation capacity (1782 L/H) and highest coefficient of homogeneity (94.54 %), The best solar panel efficiency was achieved with the drip irrigation which has on average (22.50 %), The drip irrigation had the highest coefficient of homogeneity (96.14 %) and the best germination percentage (97.20 %). The interaction between solar panel type and irrigation system shows that the monocrystalline with drip irrigation achieved the best panel efficiency (25.69 %) and highest average for homogeneity (96.72 %).


Introduction
The wrong practices that humans caused to the environment contributed negatively to the climate, leading to a rise in the temperature in Baghdad governorate from (26-47) degrees Celsius for the year 2001 to (32-56) degrees Celsius for the year 2020, which contributed to the increase in the phenomenon of global warming that one suffers from.Iraq and the region in general [1].The performance of solar panels and the amount of energy produced from them depends directly on the amount of solar radiation receive per square meter [2].Solar panel efficiency depend on many factors like weather [3].The type of solar panel is considered one of the factors affecting its efficiency.Through a study of two types of the most common solar panels, which are monocrystalline and polycrystalline, it showed the superiority of the monocrystalline solar panel over the polycrystalline solar panel, with a significant effect of solar radiation, which is directly proportional to the efficiency [4].Traditional irrigation is more common due to its lower cost, but it is less efficient when compared to modern irrigation systems [5].The use of modern irrigation methods aims to reduce water wastage and thus improve the quality of water management compared to common irrigation methods [6].The sprinkler irrigation system can be considered as one of the modern irrigation methods that can be used to reduce the amount of wasted water by traditional methods and a goal to achieve the food security that is needed with the increasing population of the country [7].The drip irrigation system and sprinkler irrigation system can also be considered as one of the modern irrigation systems that have a role in rationing water waste, but the drip irrigation system is more efficient than the sprinkler irrigation system [8].Lack of good planning of agricultural plans and investment of soil resources led to flooding the Iraqi market with imported products after 2003.Therefore, research recommends the need to reduce this phenomenon by supporting the agricultural sector and improving the quality of its management [9].Leguminous crops are among the most important crops in the world, and the use of appropriate irrigation methods is one of the important things that contribute to increasing productivity, especially in semi-arid regions, including Iraq [10].Also, the decline in soil fertility in most Iraqi farms, especially in the centre and south, can be attributed to a lack of nitrogen in the soil.Therefore, the cultivation of the bean crop contributes to the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, which gives a balance to the soil elements and improves its fertility [11].

Materials and Methods
The field experiment was carried out with the aim of studying the possibility of cultivating broad bean crops using irrigation systems that depend on the mechanism of operating pumps using solar panels, in soil with a mixture of alluvial texture in (Al-Raed Research Station affiliated to the National Centre for Water Resources Management and represents one of the formations of the Ministry of Water Resources) located in Aker Cove and on The highway linking Baghdad -Anbar, represented by a longitude of 44.05 east, a latitude of 33.25 north, and a height above sea level of 34.1 m.A number of agricultural operations were carried out to prepare the experimental field for the aforementioned study, where the field was covered with water (flooded with water) and waited for 20 days for the field to dry completely.Base soil through its effect on the drag of the tipping extruder plow used in the process of soil turning.After completing the plowing process, the rotary plow was used to smooth the previously ploughed soil, after which the levelling and adjustment machine (the two modifiers) was used, not the final preparation work.A group of samples were taken from the experimental field on 9/5/2022 and sent to the laboratories of the National Centre for Water Resources Management for soil analysis and to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the experimental field as shown in Table .The bean crop was planted manually at a depth of 3-5 cm, 2 seeds in each jar, at a distance of 25 cm between one jar and another, on 10/15/2022, a Dutch aquaculture variety.After two weeks, the germination rate was taken, and the weeds were removed manually and chemically.The crop is based on the first pound on 3/16/2023.The efficiency values of the panels for each experimental unit were measured during the irrigation process by taking the readings of the voltage values (Vmp) and the direct current for the same moment (Imp) by means of a clapmeter, the amount of solar radiation falling per square meter of (W/m 2 ) and measuring the active area of the solar panel (Active Space ) and using the proposed equation from [12].
Where:-Vmp= is the voltage of the electricity produced.Imp= is the electrical current produced by the solar PV panel.Ps= is the power of the incident solar radiation (W/m 2 ).A = is the Active Space of the solar cell.

Sprinkler System Capacity
The sprinkler irrigation system capacity was measured according to the formulas used and shown by them [13] and [14].

Surface Drip Irrigation System Capacity
For the purpose of finding a relationship between the dripper and the operating pressure inside the drip tube, a practical experiment was carried out to measure the volume of water for one dripper and through a specific time, then the same experiment was repeated by changing the pressure applied to the dripper while taking the volume of water coming out of the dripper and at the same first time.The proposed equation of was applied [14].
Since:q = discharge of the dripper, (L.H -1 ).K = coefficient of proportionality reflecting the dimensions and capacity of the dripper.H = operational pressure charge ( M ).
x = exponent of the function of the dripper flow, which determines the nature of the flow within the drippers.

Coefficient of Homogeneity (Consistency)
The coefficient of homogeneity (consistency) was measured according to the equation proposed by Analytics [15] and [14].The percentage of germination was measured after 14 days from the date of planting, and it was measured by the equation proposed by Walden [16].

( )
Since:-ER = germination rate m 2 .Es = the number of seeds sprouting.Ts = total number of seeds sown.

Solar Panel Efficiency %
Table (2) shows us the effect of the type of solar panel on the efficiency of the solar panel, as the results show us the superiority of the mono crystalline solar panel by recording the highest average efficiency of (24.21%), while the poly crystalline panel achieved the lowest average efficiency of (24.21%).(18.59%) and the type of solar panel had no significant effect on the efficiency of the solar panel.The results also showed the effect of the type of irrigation system on the efficiency of the solar panel, as the drip irrigation system recorded the highest efficiency rate of (22.5%), while the sprinkler system achieved ) The lowest average efficiency was (20.3%) and the type of irrigation system had no significant effect on the studied characteristic, and the results showed the effect of the bilateral overlap between the type of solar panel and the type of irrigation system used on the efficiency of the solar panel, as the results showed that the solar panel was monocrystalline (Mono crystalline) With the drip irrigation system, the highest average efficiency was achieved by (25.69%), while the polycrystalline solar panel with the sprinkler irrigation system achieved the lowest values of averages was (17.87%).
There was no significant difference between the two-way interference on the efficiency of the panel.solar.
Table 2.The effect of the type of solar panel and the type of irrigation system used on the efficiency of the solar panel %.

The Capacity of the Irrigation System is litres. Hour -1
The results of the statistical analysis showed us through Table (3) the effect of the type of solar panel and the type of irrigation system used on the capacity of the irrigation system in litre.H -1 solar panel (Mono crystalline) achieved the highest average value of irrigation system capacity in litre.H -1 was (1782 L / H ), while the polycrystalline solar panel achieved the lowest average value (1021 L/H).The results showed that there was a significant difference for the type of solar panel on the capacity of the irrigation system, liters.h - .The results also showed the effect of the type of irrigation system on the studied characteristic, as the results showed the superiority of the sprinkler irrigation system by achieving the highest average of (1573 L / H ) While the drip irrigation system achieved the lowest average value of (1230 L / H ). The results show that there is a significant difference for the type of irrigation system used in the capacity of the irrigation system, liters.h - .The results indicate the effect of the overlap between the type of solar panel and the type of The irrigation system used on the capacity of the irrigation system is liter-hour-1, as it was found that there is no significant effect of the dual interaction between the type of solar panel and the type of irrigation system on the capacity of the irrigation system, liter-hour -1 , where the monocrystalline solar panel achieved with the irrigation system The sprinkler achieved the highest mean values (1908 L / H ), while the polycrystalline solar panel with drip irrigation system achieved the lowest mean values (804 L / H ) [17].Table 3.The effect of the type of solar panel and the type of irrigation system used on the irrigation system capacity in litre per hour -1 .

Coefficient of Homogeneity (consistency) %
The results in Table (4) indicate the effect of the type of solar panel and the type of irrigation system used on the homogeneity coefficient (consistency).The homogeneity coefficient rates amounted to (94.54%), while the polycrystalline solar panel recorded the lowest average values of the homogeneity coefficient amounted to (89.55%).(96.14%), while the sprinkler irrigation system recorded the lowest value for the average characteristic (87.95%).The bilateral interaction between the type of solar panel and the type of irrigation system used had a significant effect on the characteristic of the homogeneity coefficient (consistency), as the results showed the superiority of the solar panel (Mono crystalline) with the system Drip irrigation recorded the highest average values (96.72%), while the polycrystalline solar panel with the sprinkler irrigation system recorded the lowest average values (83.55%).This matches what he found [18].Table 4.The effect of the type of solar panel and the type of irrigation system used on the coefficient of uniformity (consistency) %.The results of the statistical analysis show us through Table (5) the effect of the type of solar panel and the type of irrigation system used on the characteristic of the germination rate m2, as the results indicate that there is no significant effect of the type of solar panel used on the germination rate m2, as the results showed the superiority of the polycrystalline solar panel (Polycrystalline ) by recording the highest average germination percentage m 2 amounted to (95.8%), while the monocrystalline solar panel recorded the lowest average values of m 2 germination percentage amounting to (88.2%), and the results also indicated that there was a significant effect of the type of irrigation system used on the trait studied by registering the drip irrigation system (Drip) the highest average values amounted to (98.6%), while the sprinkler irrigation system recorded the lowest average values for the m2 germination percentage amounted to (85.4%), while the binary interaction between the type of solar panel and the type of irrigation system used did not have a significant effect on the characteristic of the germination percentage m2 by achieving the solar panel The polycrystalline (Polycrystalline) with the drip irrigation system achieved the highest value for the average germination rate m2, which amounted to (100%), while the monocrystalline solar panel (Monocrystalline) with the sprinkler irrigation system achieved the lowest values for the average germination percentage m 2 , which amounted to (79.2%).

Conclusions
From the above results, we conclude the following:  The monocrystalline solar panel achieved the highest average efficiency 24.21%. The drip irrigation system is more efficient than the sprinkler system by achieving the highest average irrigation system capacity 96.14%. Sprinkler irrigation system achieved the highest drainage rates 1573 L / H.  The polycrystalline solar panel with drip irrigation system achieved the highest germination  rate 100 %.

Recommendations
We recommended the following  Using the monocrystalline because it achieved the best indicators. Using the drip irrigation system to reduce the water scarcity situation and improve the quality of water management. Using irrigation systems powered by solar panels to reduce global warming caused by the use of pumps powered by traditional source of power (diesel fuel). I Conducting more researches and studies of renewable energy systems with other crops.

Table 1 .
Shows soil analysis before planting.

Table 5 .
The effect of the type of solar panel and the type of irrigation system used on the germination rate m 2 .