Evaluation of Genetic Performance and Estimation of some Genetic Parameters in Yield Traits and Components of Four Genetic Structures of Broad Bean Under the Influence of Different Levels of Soil Salinity

The study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the genetic performance and estimating some genetic parameters in the characteristics of the yield and its components for the four different structures originating from Broad bean (local, Turkish, Spanish and Dutch) under the influence of different levels of soil salinity (2, 6 and 9 ds\m) in the field of the Field Crops Department of the Faculty of Agriculture - Al-Qasim Green University During the growing season of 2022/2023, the experiment was carried out according to the design of the complete random sectors as a factor experiment and with three replicates. The results of the analysis of variance showed significant differences between the four structures of all the traits studied. The Turkish variety significantly outperformed the rest of the other varieties in all the characteristics studied Number of pods (10.12 pods / plant), the number of seeds per pod (4.06 seeds / pod) and the weight of 100 seeds (121.22 g) and the yield of seeds (1.59 tons / ha) and the biological yield (3.19 tons / ha) and protein yield 322.4 kg / ha). pod) weighing 100 seeds (135.02 g), seed yield (2.42 tons/ha), biological yield (4.42 tons/ha) and protein yield 0.507 ton/ha), The results showed that the phenotypic and genetic variations were high for all traits at the level (2 ds/m) but decreased at the salt level (9 ds/m). The percentage of inheritance in the broad sense was very high for all traits and all salt levels, which indicates that the phenotypic variation between the varieties was mostly genetic.


Introduction
Broad bean crop is one of the most important crops belonging to the legume family Fabaceae, because its seeds and pods contain many nutrients essential to human life [1], as well as a high percentage of protein, which may compensate for the lack of animal protein [2], and in a statistic of the World Food Organization in 2021, it confirmed that the volume of global production of legumes amounted to 88.38 million / ton [3].There is a growing need to produce crop varieties that can grow and give a good harvest in soils with high saline levels, especially in areas with degradation of field qualities.Thus clarified [4].Improving the salinity tolerance of plants can solve the problem of salinity.It has been observed through ongoing studies and research that plant species differ in their degree of tolerance to salinity and this variation may be present within the varieties of the same species.Salinity tolerance is genetically controlled and transmissible across generations [5].The genes producing salinity tolerance 1259 (2023) 012117 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1259/1/012117 2 are divided into two groups: the first group consists of genes that encode structural proteins that are involved in building cells, and the second group is genes that stimulate biotic and abiotic stress, which are known as regulatory proteins, and usually it is enzymes that do this work, and stress signals are followed by changes in gene expression and then the stress response works [6].Estimating the components of variation for quantitative traits is also useful in selecting appropriate and effective methods of genetic improvement [7].The knowledge of genetic and phenotypic variation between traits helps workers in the field of genetics and plant breeding by preparing special programs for selection not more than one trait at the same time and in that shortening time, effort and costs and that knowledge of variance facilitates the development of the correct foundation for the most efficient breeding programs, in addition to that, the calculation of the estimate of genetic and phenotypic variations and coefficients of differences, inheritance and genetic improvement expected to make the most of them in the breeding program that aims to improve important quantitative economic traits, and these variations are of great importance In calculating the percentage of inheritance and the expected genetic improvement, the chance of selection increases as the percentage of inheritance increases, but if it decreases, it means that there is an impact of environmental factors and can cover genetic factors [8].Studies have shown that the outcome of beans that is affected by many factors depends on genetic variation and that the analysis of genetic variation is important rather than giving information about the traits being studied.[9][10] [11] In a study to estimate some genetic parameters in beans to a high inheritance rate in the broad sense of the weight of 100 seeds and biological yield, it was found that there is a genetic and phenotypic variation of high characteristics for the weight of 100 seeds and biological quotient, which was reflected in the high values of the coefficient of genetic and phenotypic difference of these traits.It also found [12] in the study of evaluating the genetic performance and estimating some genetic parameters in the characteristics of growth and yield of three varieties of different origins of beans, that the percentage of inheritance in its broad sense was high for the characteristics of the number of pods / plant and the weight of 100 seeds and the yield of seeds and biological yield, and this indicates that the phenotypic variation between varieties was mostly genetic, in line with what was reached [13] [14], and also indicated that the coefficients of phenotypic and genetic difference were high for the characteristics of the number of branches / plant and the number of pods / Plant and seed yield and biological yield, this is consistent with what he obtained [15] [16].The study aims to evaluate the genetic performance of the four varieties of different origins of beans under the influence of different salt levels under the conditions of Babylon Governorate with the aim of selecting the best in terms of productivity in quantity and quality, and estimating the percentage of inheritance in the broad sense and the phenotypic and genetic variations of the most important components of the outcome as a step to infer from its results in knowing the extent to which these varieties respond to the election to benefit from them in breeding programs and improving this crop in the future.

Materials and Methods
The experiment was carried out in the field according to the experiments of the worker in the fields of the Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University.Then the field was divided into three replicates according to the design of the complete randomized sectors (RCBD), each repeater includes 12 experimental units, to evaluate genetic performance and estimate some genetic parameters represented (genetic and phenotypic variations and their treatments and inheritance rate in their broad sense) for the characteristics of the yield and components of four genetic structures of beans (local, Spanish, Turkish and Dutch) respectively, under the influence of three concentrations of soil salinity, which is a treatment compared to the concentration of 2 ds/m (S2) and the second level with a concentration of 6 ds/m (S6) either level The third was with a concentration of 9 ds/m (S9), the planting process was done on 1/11/2022.

Preparing the Land for Agriculture How to Work
 Preparing the panels, which are closed and lined with nylon with an area of 2×3 m and a depth of about 50 cm. A soil with a salinity of( 2 ds/m) was brought to be used as a comparative treatment.

Statistical Analysis
After collecting and tabulating data for the quantitative characteristics studied from the field experiment.The data were analyzed according to factor experiments according to the design of the complete random sectors RCBD using the ready-made statistical analysis program 12Genstat v and the mean of the coefficients were compared with the calculation of the least significant difference L.S.D at a probability level of 0.05 [17].

Phenotypic, Genotypic and Environmental Variances
The analysis of phenotypic, genetic and environmental variation was estimated according to the method explained by Walter (1975) and then each of the following was calculated:

Nheritance in the Broad Sense
As it was estimated in the way he explained [19] as follows: Represents inheritance in the broad sense σ :Genotypic Variances : Phenotypic Variances

Number of Pods (pod/plant)
The results of Table (1) showed the existence of significant effects between the genetic structures of beans and salinity levels in the characteristic of the number of pods in the plant, as the Turkish variety achieved the highest rate of the number of pods reached (10.12 pods / plant), compared to the Dutch variety, which achieved the lowest rate for the number of pods reached (8.11 pods / plant) .
while the salinity levels significantly outperformed the comparison treatment (2 ds / m) with an average of (13.07 pods / plant) while the concentration (9 ds / m) achieved the lowest rate for the number of pods reached (5.57pods / plant).

Number of Seeds in the Pod (seed / pod)
The results of Table (2) shows the effect of salinity levels in four genetic structures of beans on the characteristic of the number of seeds in the pod (seed / pod), and from it is noted that the Turkish variety is significantly superior to the number of seeds in the pod (4.06 seeds / pod) over the Spanish variety, which achieved the lowest rate of the number of seeds in the pod (3.45 seeds / pod).The results of Table (2) also showed a significant effect on the number of seeds in the pod, as the level exceeded (2 ds / m) at a rate of (4.86 seeds / pod) on plants planted with soil with salinity (9 ds / m), which achieved the lowest rate of (3.07 seeds / pod).

Weight of 100 seeds (g)
The results of Table (3) showed the existence of significant effects between the genetic structures of beans and salinity levels in the weight of 100 seeds (g), as the Turkish variety achieved significant superiority in the weight of 100 seeds at a rate of (121.22 g), compared to the Dutch variety, which achieved the lowest rate of weight of 100 seeds (112.24g).As for the salinity levels, the comparison plants outperformed in the weight of 100 seeds significantly at a rate of (135.02g) on plants planted with soil with salinity (9 ds / m), which achieved the lowest rate of (100.55 g).
Table 3.Effect of Salinity levels on Weight 100 seeds (g) of broad bean varieties.

Total Seed Yield (ton/ha)
The results of Table (4) showed significant effects between the genetic structures of beans and salinity levels in the total seed yield (ton/ha).The Turkish variety recorded the highest total seed yield rate 1259 (2023) 012117 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1259/1/0121175 (1.592 ton / ha) compared to the Spanish variety, which achieved the lowest total seed yield rate (1.093 ton / ha).The results of Table ( 4) also showed significant differences between the levels of salinity in the characteristic of the total seed yield, as the level (2 ds / m) significantly exceeded at a rate of (2.451 tons / ha) on plants planted with soil with salinity (9 ds / m), which achieved the lowest rate of (100.55 ton / ha).

Biological Yield (ton/ha)
The results of Table (5) showed significant effects between the genetic structures of beans and salinity levels in the characteristic of biological yield (ton/ha).The Turkish variety achieved the highest biological yield at a rate of (3.195 tons / ha) compared to the Spanish variety, which achieved the lowest biological yield rate (2.063 tons / ha).The results of Table ( 5) also showed the superiority of the comparison plants in the characteristic of biological yield significantly at a rate of (4.428 tons / ha) on plants planted with soil with salinity (9 ds / m), which achieved the lowest rate of (1.174 tons / ha).
Table 5.Effect of Salinity levels on Biological yield (ton/ha) of broad bean varieties.

Protein Yield (ton/ha)
The results of Table (6) showed significant differences between the genetic structures and salinity levels in the characteristic of protein yield (ton/ha), as the Turkish variety outweighed significantly in protein yield at a rate of (0.322 ton/ ha), compared to the local variety that achieved the lowest rate of protein yield (0.220 ton/ ha).As for the salinity levels, the plants planted at the level (2 ds / m) in the characteristic of protein yield significantly outperformed at a rate of (0.507 tons / ha) than plants planted with soil with salinity (9 ds / m), which achieved the lowest rate of (0.082 tons / ha).Table 6.Effect of Salinity levels on Protein yield (ton/ha) of broad bean varieties.

Values of Genetic and Phenotypic Variations and Heritability Ratio in the Broad
The results of Table (7) showed the values of genetic, phenotypic and environmental variations of the studied traits under the influence of levels of different levels of salinity.As it is noted that the high values of genetic variation because of the phenotypic variation compared to the environmental variation of the studied traits, and this gives evidence that genetics play an important role morally in showing the trait and thus effective selection that gives an opportunity to plant breeders in the selection of genetic material that he desires in the breeding program directly for its low impact on the environment.As we note that the values of genetic variation were high for the comparison treatment (2 ds/m) for all the traits studied, the number of pods, the number of seeds per pod, the weight of 100 seeds, the seed yield and the protein yield amounted to 35.82, 4.88, 3663.7,.29,4.40 and 0.058 respectively compared to the salt level (9 ds/m) in which the value of genetic variation was the least All traits for all the traits studied Number of pods, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seeds, seed yield and protein quotient It amounted to 6.88, 1.89, 2094.7,0.369 and 0.0016 respectively.Which indicates that the variations are clear between plants at salt-free levels, either high salt levels, the damage to the plant makes the variations unclear as a result of increased salt tension, as well as the case of phenotypic variation, where we find that the clarity of variation between plants cultivated under natural conditions at the level (2 ds\m), these genetic and phenotypic variations were reflected on the percentage of inheritance in the broad sense, where the inheritance was maximum at the level (2 ds\m), while the salt tension we find a decrease In the inheritance ratio at the level (9 ds\m) As for the phenotypic variation, its percentage was high in the plants of the comparison treatment compared to the salt level, which formed the lowest values of phenotypic variation, and the results indicated the large role of genetic variation compared to phenotypic variation, and the appearance expresses any characteristic as a result of environmental influences and genetic structures, and the overlap between them, which results in the phenotypic form and expresses these differences in variations and this is consistent with what he obtained [19], perhaps this is due to the role of Additional and non-additive effects of genes in controlling the inheritance of these traits [20].Table 7. Genetic , phenotypic and Environmental variations and heritability ratio of the characteristics of the genetic structures of beans under the influence of three levels of soil salinity.

Conclusions
We conclude from the above that the genetic structures varied in the effect of salinity levels  That the high salt concentrations led to a decrease in yield and its components compared to plants grown in soil with (2 ds / m) that achieved the highest plant yield. The adoption of the Turkish genetic structure in plant breeding and improvement studies to give the largest number of characteristics of the yield and its components, and this is due to the genetic nature of the variety and to the genes of the variety that made the variety adapted to environmental conditions and salinity resistance.


Two soil samples were brought from areas with levels of 6 and 9 ds/m. The seeds of the genetic structures are planted in the boards on lines between one line and another 35 and between Joura and another 25 and the crop service operations are irrigation, patching, loosening and weeding as needed.After the plants reached physiological maturity, quantitative and qualitative yield measurements and indicators were taken for each experimental unit as follows: Number of pods per plant (pod/ plant). Number of seeds per pod (seed/ pod)  100 seeds weight (g)  Total seed yield (ton/ ha)  Biological yield (ton/ ha)  Protein yield (ton/ ha)

Table 1 .
Effect of Salinity levels on Number of pods (pod/plant) of broad bean varieties.

Table 2 .
Effect of Salinity levels on Number of seeds per pod (seed/pod) of broad bean varieties.

Table 4 .
Effect of Salinity levels on Total seed yield (ton/ha)of broad bean varieties.