Genetic Heterogeneity of Genotypes of Sorghum under Different Ferrous Concentrations

A study was conducted of five genotypes of white corn (J, Giza, Inqaz, Rabeh, Li) in gypsum soil. The effect of foliar feeding with three levels of iron (0, 75 and 150) mg L was used (ferrous sulphate) on the growth of white corn at the plant. Research for the Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit, for the fall season 2022 AD, with a sandy texture. As for the design type, random complete blocks (RCBD) with three replications, and each replicate contains (15) experimental units, each experimental unit contains four lines, the distance between one line and another is 60 cm, and between one line and another is 20 cm, to study growth characteristics. The Li variety excelled in the number of grains per head, head weight, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield per plant, total grain yield, harvest index, and the percentage of iron in the seeds, which amounted to (2316.0 seeds, 112.55 grams, 29.45 grams, 64.08 grams, 6.01 tons, 44.21%, and 67.75 mg Fe / kg), while the biological yield was superior to the J variety, which reached (12.93 tons). The percentage of protein was higher than the Giza variety, reaching (6.73%). As for fertilizer additions, (Fe2) was superior and gave the highest averages in traits, number of grains per head, head weight, weight of1000 grains, grain yield per plant, total grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, percentage of iron in seeds, andpercentage of protein, as it reached 2361.0 grains, 107.80 g, and 27. 43g, 64.67g, 5.33t, 12.20 tons, 44.26%, 72.75 mg Fe/kg, and 6.59%, respectively. The combination (Li + fertilizer additives (Fe2) was characterized by giving the highest averages in the characteristics of number of grains per head, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield per plant, grain yield, harvest index, and percentage of iron in seeds. The biological yield was outperformed by class J + additives Fertilizer (Fe1) and the characteristic of the percentage of protein was superior to the variety Giza + fertilizer additives (Fe2). The genetic variance contributed more than the environmental variance to all fertilizer additions (Fe2) and their quantitative characteristics, which was reflected in the degree of heritability in the broad sense, in addition to that the coefficient of genetic, environmental and phenotypic variation and the expected genetic improvement as a percentage was average for most of the traits under study.


Introduction
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Mensch is one of the important grain crops belonging to the Poaceae family.Its importance is due to its multiple uses.It is a food, fodder and industrial crop at the same time [1].Role in food and many countries The growing grains contain 67% starch, more than 11% protein, and 3% fat.It is used to produce starch, glucose and vitamin B [2].The white corn crop is one of the crops 1259 (2023) 012107 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1259/1/012107 2 sensitive to iron deficiency.Because it is involved in many functions such as photosynthesis, formation of chlorophyll, participation in enzymatic reactions, increasing its ability to withstand various stresses and disease resistance, as well as increasing physiological and biochemical activity.The importance of mineral fertilization has been known since 1960 in providing the necessary nutrients to increase the efficiency of agricultural crop production, as it was found that 50% of the increase and improvement in the productivity of grain crops is attributed to the use of mineral fertilizers [3], the lack of micronutrients in Iraqi soils in the different stages of plant growth mother may It is one of the factors affecting the quality of the resulting seeds, so providing these elements, especially iron, through foliar feeding at precise timings coinciding with the growth stages of the plant will avoid exposure to any nutritional stress that wouldlimit the seed yield, as well as addressing the problem of deterioration of seed characteristics as a result for the roles he performs This ingredient increases physiological, chemical and biological activity within plant tissues [4].Note [5] a study he carried out on the white corn crop in Egypt that an increase in the two concentrations of iron led to an increase in the weight of the grain, as it increased by 10 to 11% for the treatments of iron spraying at a concentration of 100 and 200 mg.l.It was found [6] that the effect of iron nanoparticles led to an increase in the transport process of manufactured materials from the source to the downstream by raising the rate of chlorophyll in the leaves and increasing the process of photosynthesis, which increased growth and productivity and thus increased yield, so the use of foliar feeding method is one of the most prominent methods to address deficiency These soils [7].In view of the importance of the white corn crop for food and fodder, it was necessary to search for a way to increase its productive capacity by scientific methods.Therefore, this research aims to study: Evaluating the performance of five genotypes of the white corn crop.Knowing the best concentration for spraying iron on the white corn crop.

Materials and Methods
The experiment included two factors:  The five genetic combinations used are (J, Research, Rescue, Winner,L)  Foliar feeding with iron at three levels (0, 75, 150) mg L-1 and symbolized by (F0, F1, F2)where ferrous sulfate was used as a source of iron

Iron Fertilization
Ferrous sulphate fertilizer (20% Fe) was used as a source of iron, with three concentrations (0, 75 and 150) mg L. The plants were sprayed with two appointments, the first 30 days after planting and the second before flowering and sprayed early in the morning.A knapsack sprinkler with a capacity of 10 liters was used in the spraying process, and a cleaning solution spreader was used with a concentration of (0.15) cm 3 L. for the purpose of causing complete wetness on the vegetative parts and then increasing the absorption efficiency and reducing the surface tension of water.was calculated The required iron concentration is as follows: The required concentrations are:

Experiment Design and Statistical Analysis
The field experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D).The experimental land was prepared after it was plowed and mulched and dividedinto three replicates, and each replicate contained (15) experimental units.Each experimental unit contained three lines, the distance between one line and another was 60 cm, and between one hole.and another 20 cm.The experiment was fertilized with urea fertilizer (46% N) in an amount of 390 kg H -1 , in three batches, the first at planting, the second after 25 days of germination, and the third after 50 days of germination.Triple superphosphate fertilizer (20% P), a source of phosphorus, was used and added in one batch.Before planting, at the rate of 120 kg H -1 , and potassium fertilizer was added Potassium sulfate 41.5% in three doses, the first at planting, the second after 25 days of germination, and the third after 50 days of germination, and the planting took place on 3/17/2022, when the seeds were sown at the rate of 2-3 seeds in one jar to ensure germination, then the plants were thinned to a plant.One for each jar one month after planting, when the heads are expelled and after The completion of flowering started by wrapping the heads of plants with paper bags to prevent birdsfrom attacking them.Weeding and control was done manually.Diazinon granulated 10% effective substance was used at a rate of 4 kg / h to control the corn stalk borer (Sesamiacretica).The experimental land remains to be irrigated whenever the crop is needed.Data were taken for ten plants guarded from the midlines randomly for each experimental unit after full maturity, and the following studies were conducted on them: The percentage of iron in the seeds.

Method of Digestion
The samples were prepared for digestion by taking a weight of (2.5 g) from each sample after drying, then adding 3 ml of concentrated nitric acid to it, heating the mixture at a temperature (40-45) C until the nitric acid evaporated, the mixture was cooled, then 3 ml of concentrated nitric acid was added Heat again at the same temperature until the nitric acid evaporates, then cool the mixture15 ml ofdeionized water was added to it.The mixture was left for 2 hours to complete the digestion process, then it was filtered and the filtrate was taken, and then transferred to the atomic absorption apparatus for measurement [8].

Statistical Analysis
The data were analyzed statistically with the Genes tat statistical program, and the Duncan multiple range test was used at the level of 0.05 to calculate the difference between the means of the coefficients [9].

Number of Head Grains (grain. head)
Table (1) results indicate significant differences between the fertilizer treatments in this trait, as iron spraying with a concentration of 150 mg.L was significantly superior and gave the highest average number of grains per head amounted to 2361.00 grains per head, compared to the comparison treatment (Fe0), which achieved the lowest mean for the trait amounted to 2055.13 head grain.As for the genotypes, the Li structure was significantly superior by giving it the highest mean of 2316 grains.head, while the installation gave the lowest average salvage, amounting to 2114.33 grains head.The table also showed the same for the interaction between the workers in the number of grains in the head, the concentration exceeded 150 mg L with the genotype Li, as it gave the highest averages amounted to (2574.33) head grains, compared to the treatment of spraying with distilled water Fe0, as it gave the lowest averages amounted to (1988.33) head grains.The average rate of items

Head Weight (gm)
The results of Table (2) indicate that there is a significant difference in the weight of the head due to the effect of iron spraying treatments.Iron spraying (Fe2) achieved the highest mean of 154.79 g, and it did not differ significantly from the Fe1 treatment, which gave an average of 108.93 g , compared to the comparison treatment (Fe0 ) which achieved the lowest average of 134.27 g for the trait.It appears from the results of the same table that there is a significant difference between the cultivars in head weight, as the Li variety gave the highest average for the trait amounted to 112.55 g, compared to the Rabeh cultivar, which achieved the lowest average for the trait amounted to 95.33 g.The results of Table (2) indicate that there is a significant difference in the weight of the head due to the effect of the interaction between the compositions and the iron spraying treatments.The J variety with iron (Fe2) spraying achieved the highest mean of 33.125 gm for the Compared to the control treatment (Fe0) with the rescue cultivar, which achieved the lowest mean for the trait, which amounted to 73.33 g.Table 2.The effect of iron concentrations on the head weight (g) of genotypes of sorghum.The average rate of items

Weight of 1000 Grains (g)
The results of Table (3) show that there are significant differences between the fertilizer treatments in the weight of 1000 grains of gm, as the Fe2 treatment gave the highest average of 27.43 g .While the Fe0 treatment gave the lowest mean for this characteristic, reaching 23.87 g.The genotypes differed among themselves, as the Li combination gave the highest average weight of 1000 grains, amounting to 29.45 g, while the gainer combination gave the lowest average, which amounted to 22.34 g.The interaction between cultivars and iron concentrations was significant, as the interaction between the Li composition and the Fe2 treatment gave the highest average for this characteristic, which amounted to 32.39 g, while the interaction between the Rabeh cultivar and the Fe0 fertilizer treatment gave the lowest average, amounting to 20.18 g.The average rate of items

Yield Per Plant (g)
The results of table (4) showed that there were significant differences between the fertilizer treatments in the plant yield characteristic, as the Fe2 treatment gave the highest mean of 64.67 g. plants .While the Fe0 treatment gave the lowest mean for this characteristic, reaching 50.39 g. plants .As for the cultivars, it differed significantly, as the composition Li was superior by giving it the highest average for the trait amounted to 64.08 g plant, while the composition gave the lowest gainer average for the trait amounted to 48.86 g plant.As for the interaction between the cultivars and the treatments, it was significant, as the interaction between Li was recorded with the treatment Fe2 The highest value was 71.54 g.plant, while the interference rescue with Fe0 treatment gave thelowest value of the interference amounting to 47.84 gm.plant.The average rate of items

Total Grain Yield (ton h)
Table (5) shows the superiority of the iron spray treatment with a concentration of (150) mg liter, as it gave the highest averages of (5.33) tons ha, compared to the comparison treatment that gave the lowest averages of (4.15) tons h .It is noted that the varieties differed significantly among themselves in this characteristic, as The composition Li was significantly superior by giving it the highest mean of the trait, which reached 5.35 tons h , while the composition gave the lowest average gain of the trait amounted to 3.96 tons h .The interaction between cultivars and spraying treatments was significant, as the interaction between Li and Fe2 treatment recorded the highest value of 6.01 tons.h., while the interaction with Fe0 treatment gave the lowest value for the total grain yield, which amounted to (3.87) ton.h.  6) are the superiority of iron spraying treatment with a concentration of (150) mg liter, as it gave the highest averages of (12.20) tons.H , and did not differ significantly from the Fe1 treatment, which gave an average of 12.07 tons.h., while the Fe0 treatment gave the lowest mean for this characteristic, which was 11.16 tons.H.The cultivars differed significantly among themselves, as in (Table 6), as composition (J) gave the highest biological yield of 12.83 tons.h., in contrast, the combination gave a gainer with the lowest arithmetic mean of 10.80 tons.h.While the interaction between cultivars and treatments gave significant differences, as the overlap gave Among cultivar (J) and treatment Fe1 the highest biological yield was 13.79 tons.h.On the other hand, the interaction between Rabeh cultivar and treatment Fe0 gave the lowest biological yield of 10.14 ton.h.Table 6.Effect of iron concentrations on the biological yield (ton .h) of genotypes of sorghum.The average rate of items

Harvest Index (%)
The harvest index expresses the efficiency of the plant in converting the products of carbon metabolism into grain, and it is a percentage between the grain yield to the total weight of the plant for all the vegetative parts above the soil surface.It is evident from the results of Table (7) that there is a significant difference in the harvest index due to the effect of iron spraying treatments.Iron (Fe2) spraying achieved the highest mean for the trait amounted to 44.66%, compared to the comparison treatment (Fe0) which achieved the lowest mean for the trait amounted to 36.70%.As for the cultivars, the Li cultivar was significantly superior by giving the highest average harvest index ratio of 44.21%, while the plants of the cultivar Gain gave the lowest average for this trait amounted to 36.67% .As for the interaction between the cultivars and the treatments, it was significant, as the interaction between Li and the Fe2 treatment recorded the highest value of 47.15%, while the interaction of Rabeh with the Fe0 treatment gave the lowest value of the interaction amounting to 33.79%.The average rate of items

Iron Concentration (mg Fe kg -1 in cereal)
The sorghum crop is one of the crops that is very sensitive to iron deficiency, and the reason for this is that the iron element is slow to medium in movement within the plant tissues, so iron must be supplied continuously to the plant's need for it (Hechman, 2003).It is evident from the results of Table ( 8) that there is a significant difference in the trait due to the effect of iron spraying treatments.Iron (Fe2) spraying achieved the highest average of the trait amounted to 72.80 mg Fe kg -1 , compared to the comparison treatment (Fe0), which achieved the lowest average of the trait amounted to 54.44 mg Fe kg -1 .As shown in the same table, the cultivars differed among themselves, as the Li cultivar was significantly superior by giving the highest average harvest index ratio of 67.75 mg Fe kg -1 , while the plants of the cultivar Giza gave the lowest average for this trait amounted to 62.87 mg Fe kg -1 , while the interaction between cultivars and treatments was significant as Record Li's interference with the transactionFe2 had the highest value of 75.24 mg Fe kg -1 , while the short overlap with Fe0 treatment gave the lowest value of 52.52 mg Fe kg -1 .Table 8.Effect of iron concentrations on the characteristic of iron concentration in grains for genotypes of white corn.The average rate of items 3.1.9.Protein (%) Table (9) indicates that the characteristic of the protein content in seeds was affected significantly by increasing the concentration of iron, and it was higher when the Fe2 treatment with a concentration of 150 mg.L, which gave the highest value for the trait amounted to 6.59%, compared to the control treatment Fe0 (zero iron), which gave the lowest value for the trait amounted to 5.94%.The results of the same table showed the superiority of the Giza cultivar, as it gave the highest value for the trait amounted to 6.73%, while the Li cultivar gave the lowest average of 5.73%.It was observed that there was a significant effect of the interaction between cultivars and fertilizer treatments in the proportion of protein in grains.The interaction between Giza with the Fe2 treatment was superior and gave the highest value for the trait amounted to 7.26%, while the interactionbetween Li with the Fe0 treatment gave the lowest value for the trait amounted to 5.46%, and it did not differ significantly from the cultivar.Winner with the same treatment also did not differSignificantly for the same variety with Fe0 treatment.The average rate of items

Variations and Coefficient of Environmental, Genetic and Phenotypic Variation, Heritability in the Broad Sense and Expected Genetic Improvement
It is important to determine the nature of the genetic and non-genetic components of the variation because it helps the plant breeder to know which of the traits will respond to the selection.It is noted from the results of Table 10 that the phenotypic and genetic variations of the studied traits differed among themselves, so the highest value of the phenotypic and genetic variations was for the number of head grain trait.The value of phenotypic variance is higher than the value of genetic variance, and this is due tothe presence of environmental variance.The lowest value of environmental variance for the weight of one thousand grains was 0.002, while the highest value was the number of grain heads 24952.86 head grain .The values of the coefficient of phenotypic variation were higher than the values of the coefficient of genetic variation for all studied traits, which indicates that environmental factors affect the difference in the gene frequency responsible for plant traits.(Table 10) asIt is noted that the coefficients of genetic and phenotypic variation were high for the characteristics of the number of grains per head, the percentage of iron in the leaves, the weight of a thousand grains, the weight of the head, and the harvest index.This result agrees with the results of study [10], which indicated that PCV values were higher than GCV values.We also note that the percentage of heritability in the broad sense is high for all the studied traits.The importance of heritability in the broad sense is high in that it explains a large part of the phenotypic variations present in the plant community in that it is due to genetic variationsbetween genotypes and that there are fewer effects due to environmental factors, which indicatesThe possibility of using selection to improve these traits, these results agree with the results of the study [11].It is also noted that the expected genetic improvement is high in the and low for the rest of the traits.number of grains per head, average for the weight of a thousand grains, and low for the rest of the traits [12].

Conclusions
Li variety was significantly superior in most traits of the yield and its components.The binary interaction between genotypes and fertilizer additions was significant in all traits except for the biological yield trait.The interaction treatment between (Li) and the fertilizer treatment 150 mg L Fe2 gave higher 1000 grain weight and total grain yield.The iron concentrations used sprayed on the vegetative part achieved significant differences in the overall yield characteristics and its components.

Table 1 .
Effect of iron concentrations on the number of grains head (grain head) of genotypes of white corn.

Table 3 .
Effect of iron concentrations on the weight of 1000 grains (gm) of white corn genotypes.

Table 4 .
The effect of iron concentrations on the individual plant yield (gm plant) of white corn genotypes.

Table 5 .
Effect of iron concentrations on the character of the total yield (ton.e) of genotypes of white corn.It is the total dry matter produced by the plant during its life cycle, which is represented by stems, leaves, ears and grains.The biological yield is affected by genetic factors and crop management factors.The clearest results of table(

Table 7 .
Effect of iron concentrations on harvest index (%) of white corn genotypes.

Table 9 .
The effect of iron concentrations on the protein content of sorghum genotypes.

Table 10 .
Variances and coefficient of environmental, genetic, phenotypic, heritability and expected genetic improvement.