Effect of Different Ferrous Concentrations on the Growth Characteristics of Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor L.

A field experiment was carried out during the fall season of the agricultural season 2022 AD at a research station of the Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit in Salah al-Din Governorate, located at longitude 43.679 degrees east and latitude 34.616 degrees north of the equator in gypsum soil in order to know the effect of foliar feeding with two levels of Iron In addition to the comparison treatment, which is (0, 75, and 150) mg L on fivegenotypes of white corn, namely (J, Giza, Inqaz, Rabeh, and Li). Ferrous sulfate was used as a source of iron. Using the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, and each replicate contains (15) experimental units, each experimental unit contains four lines, the distance between one line and another is 60 cm, and between one line and another is 20 cm, to study growth characteristics. The Li variety was superior in leaf area and the percentage of iron in the leaves, reaching (4086.61 cm2 and 60.92 mg Fe/kg). As for the following characteristics, the number of days from sowing to 50% flowering and plant height, the J variety was superior to (99.11 days and 177.48 cm). and the characteristics, number of leaves per plant, estimation of chlorophyll A and estimation of chlorophyll B were lost The variety was superior to Giza, which reached (23.40 μg.cm2, 19.83 μg.cm2, and 16.43 leaves). As for the fertilizer additions, it was superior to (Fe2) and gave the highest averages in the characteristics of plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and iron content inthe leaves, as it reached 157.94 cm, 15.80 leaves, 3783.76 cm 2, and 23.34 μg. cm2 and 21.03 μg.cm2 and 64.38mg Fe / kg, respectively, and the addition of Fe (1)) in the characteristic of the number of days from sowing to 50% flowering exceeded 95.46%. The combination (Li + fertilizer additives (Fe2) was characterized by giving the highest averages in the characteristics of leaf area and the percentage of iron in the leaves. As for the characteristics, the number of days from cultivation until 50% flowering and plant height, it was outperformed by variety J + fertilizer additives (Fe2) and the characteristics of the number of leaves per plant Estimation of chlorophyll A and estimation of chlorophyll B were lostIt is superior to Giza + fertilizer additives (Fe2).


Introduction
The multiplicity of agricultural crops in terms of quantity and quality, and despite all that, white corn still ranks fifth in the world in terms of the main crops of the world food.it contains Its grains contain 67% starch, more than 11% protein, and 3% fat, and it is used to produce starch, glucose, and vitamin 1259 (2023) 012106 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1259/1/012106 2 B [1].Iron is one of the most important microelements necessary for the growth of all plants, as this element cannot be replaced, and some plants absorb it in large quantities compared to the rest of the microelements [2].has an important impact on The processes of respiration and carbon metabolism through its effect on receiving and transporting electrons and the formation of phytoferritin, a protein that contains iron and phosphate, which is a storehouse of iron in chloroplasts, as well as its contribution to the formation of Ferrdoxin, a protein that contains iron and sulfur important in the process of carbon metabolism.Because it leads to an increase in growth rates [3].Cases of irondeficiency appear on plants grown in gypsum soils, which is known as lime-induced chlorosis, and the reason for this is due to the low content of clay and organic matter, as well as the high pH, as well as the high content of these soils of its calcium ionThe effect of competing with the iron ion on the sites of absorption in the roots, and thus reduces the absorption of iron, in addition to the role played by calcium ions in improving soil aeration, which works to provide appropriate conditions for the oxidation of iron, which is the most ready form of ferrous.[4], so longer useThe foliar feeding method is one of the most prominent methods to address the deficiency of these soils [5].In view of the importance of the white corn crop for food and fodder, it was necessary to search for a way to increase its productive capacity by scientific methods.Therefore, this research aims to study: Evaluating the performance of five genotypes of the white corn crop.Knowing the best concentration for spraying iron on the white corn crop.

Materials and Methods
The experiment included two factors:  The five genetic combinations used are (J, Giza, Rescue, Winner, Li)  Foliar feeding with iron at three levels (0, 75, 150) mg L -1 and symbolized by (F0, F1, F2), where ferrous sulfate was used as a source of iron

Iron Fertilization
Ferrous sulphate fertilizer (20% Fe) was used as a source of iron, with three concentrations (0, 75 and 150) mg L -1 .The plants were sprayed with two appointments, the first 30 days after planting and the second before flowering and sprayed early in the morning.A knapsack sprinkler with a capacity of 10 liters was used in the spraying process, and a cleaning solution spreader was used with a concentration of (0.15) cm -3 .L -1 for the purpose of causing complete wetness on the vegetative parts andthen increasing the absorption efficiency and reducing the surface tension of water.was calculated The required iron concentration is as follows: The required concentrations are: Fe0= spray with distilled water only.Fe1 = Fe75 mg.L -1 Fe2= Fe 150 mg.L -1 The molecular weight of ferrous sulfate is 278 = FeSO4.7H2O.It contains iron 56.Therefore, if we want to obtain one gram of iron from ferrous sulfate, we must work out an equation: Ferrous sulphate = 56/ 1 X 278 = 4.964 g of pure iron dissolved in a liter of distilled water to give the iron concentration (1000) ppm  If we want to obtain a concentration of 75 mg Fe.L -1 , we take (75) ml of a solution of the concentration (1000) ppm that was prepared and dissolve it in a liter of distilled water until we get a concentration of (75) mg Fe.L -1 . If we want to get a concentration of (150) mg Fe.L -1 , we take (150) ml of the original solution and dissolve it in a liter of distilled water to get a concentration of (150) mg Fe.L -1 .

Experiment Design and Statistical Analysis
The field experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D).
The experimental land was prepared after it was plowed and mulched and divided into three replicates, and each replicate contained (15) experimental units.Each experimental unit contained three lines, the distance between one line and another was 60 cm, and between one hole.and another 20 cm.The experiment was fertilized with urea fertilizer (46% N) in an amount of 390 kg H-1, in three batches, the first at planting, the second after 25 days of germination, and the third after 50 days of germination.Triple superphosphate fertilizer (20% P), a source of phosphorus, was used and added in one batch.Before planting, at the rate of 120 kg H-1, and potassium fertilizer was added Potassium sulfate 41.5% in three doses, the first at planting, the second after 25 days of germination, and the third after 50 days of germination, and the planting took place on 3/17/2022, when the seeds were sown at the rate of 2-3 seeds in one jar to ensure germination, then the plants were thinned to a plant.One for each jar one month after planting, when the heads are expelled and after The completion of flowering started by wrapping the heads of plants with paper bags to prevent birds from attacking them.
Weeding and control was done manually.Diazinon granulated 10% effective substance was used at a rate of 4 kg / h to control the corn stalk borer (Sesamiacretica).The experimental land remains to be irrigated whenever the crop is needed.Data were taken for ten plants guarded from the midlines randomly for each experimental unit after full maturity, and the following studies were conducted on them:  The number of days from planting until 50% flowering. Plant height (cm)  The number of leaves per plant. Leaf area (cm 2 .plant -1 ) Calculated according to the equation: paper length x maximum width x 0.75 [6]. Determination of chlorophyll in leaves (mg.gm -1 .leaf tissue): The chlorophyll content (A, B and total) was determined by extraction method using a( LKB-Biochrom Cambridge spectrophotometer.England) [7] As samples were taken from the leaves randomly and were cut into small pieces and 1 g of those wet leaves were taken and crushed with a mortar with the addition of 20 ml of acetone at a concentration of 80%, after that the leachate was separated from the precipitate using a centrifuge at a speed of 500 rpm for 15 minutes, and (1 mL) of the filtrate was added9 ml of acetone 80%.Finally, the optical density of the filter was measured by a spectrophotometer at two wavelengths (645 and 663 nm), and chlorophyll was calculated using the following equation [8]  Iron in leaves and seeds.

Method of Digestion
The samples were prepared for digestion by taking a weight of (2.5 g) from each sample after drying, then adding 3 ml of concentrated nitric acid to it, heating the mixture at a temperature (40-45) C until the nitric acid evaporated, the mixture was cooled, then 3 ml of concentrated nitric acid was added Heat again at the same temperature until the nitric acid evaporates, then cool the mixture15 ml of deionized water was added to it.The mixture was left for 2 hours to complete the digestionprocess, then it was filtered and the filtrate was taken and then transferred to the atomic absorption apparatus for measurement [9].

Statistical Analysis
The data were analyzed statistically with the Genestat statistical program, and the Duncan multiple range test was used at the level of 0.05 to calculate the difference between the means of the coefficients [10].The average rate of items

Plant Height (cm)
Table (2) results indicate that there are significant differences between the iron addition treatments as well as between the genotypes, in addition to the presence of differences in the overlap between the addition treatments and the genotypes.As for the addition treatments, they differed significantly in this trait, as the Fe2 treatment gave the highest value for the trait amounted to 157.94 cm, while the Fe2 treatment She gave a treat The addition of 0 Fe had the lowest value for the trait, which amounted to 145.04 cm.As for the genotypes, the J combination was significantly superior by giving it the highest mean of 177.48 cm, while the combination gave the lowest average gain of 138.83 cm.Fe2 treatment gave the highest valuefor the trait amounted to 185.66 cm, while the overlap was recorded between a winning cultivar with the Fe0 treatment, and it gave the lowest value for the plant height trait of 134.00 cm.As for the interaction between the genotypes and the addition of iron, the interaction between the Giza combination and the Fe3 treatment was superior and gave the highest value for the trait amounted to 16.80 leaves.liters, while scoring The overlap between a winning class with treatment Fe0 is the lowest value for a trait of 15.00 leaves.Table 3.The effect of iron concentrations on the leaf number characteristic of genotypes of white corn.The average rate of items

Paper Area (cm 2 )
Table (4) shows the superiority of the iron spraying treatment with a concentration of (150) mg L, by giving it the highest average of (3783.76)cm 2 compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest average of (3520.78)cm 2 .As for the genotypes, significant differences were found among them, as the genotype Li was superior by giving it the highest mean of 4086.61 cm 2 .plant, while the genotype gave the lowest gainer average of 2968.30cm 2 .plant.The same table also showed the interaction between the workers in the leaf area of the plant, the concentration exceeding 150 mg L, with the genotypes Li, as it gave the highest value for the trait amounted to (4296.63)cm 2 , compared to the treatment of spraying with distilled water with the genotypes Rabeh, as it gave the lowestaverages amounted to (2863.21)cm 2 .Table 4.The effect of iron concentrations on the leaf area character of sorghum genotypes.The average rate of items

Determination of Chlorophyll A in Leaves (µg.cm 2 )
It is clear from the results of Table (5) that there are significant differences in the characteristic of chlorophyll (A) when spraying iron, and we find that the concentration exceeded 150 mg.L of iron and gave the highest average for the characteristic amounted to 23.34 µg.cm 2 , and it did not differ significantly with the two formulations Giza and Enqad, who recorded averages of (23.97)., and 23.97) µg.cm 2 , respectively, while he gaveThe concentration is 0 mg.L.The lowest rate for the trait was 21.07 µg.cm 2 .It is evident from the same table (5) that there are significant differences between the genotypes in the characteristic of chlorophyll (A), as the genotype was superior to Giza by giving it the highest average of 40.23 µg.cm 2 .plant, while the genotype gave the lowest gainer average of 92.20 µg.cm 2 , and among the interaction treatments between the genotype and the iron spraying additions, we find that there were significant differences in the characteristic of chlorophyll (A) between the treatments, and the treatment of overlap between the genotype J gave a concentration of 150 mg.L. Iron has the highest value for the trait, which is 24.14 µg.cm 2 , while the treatment of the interaction between the genotype gave a gainer with no addition or spraying at a concentration of 0 mg.L of iron, the lowest value for the trait amounted to 20.08 µg.cm 2 .Table 5.Effect of iron concentrations on chlorophyll A trait for white corn genotypes.The results of Table (6) showed that there were significant differences in the characteristic of chlorophyll (B) when iron was applied, as the concentration of 150 mg.L of iron exceeded the rest of the concentrations and gave the highest rate for the trait amounted to 21.03 µg.cm 2 , while the concentration of 0 mg.L gave the lowest rate for the trait amounted to 17.83 µg.cm 2 .The results of the same table showed that there were significant differences between the genotypes in the trait of chlorophyll (B)..The genotype Giza excelled by giving it the highest mean of 19.83 µg.cm 2 , while the genotype Li gave the lowest mean of was 19.01 µg.cm 2 .As for the interaction treatments between the genotype and the additions of iron spraying, we find that there are significant differences in thecharacteristic of chlorophyll (B) between the treatments.The treatment of the interaction between the genotype gave a brief one with a concentration of 150 mg .L iron.The highest value for the trait amounted to 21.70 µg.cm 2 , while It gave the treatment of overlap between The genotype Li, with no addition or spraying at a concentration of 0 mg.L of iron, the lowest value for the trait amounted to 71.33 µg.cm 2 .Table 6.Effect of iron concentrations on chlorophyll B trait for white corn genotypes.The average rate of items

Iron Concentration (Fe kg -1 mg in leaves)
Foliar feeding with iron is of great importance because of its effect on improving the growth of white corn and achieving an increase in the quantity and quality of grain yield.As shown in Table (7), there is a significant difference in the trait due to the effect of iron sprayingtreatments.Iron (Fe2) spraying achieved the highest mean of 64.38 mg Fe kg, compared to the comparison treatment (Fe0), which achieved the lowest mean of 47.07 mg Fe kg.It is noted from the same table that the cultivars differed among themselves, as the Li cultivar was significantly superior by giving the highest average harvest index ratio of 00.29 mg Fe kg, while the plants of the Giza cultivar gave the lowest average for this trait amounting to 33.03 mg Fe kg, while the interaction between cultivars and treatments was significant as Record the overlap between Li with The Fe2 treatment had the highest value of 10.33 mg Fe kg, while the interaction of Rabeeh with the Fe0 treatment gave the lowest value of the interaction amounted to 53.70 mg Fe kg, and it did not differ significantly with the J, Giza and Enqaz varieties with the same treatment.Table 7.The effect of iron concentrations on the characteristic of iron concentration in the leaves of genotypes of white corn.The average rate of items

Conclusions
The performance of the genotypes showed a highly significant effect on all studied traits.The fertilizer combination 150 mg L Fe2 was significantly superior in all the studied traits except for the number of leaves which did not reach the significant limits.Li variety was significantly superior in most growth traits.The iron concentrations used sprayed on the vegetative part achieved significant differences in the overall growth characteristics.

Table 1 .
(1)]period of growth from germination to flowering gives a correct idea of the extent of early varieties because they are less affected by environmental factors than other stages of growth[11].It is noted from the results of thestatistical analysis shown in Table(1)to the comparative treatment, Fe0, which was one of the earliest treatments in flowering, as it gave the lowest value for the trait, amounting to 93.26 days, while Fe1, the second level, adding 75 mg L of iron, gave the longest flowering period, amounting to 95.46 days.The genotypes differed significantly in duration Flowering, as the genotype J can be observed that it took the longest period to flowering, amounting to 99.11 days, while the genotype Li was one of the most early structures in reaching flowering, amounting to 55.88 days.As for the interaction between the genotypes and the addition of iron, the results shown in the same table indicated the presence of significant differences between them.between Composition J with the addition of 150 mg L reached 100.33 days.Effect of iron concentrations on the characteristic of the number of days from sowing up to 50% flowering (day) for genotypes of white corn.

Table 2 .
Effect of iron concentrations on plant height (cm) of white corn genotypes.The Number of Leaves Per PlantIt is shown in Table(3) that the genotype Giza was significantly superior by giving it the highest average number of leaves amounting to 16.43 leaves, while the genotype gave the lowest rate of saving 15.21 leaves.