Response of Yield Traits and its Components to Sesame Genotypes for Different Plant Distributions

A field experiment was carried out at the research station of the Department of Field Crops at the College of Agriculture at the University of Tikrit in Salah al-Din Govemorate under gypsum soil conditions during the summer agricultural season (2022 AD), to evaluate the performance of six sesame genotypes, namely (Al-Mahalli, Wada’, Had, Sumer, Rafidain and Baytim) and three distributions. Plants, which are (60 x 10, 40 x 15, and 30 x 20) cm2, and Interaction between two factors of the study in traits, yield, its components, and the percentage of oil. The cultivar Wadaa gave the highest arithmetic mean for traits of the number of capsules per plant (86,111) capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule (67,811) seeds per capsule, and the total seed yield (3,402) tons. hectares and percentage of oil (46.500)%. The cultivar was superior in seeds thousand weight average of (3.496) g. Third plant distribution recorded highest arithmetic averages for traits of number of capsules per plant (86.655) capsules. Plant-1 and number of seeds per capsule (67.561). seed. Capsule-1, seeds thousand weight (3.426) gm and the total seed yield is (2.678) tons. hectares and the first plant distribution gave highest arithmetic average for trait of percentage of oil amounted to (46.600)%, and the intreaction treatment (Wadaa variety and third plant distribution) achieved highest arithmetic averages for the number of capsules in plant (81.111) capsules. Plant-1, seeds thousand weight was (3.381) gm and the total seed yield was (3.761) tons. hectares and the combinatorial treatment (variety Wadaa and first plant distribution) recorded highest arithmetic mean for trait of oil percentage amounted to (50.00)%.


Introduction
Sesame crop, whose scientific name is (Sesamum indicum L.), belongs to the sesame family (Pedaliaceae), and is one of the important oil crops.It is classified as the oldest seed known to mankind, and its productivity in Iraq is about (1103.412)kg .ha,compared to the productivity of the world, which is It reached (1948.72)kg.hectare [1].The amount of oil in its seeds is estimated at about (50)%, and its seeds are used in various types of foods and preparations of snacks and sauces [2].The importance of its oil lies in its multiple uses, including the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, and the possibility of storing its oil for a long period of time without oxidation.Because it contains some antioxidants such as (Sesamol, Sesmoline, and Sesamum) and this feature made its oil one of the most stable and stable oils, and it was called king of fields oils.Despite the great important oil crop, we find that growers of this crop suffer from problems in its production, especially under gypsum soil conditions.because the local cultivated cultivar is characterized by low yield, low percentage of oil in its seeds, as well as poor resistance to fusarium wilt disease and capsule disintegration, [3] when studying three varieties of sesame showed superiority of the cultivar (NCRLBEN-O32) by registering the two highest averages of the number of capsules per plant and number of seeds in per capsule and excelled.The cultivar (M01-NCRLBEN) in total seed yield showed [4], in an experiment on several varieties of sesame that the cultivar (Nigerian) gave highest arithmetic average of number of capsules per plant and concluded [5], in an experiment carried out on two cultivars of sesame outperformed the cultivar (Ht-2) by giving it highest averages for number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, seeds thousand weight and total seed yield [6].In their experiment in which they used six cultivars of sesame, cultivar (Hurc-4) achieved highest average oil content In addition to that, the importance of vegetative distribution lies in the fact that it gives the ideal engineering space for the plant so that it achieves the maximum efficiency of interception of solar radiation, in addition to reducing competition between plants for light and nutrients in the soil.In the number of capsules per plant, the number of seeds per capsule and the total seed yield [7], obtained three plant distributions when studied, as the distribution ( × 51 50) cm2 gave the highest averages for number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, the weight of 1000 seeds, waged [8] plant distribution ( × 51 40).cm 2 in trait of total seed yield, [9] and found in their experiment, which included three plant distributions that exceeded the plant distribution (45×45) cm 2 , recording highest percentage of oil.depending on the tusi Plant genotypes under gypsum soil conditions and choosing the best genotype gives the best yield and the highest oil percentage, as well as choosing the plant distribution that suits the planting of these genotypes under the conditions of Salah al-Din Governorate so as to achieve the best quantitative and qualitative traits .

Materials and Methods
A field experiment was carried out during during summer agricultural season for year (2022 AD) at the research station of thefield Crops Department of College of Agriculture at Tikrit University in Salah Al-Din under gypsum soil conditions located at longitude (43.679) east and latitude (34.616) north in order to study six genotypes.of sesame, which are (Al-Mahalli, Wada', Haad, Sumer, Rafidain, and Baytim), and three plant distributions, which are (60×10), (15×40), and (30×20) cm 2 , and genotypes were obtained from the desert Studies Center in University of Anbar, and these genotypes resulted from the breeding of mutations of the local variety.A composite sample was taken from different places of the experimental land to estimate the physical and chemical characteristics in the Department of Soil and Water Sciences in the College of Agriculture at the University of Tikrit,as in Table (1) showing some physical and chemical traits.
Table 1.Physical and chemical properties of field soil at a depth of (0-0.3) m.
1.96 Experimental land was plowed with a disc plow and smoothed with the available smoothing machines.Nitrogen fertilizer was added in the form of urea as a source of nitrogen, in two batches: the first half of the quantity with planting and other half in the vegetative growth stage by (120) kg.H-1 and phosphate fertilizer by (120) kg.ha -1 in form of (P 2 O 5 ) and as a source of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the form of potassium sulfate at one time from agriculture (K 2 SO 4 ) as a source of potassium in an amount of (120) kg.Hectares [10], and the area of the experimental unit was (2×3) m 2 , and six genotypes were cultivated, whose germination rate was (96)%, according to the plant distributions, which are (10×60) cm 2 , with an amount of (20) plants in one line, and the second plant distribution (15).× 40 (cm 2 ) with nine lines and 13 plants, while third plant distribution was (20×30) cm 2 and ten lines, as the plant density reached (66.666) thousand plants per hectare.For all three plant distributions, all plants were watered whenever necessary and after the plants reached a height of (6 -8) cm.The thinning process was performed, and the weeds were removed manually.The experiment was applied according to the randomized complete block design, with arrangement of the split plots, and it was analyzed by SAS program and arithmetic means were tested according toduncan's multi-range test [11].At the physiological stage, ten plants were taken from each experimental unit to study traits of the number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, weight of 1000 seeds, total seed yield and percentage of oil.

Number of Capsules Per Plant (capsules plant -1 )
Number of capsules per plant is one of the main components of sesame seed yield and is determined by the number of flower buds emerging in the plant.From Table (1), we note superiority of the third plant distribution by giving the highest average of the trait amounted to (86,633) capsules per plant -1 , while the first plant distribution recorded lowest average of trait amounting to (78,372) capsules of plant -1 .The reason is attributed to the fact that the third plant distribution has provided an ideal environment For the growth of sesame plants, it contributed to revitalization of the carbonization process and increased its outputs, which was positively reflected in the increase in number of per plant and obtained similar results and [8].For the two genotypes Rafidian and Wadaa), which recorded two average scores of (85.455) and (86.111) plant -1 capsules, respectively, compared with the local variety, which recorded the lowest average for the trait amounted to (78.255) plant capsules.The reason for the superiority of the genotypev is attributed to nature.genetics and its response to environmental conditions, which was reflected positively in increasing the number of capsules in per plant [3], and the combination treatment (Wadae cultivar and the third plant distribution) gave the highest average of the trait amounted to (91,000) capsules.Plant -1 .Table 2. Arithmetic means of genotypes and plant distributions and interaction between them in trait of number of capsules per plant.(Plant capsule -1 ).

Seed Thousand Weight (gm)
Seed thousand weight is one of traits of components of yield and depends mainly on the efficiency of the carbon metabolism process.from same table(4), we note that third plant distribution was distinguished by recording highest rate of trait amounted to (3.426) g and lowest mean recorded by first plant distribution at a rate of (3.063) g.The reason is that third plant distribution It reduced competition between plants for food and light, and this result was consistent [7] Yield and its components [5].The combination treatment (Wadaa cultivar and the third plant distribution) gave the highest mean for trait, which reached (3.683) g.Table 4. Arithmetic means of genotypes and plant distributions and interaction between them in trait of seed thousand weight (g).Total seed yield is one of main trait of crop breeders in sesame crop, and it is product of the physiological processes inside plant.third plant in traits of components of single plant yield, which eventually led to an increase in the total seed yield and was in line with results of [8], and cultivar Wadae recorded highest arithmetic mean for trait amounted to (3.402) tons.and number of seeds in capsule, and this led to an increase in the seed yield and obtained consistent results [5], and interaction treatment (Wadae cultivar and third plant distribution) achieved highest arithmetic mean of (3.761) tons.H-1 .Table 5. Arithmetic mean of genotypes and plant distributions and their interaction in total seed yield, ton.ha -1 .

Oil Percentage(%)
Sesame crop oil is one of best oils in the world and its increase in seeds is one of the goals of sesame crop breeders, and first plant distribution treatment achieved highest percentage of oil in seeds amounted to (46.600)%.Misleading contributed to the production of more oily cells, and thus percentage of oil increased, and this result was in line with [9].The plant was more efficient than the rest of the other compositions used in the study and obtained consistent results [6], and the interaction treatment (variety Wadaa and first plant distribution) recorded highest arithmetic mean for trait amounted to (50.00)%.Table 6.Arithmetic mean of genotypes and plant distributions, and interaction between them in oil percentage(%).distribution is more appropriate to increase the oil percentage.The increase in the yield components, seed yield, and oil percentage was from share of the interaction treatment (variety Wadaa and for third plant distribution).

Table 3 .
Arithmetic means of genotypes and plant distributions and interaction between them in trait of number of seeds per capsule (seed capsule -1 ).
[4] lowest mean for the trait amounted to (64.366) seeds Capsule-1 The reason is attributed to the superiority of cultivar Wadaa because it gave highest mean of number of capsules per plant[4], and interaction treatment (variety Wadaa and third plant distribution) recorded highest average of trait, which reached (71,000) capsule seeds.
ConclusionWe conclude that the Variety Wadae excelled in total seed yield and oil percentage and was third plant distribution treatment is more appropriate to increase yield traits and its components, and first plant