Different Diets of Maca Roots (Lepidium meyenii) Affect Several Physiological Blood Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Under Oxidative Stress

The Department of Animal Production/College of Agriculture/Al-Qasim Green University poultry field hosted this experiment from 10/1/2021 to 11/4/2021. The research examined the effects of dietary maca roots (Lepidium meyenii) on broilers’ physiological blood parameters under oxidative stress. The experiment employed 225 unsexed (Ross 308) grill chicks. It was randomised at random to 15 (k) different experimental treatments for 45 birds, with each treatment having three repetitions of 15 birds. The first trial consisted of a control diet and water that did not include any H2O2. The second treatment consisted of the normal diet along with water containing 0.5% hydrogen peroxide. The third and fourth treatments included 1 and 1.5 g of maca roots per kilogramme of the basic ration, respectively. Fifth treatment: 2 g maca root/kg main diet plus 0.5% H2O2 water. Summarize the key experiment findings.White blood cells were greatest in the second treatment (P < 0.05). The second treatment had the most heterophilic cells compared to the first, third, fourth, and fifth treatments. about lymphocytes. The first, third, fourth, and fifth treatments outperform the second (P < 0.05). The first, third, fourth, and fifth treatments had the best H/L ratio, with the second treatment being significantly different (P < 0.05). The fourth and fifth doses showed a substantial improvement (P < 0.05) in immunological protein IgG and IgA. When compared to the first, second, and third treatments, the volumetric standard of blood serum antibodies directed against Newcastle disease parenchyma is significantly greater (P 0.05) for the fourth and fifth treatments. The effectiveness of the fourth and fifth glutathione treatments was significantly higher than that of the others (P 0.05).


Introduction
Oxidative stress may be caused by an imbalance between the body's capacity to neutralise the free radicals that are formed by important processes and the amount of free radicals that are produced.When there are an excessive amount of free radicals in the body but not enough antioxidants to counteract their damaging effects, oxidative stress may develop.This has been connected to a wide range of health issues and has the potential to cause harm to DNA, proteins, and cells.Antioxidants and enzymes that may cancel out the effects of free radicals are both part of the natural defence mechanism that the body has in place to protect itself from the damaging effects of oxidative stress.Oxidative stress, on the other hand, happens when the quantities of free radicals in the body are higher 1259 (2023) 012071 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1259/1/012071 2 than the body's capacity to neutralise them.Exposure to pollution, radiation, and several other environmental poisons are some of the potential causes of this phenomenon; however, there are many other possible explanations as well.It is essential to have a healthy balance between the free radicals and the antioxidants that are present in the body in order to lower the risk of oxidative stress and the health issues that are linked with it.This may be accomplished by following a nutritious diet that is abundant in fruits, vegetables, and other foods that are high in antioxidants.Antioxidants repair damaged tissue and also work to prevent or slow the generation of free radicals that are generated as a result of various vital activities in the body; as a result, antioxidants form a line of defence against the destructive activity of free radicals in terms of their generation or their chain of interactions [1,2].Antioxidants treat tissue damage and also work to prevent or slow the generation of free radicals that are generated as a result of various vital activities in the body.The body produces free radicals as a byproduct of a number of essential processes, including the metabolic process, as well as exposure to environmental toxins and radiation.These free radicals are capable of wreaking havoc on cells, accelerating the ageing process, and elevating the chance of developing chronic diseases.Antioxidants, on the other hand, are substances that operate to stop or reduce the production of free radicals and provide protection against the adverse effects of these molecules.Antioxidants are present in a wide variety of foods, the most common of which are fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds.Some popular sources of antioxidants include berries, dark chocolate, green tea, and red wine.Antioxidants work by neutralizing free radicals, making them less harmful to the body.They do this by donating an electron to the free radical, which stabilizes it and prevents it from causing damage to cells.Antioxidants work to prevent.The higher the level of activity of the organ, the greater the likelihood of being exposed to free radicals [3].One of the physiological and structural factors that can increase the possibility that tissues and biomolecules would be destroyed by oxidation is the amount of longchain unsaturated fatty acids that they contain.This factor is important for cell function [4].Other factors, such as free radicals, can also play a role.Antioxidants may be found in a broad range of different forms, some of which are manufactured in a laboratory (for instance, certain vitamins), and research has shown that they play an important role [5].These antioxidants include vitamins.Some of them are naturally occurring as medicinal plants, and one example of such a plant is the root of the maca plant, which is more formally known by its scientific name, Lepidium meyenii.It is a plant with tuberous roots that is a member of the Brassicaceae family, which is also the family that cauliflower and broccoli originate from.It is only found in South American countries.It has been used in the area of herbal medicine ever since the year 1843, and it may be found growing in the high highlands of Peru.It is one of the most therapeutic plants that is strong in antioxidants, which protect cells from mutations and damage caused by free radicals, and it has high levels of vitamins, in addition to being particularly rich in flavonoids, which protect against a wide variety of ailments [6].In a similar fashion, the roots of the maca plant have a high concentration of important fatty acids, amino acids, polysaccharides, and mineral elements such as iron, calcium, zinc, copper, and potassium [7].Its efficiency may be attributed to the presence of N-benzylpalmitamide, glucosinolates, phenolics, and benzylisothiocyanate [8], all of which are found in the compound.Maca root has a wide range of beneficial benefits and applications in medicine, including as an antioxidant [9] and playing a significant part in the stimulation of the immune system [10].Because of the impact it has on sexual hormones and the receptors for those hormones [11], as well as the function it plays in boosting the productive performance of chickens [12], it has an influence on sexual potency and enhanced fertility.In light of the previous, and owing to the lack of a local research on maca roots, the goal of this experiment was to utilise varying concentrations of maca roots to lessen the impact of oxidative stress induced by experimentally administering hydrogen peroxide H2O2 and to boost the immunity of birds.This was done via the use of varied levels of maca roots.In addition, the purpose of the experiment was to discover the ideal proportion of maca roots that should be included in grill diets, which is something that we are able to propose.

Materials and Methods
From October 1, 2021, until November 5, 2021, researchers from Al-Qasim Green University's Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture labs of the University of Mosul, College of Veterinary Medicine, in stitutional Animal Care and use committee, ethical approval No. Um.VET.2021.5., performed this study.A total of 225 day-old, gender-neutral Ross 308 grill chicks were employed in the experiment.They were randomly assigned to 15 cages in Babylon province, where they underwent one of five experimental treatments with a total of 45 birds in each group.White sawdust litter 7 centimetres deep was used to raise the chicks in coops.The birds were given free food.The experimental treatments consisted of the following: -The first treatment = represented by the control treatment (basic diet + drinking water free of H 2 O 2 (Table 1), given from day 1-10; -The second treatment = offered from day 11-21; -The third treatment = provided from day 22-35.The second round of therapy consisted of a regular diet along with 0.5% hydrogen peroxide in their drinking water.The third method involves supplementing the regular diet with 1 gramme of maca roots per kilogramme and drinking water with 0.5% hydrogen peroxide.The fourth method involves consuming water with 0.5% hydrogen peroxide and 1.5 g of maca roots per kilogramme of body weight.The fifth method involves consuming water with 0.5% hydrogen peroxide and 2 grammes of maca roots per kilogramme of body weight.These characteristics were among those tested in the experiment: The effects of various treatments on leukocytes, heterozygosity, lymphocytes, the heterozygosity-lymphocyte ratio (H/L), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), the volumetric standard of blood serum antibodies directed against the virus that causes Newcastle disease, glutathione concentration, catalase enzyme concentration, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and a complete randomised design (CRD) were The data was analysed using the commercially available statistical package SAS [14].The chemical composition of the maca roots utilised in the study is shown in Table 2.
Table 1.Chemical composition, determined from percentages of fodder materials used in the diets, and percentages of fodder materials used in the beginning diet, growth diet, and end diet utilised in the experiment.

Results and Discussion
The results of the experiments are shown in Table 3, which reveals that there are statistically significant variations between the treatments regarding the quantity of white blood cells (103 / mm3 blood).There was a statistically significant difference (P0.05) between the first, third, fourth, and fifth treatments and the second, which showed the maximum number of white blood cells at 31.52 x 103 / mm3 blood.Table 3 also reveals that the total number of white blood cells was highest for the second treatment, while the number of heterophilic cells, at 34.00% of the total, was highest for the second treatment compared to the other treatments in the experiment..This was the case for all of the experimental treatments.With regard to lymphocytes, the first, third, fourth, and fifth treatments recorded the best percentage of lymphocytes, which amounted to 70.08, 71.63, 72.45, and 74.36%, respectively.This represented a significant difference (P≤0.05) when compared to the second treatment, which recorded the lowest percentage of lymphocytes, which amounted to 60.43 percent.In terms of the L/H ratio, the findings from the statistical analysis reveal that the first, third, fourth, and fifth treatments recorded the best L/H ratios.However, there was a significant difference (P 0.05) for the second treatment, which recorded an L/H ratio of 0.56%.Table 3. Broiler blood under oxidative stress at 35 days old: the effect of dietary maca root powder addition at varying concentrations on various cellular characteristics,(mean ± standard error).*There are significant variations between the means (p 0.05), then the means will be represented by distinct letters within the same column.The first therapy is a placebo (a normal diet and water without hydrogen peroxide).Diet and water with 0.5% hydrogen peroxide added is the "second treatment."The third treatment was to include 1 gramme of maca root per kilogramme of primary diet plus 0.5% hydrogen peroxide in drinking water; the fourth treatment was to include 1.5 grammes of maca root per kilogramme of primary diet plus 0.5% hydrogen peroxide in drinking water.In the fifth treatment, patients were given 0.5% hydrogen peroxide in their drinking water and 2 grammes of maca roots per kilogramme of body weight.

Studied traits
Table 3 demonstrates a statistically significant reduction in the number of white blood cells in the first treatment (the control) and the treatments adding maca roots in comparison to the second treatment.This reduction may be attributable to a reduction in the percentage of heterochromia cells, as was the finding of the current study.In the first, third, fourth, and fifth treatments, there was a drop in the proportion of heterotrophic cells, but an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes.This might be seen as a good sign of a reduction in the inflammatory response.Maca root contains a number of active chemicals, each of which plays an essential role in activating and boosting the immune system, as well as enhancing the immune system's reaction [16].The fact that the first treatment (control) and the treatments incorporating maca roots both resulted in a lower proportion of heterochromatin white cells in comparison to lymphocytes offers a positive impression about the bird's overall health [17].Because one of the benefits of using maca roots is that it acts as a natural regulator of man, the reason may be related to the reduction in the number of heterogeneous white cells in comparison to lymphocytes.This is because one of the purposes of maca roots is to act as a natural regulator of man.This is due to the fact that one of the tasks is to strengthen the organism's ability to adapt to the stressful situations to which it is subjected.This, in turn, leads to an increase in the immune response and a reduction in disease infections, or at the very least, a significant reduction [9].Table 4 presents the results of the statistical analysis that was carried out, demonstrated the effect of including varying quantities of maca root powder in the diet on immune proteins as well as the volumetric standard of serum antibodies directed against the parenchyma that is responsible for Newcastle disease in broiler chickens that were 35 days old when they were subjected to oxidative stress.These chickens had been infected with the disease.In conclusion In terms of the volumetric standard of blood serum antibodies targeted against the virus that causes Newcastle disease, the fourth and fifth treatments recorded a substantially excelled (P≤0.05) on the first, second, and third treatments, and the values that were obtained were 4137.71 and 3866.40,respectively.This was based on the fact that the fourth and fifth treatments recorded a substantially excelled on the first, second, and third treatments.This was the situation when the outcomes from the first, second, and third treatments were compared to one another.Table 4. Changes in immunological proteins and the volumetric standard of serum antibodies against the Newcastle disease virus in broilers subjected to oxidative stress at the age of 35 days after dietary supplementation with varying amounts of maca root powder.(mean ± standard error).The antioxidant properties of maca may explain why supplementing with maca root powder led to such a dramatic increase in immunological protein IgG, IgA, and the volumetric standard of serum antibodies directed against the parenchyma responsible for Newcastle disease.Evidence from [16] suggests that doing so can boost the immune system's performance, which is crucial at this point in the birds' development.The antioxidant system does its part to scavenge free radicals, keeping metabolic reactions and other vital functions running smoothly and keeping the birds healthy and disease-free.In general, maca root treatment improved immune response results, and continuous maca root addition to the diets throughout the rearing period further improved the body's immunity, especially the volumetric standard of antibodies against Newcastle parenchyma.With this positive result, it can be indicated that the addition of maca roots to the diet in proportions of 1, 1.5, and 2 gm / kg feed has an important role in raising immunity against Newcastle disease, which is considered a deadly disease and is vaccinated against at least twice during the period of racial isolation.* Different letters for means within the same column indicate statistically significant differences (P 0.05; first treatment = control; basic diet plus H2O2-free drinking water; second treatment = basic diet plus water with 0.5% H2O2 added).A combination of maca root (1 gramme per kilogramme of body weight) and hydrogen peroxide (0.5 percent in water) is the third therapy.Treatment 4: Add 1.5 g of maca root per kilogramme of primary food plus water with 0.5% hydrogen peroxide.Treatment 5: Add 2 g of maca root per kilogramme of primary diet plus water with 0.5% hydrogen peroxide.

Studied traits
Since their high concentrations in the blood serum are considered one of the protective mechanisms that the body takes against free radicals as a result of oxidative stress [19], glutathione (GSH) and the catalase enzyme (CAT) are among the body's lines of defence against oxidative stress caused by free radicals.This is because their high concentrations in the blood serum are among the body's lines of defence against oxidative stress.Maca roots may contain active substances that suppress free radicals, such as polysaccharides, quercetin, and vitamins, the most important of which is vitamin C, which protects against oxidative stress caused by free radicals.This may be the reason for the high level of activity (GSH) and ((CAT) in the blood serum of birds that were treated with maca roots.that cause harm to and ultimately destroy cells, Antioxidants have the ability to interact with free radicals, so limiting their destructive potential and preventing the biological oxidation of cells, which would otherwise break the chain of free radicals [20,21].Because it is effective as an antibiotic against a wide variety of illnesses, most notably cancer [22], the maca plant is among the most significant of all plants that contain natural chemicals.The reduction in MDA concentration shown in treatments with maca root as compared to the second treatment may be attributable to the antioxidant properties of maca, which are inherent to the plant.As it works to prevent the oxidation of lipids in cell membranes and curb free radicals by cutting the chains of processes, and thus will inhibit the development of lipid peroxidation, the concentration of triglycerides and malondehyde (MDA) will drop in serum [23].As it works to prevent the oxidation of lipids in cell membranes and curb free radicals by cutting the chains of reactions, it will also inhibit the formation of lipid peroxidation0

Conclusions
The addition of maca roots to the diet at different levels improved some physiological and immunological properties of broiler chickens exposed to oxidative stress compared to the second treatment and the addition of maca roots at the level of 1.5 and 2 grams / kg feed gave the best results compared to the rest of the treatments.

*
Different letters for means within the same column indicate statistically significant differences (P 0.05; first treatment = control; basic diet plus H2O2-free drinking water; second treatment = basic diet plus water with 0.5% H2O2 added).A combination of maca root (1 gramme per kilogramme of body weight) and hydrogen peroxide (0.5 percent in water) is the third therapy.Treatment 4: Add 1.5 g of maca root per kilogramme of primary food plus water with 0.5% hydrogen peroxide.Treatment 5: Add 2 g of maca root per kilogramme of primary diet plus water with 0.5% hydrogen peroxide.IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1259/1/0120716 Animal protein concentrate from the Dutch firm Brocon is utilised.It's 2017 kcal/kg and has 40% crude protein.There are 5% calories from fat, 2.20 from fiber, 5% from calcium, 4.68 from phosphorus, and 3.85 from

Table 2 .
The experiment's maca roots were analysed chemically.

Table 5 .
Table 5displays the statistical analysis findings for the impact of dietary supplementation with varying amounts of maca roots powder on various oxidation parameters in the blood serum of broilers subjected to oxidative stress at the age of 35 days.There was a statistically significant difference (P 0.05) between the highest glutathione enzyme concentrations (456.44 and 450.51 mol / mol) in the fourth and fifth treatments and the remaining treatments.The second treatment had the lowest enzyme concentration, at 396.31 mol/mol, whereas the first and third treatments were considerably (P0.05) better.The highest levels of catalase enzyme were recorded in the first, third, fourth, and fifth treatments, with levels of 150.28, 153.11, 158.90, and 154.61 mol / mol, respectively (P 0.05).The second treatment recorded the lowest levels of catalase enzyme, at 129.22 micro mol/ mol.Concerning malon aldehyde (MDA) concentration, we find that the maximum concentration was found in the second treatment (206.75 mol / mol), with a significant difference (P0.05) between the third, fourth, and fifth treatments.Whereas Malone Aldehyde (MDA) levels were found to be 171.45mol/mol in the fourth therapy.When comparing the first therapy to the second and the third and the fifth, no statistically significant changes were found.Changes in serum redox parameters in response to dietary maca root powder supplementation in broilers subjected to oxidative stress at 35 days of age (mean ± standarderror).