Response of Gladiolus Plant to Spraying with Plant Extracts and their Effect on Vegetative and Flowering Growth Indicators

An experiment was conducted in the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening at the College of the Agriculture - University of Karbala during 2020-2021 to show the response of the Gladius plant to spraying with plant extracts, Hibiscus Sabdoriffa extract (0, 5, 10 g. l-1) and Moringa leaf extract (0, 4, 8 g. l-1) and its effect on vegetative and flower growth indicators. Results showed that Exogenous application of Hibiscus Sabdoriffa’s extract (10 g. l-1) with Moringa leaf extract (8 g. l-1) significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf content of total chlorophyll, length of flowering shamrock, number of florets and duration of flowering. It reached (48.37 cm, 8.03 leaves. plant 1, 61.13 SPAD, 43.71 cm, 9.25 flowers. shamrock 1, and 11.44 days) compared with the control treatment.


Introduction
Gladiolus communis L. is an herbaceous plant belonging to the Iridaceae family, native to South Africa, Asia, and Southern Europe, it is considered one of the most important flowers in the world due to the beauty of its flowers, which is characterized by the length of the inflorescence, which carries large numbers of different types of beautiful flowers.It is monocotyledon, and the leaves are simple, sword-shaped, alternating, their number ranges from 1-12 leaves, and the inflorescence is a spike, and the number of flowers in it depends on the type of flower may reach 30 flowers in a single flowering shamrock [1].Plant extracts are essential in the growth and nutrition of many different plants.Among those extracts is Hibiscus sabdoriffa extract It is one of the essential sources of vitamins, minerals, compounds, and amino acids [2], This extract stimulates functional processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, chlorophyll formation, encourages cell division, and activates plant hormones [3].Moringa leaves extract is a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids such as omega-3 and omega-6 in the form of a-linoleic acid, linoleic acid, many vitamins, and a source of proteins.It is rich in minerals such as iron, calcium, and zinc and contains zeatin, a natural cytokine [4].Moringa leaf extract has a vital role in the plant's various biological and physiological processes.It encourages growth, improves plant resistance to insects and diseases, encourages rooting and cell division, and extends leaf life and its role in increasing vegetative and flowering growth indicators when used in different concentrations 1259 (2023) 012054 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1259/1/012054 2 [5].So, the study includes evaluating the responsiveness of Gladius to plant extracts and knowing the extent of their effect on its growth and flowering.

Materials and Methods
The research was conducted at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening-College of the Agriculture / University of Karbala during 2020-2021.The corms planted in pots (20 cm) with agricultural medium (1:1 with moss: a river mix).

Treatments
Hibiscus sabdoriffa's extract was prepared according to [6].taking 50 gm of powder Hibiscus sabdoriffa's leaves, dissolved in 500ml of distilled water, and placed on a vibrator device.Then it filtered with gauze to remove the plankton and placed in the centrifuge for 15 minutes [7].Then the filtrate is taken and concentrated by using the rotary evaporator, taken from it (5 and 10 gm), and dissolved in a liter of water to prepare concentration (5, 10 gm/ L 1-) for treatment.Moringa leaf extract was prepared by bringing the vegetative leaves and drying them by placing them in ventilation rooms.Then they were ground by using an electric grinder, taken (8.4 gm -1 ) at fine powder, and dissolved in a 1l -1 of hot distilled water at a temperature of 50 C°, separately for 24 hours, Then the solution filtered and used these concentrations in an experiment [8].plants sprayed by using the hand sprayer for two sprays during the growing season.The first spray was 45 days after planting, another spray was 15 days after the first spray.The comparison treatment sprinkled with distilled water.Moreover, all the service operations conducted from irrigation and weeding to transactions whenever the plant needed it.

Experimental Design
The experimental design was a Factorial experiment C.R.D. conducted in three replicates and two factors.The first factor will include Hibiscus sabdoriffa's extract 0, 5, 10 gm L -1 ). and the second factor will include Moringa leaf extract (0,4,8 gm L -1 ).bringing the total number of plants in the experiment to 40 plants.Analysis of variance (ANOVA) done by GenStat statistical software and means compared using LSD at 0.05 [9].

Study Traits
 Plant height (cm): The height of the plant measured from the soil surface to the top of the last leaf at the opening of the first basal flower using a tape measure. The total number of ounces (leaf.plant  led to a significant increase in plant height, number of leaves, and leaf content of total chlorophyll pigment compared to spraying with distilled water only.The results of Table (2) showed the interaction between spraying treatment with Hibiscus sabdoriffa extract at a concentration of 10 g l -1 and extract leaves of Moringa at a concentration of 8 g l -1 was significantly superior in the vegetative growth characteristics.The plant height, the number of leaves, and the leaf content of total chlorophyll increased, reaching 43.37 cm and 8.03 leaves.

Flowering Growth Characteristics
The results of Table (3) showed a significant increase in the characteristics of flowering growth when spraying Hibiscus sabdoriffa extract at a concentration of 10 gm l -1 , as the length of the flowering snout increased, the number of florets, and the duration of flowering, which reached 39.53 cm and 8.48 florets-Shamrock -1 10.53 days compared to the control treatment, which gave the lowest rate of 36.06 cm and 6.67 flowers.Shamrock -1 8.63 days, respectively.The results of the same Table showed the positive effect of spraying with Moringa's leaf extract at a concentration of 8 gm; as the length of the flowering shamrock increased, the number of florets and flowering period reached 41.75 cm and 8.52 florets.Shamrock -1 and 11.03 days compared to the control treatment, which gave 31.54 cm 6.28 florets.Shamrock -1 8.11 days in a row.It is noted from the results of Table (3) that spraying with Hibiscus sabdoriffa's extract at a concentration of 10 gm l -1 with Moringa's leaf extract at a concentration of 8gm.l -1 led to a significant increase in the length of the flower stalk, the number of florets, and the duration of flowering, as it reached 43.71 cm and 9.25 florets.Shamrock -1 and 11.44 days compared to the control treatment, which gave 29.81 cm and 5.41 small flowers.Shamrock -1 and 7.01 days.

Discussion
This may be attributed to spraying with Hibiscus sabdoriffa's extract because it contains binary phenols that function as an antioxidant in addition to potassium, which is an enzymatic activator, and magnesium, which is essential in stabilizing the ribosomes in which protein is manufactured.It is the heart of the chlorophyll molecule.In addition to encouraging photosynthesis and respiration, regulating plant hormones, and encouraging cell division [13], these results align with what was found [14; 15] in chrysanthemum plants.The significant increase in the plant's vegetative and flowering growth characteristics when spraying with Moringa's leaf extract may be attributed to the nutritional elements contained in this extract that contributed to the processes of cell division and elongation.Furthermore, the subsequent effect on water and nutrient absorption increases green and flower growth [16].The reason may be attributed to the fact that Moringa's leaf extract contains growth-stimulating substances such as vitamins B1, B2, and B3, which have an essential role in carbohydrate metabolism and building amino acids, which represent the basic units for building proteins.This is positively reflected in the increase in vegetative growth, which accelerates the encouragement of flower growth [17,18].This result is consistent with what I found [19] on the Gerbera jamesonii L.

Conclusion
The main purpose of this study was to pinpoint the best way to enhance regulatory processes within the G. communis by using H. sabdoriffa's extract and Moringa's leaf extract from the results, we can conclude that the application of Plant Extracts particularly 10 g. l -1 and Moringa leaf extract 8 g. l -1 .caused a significant increase in the plant height, leaf number, and Leaves content of chlorophyll Additionally the application of 10 g. l -1 , 8 g. l -1 each Extract significantly increased the flowering growth characteristics.
1 ): calculated at the beginning of the flowering of the flower on the plant. Chlorophyll content of leaves (SPAD): The content of chlorophyll in leaves estimated by using a chlorophyll meter of type SPAD-502 by taking a reading of 4 leaves for each experimental unit (plant) and then taking the average, and it measured in SPAD-Unit based on [10]. The length of the floral shamrock (cm): The length of the floral shamrock measured at the opening of the first basal flower by cutting the shamrock diagonally while leaving the leaves on the plant [11]  The number of florets on the main pink shamrock.Plant -1 : Calculated when all the florets open on the plant. Duration of flowering (day): It calculated as the number of days from the date of the opening of the first basal flower until the last flower withered on the top of the rosemary.

Table 1 .
[12]content of 100 grams of Moringa leaves of mineral and organic components, vitamins, and various substances[12].

Table ( 2
) showed that spraying with Hibiscus sabdoriffa extract at a concentration of 10 gm significantly affected plant height, number of leaves, and leaf content of total chlorophyll compared to the control treatment.The results of the same Table showed that spraying Moringa leaf extract at a concentration of 4.8 g l -1

Table 2 .
Effect of spraying Hibiscus sabdoriffa's extracts and Moringa leaves on the vegetative growth characteristics of the Gladius plant.

Table 3 .
Effect of spraying Hibiscus sabdoriffa's extracts and Moringa leaves on the flowering growth characteristics of the Gladius plant.