The Effect of Adding Whey and Spraying with Silicone on the Chemical of Chinese Cabbage Plant Brassica campestris var. Pekinensis

The experiment was conducted in the fields of horticulture and Garden Engineering at the College of Agriculture - University of Kerbala for the agricultural season 2022-2023 with the aim of knowing the effect of spraying with silicon in the form of potassium silicate (K2Sio3) and adding the by-product (whey) in improving the growth indicators of the Chinese Cabbage plant. The experiment included 16 treatments that included four concentrations of silicon (0.1.2.3) ml L-1 and four concentrations of whey by-product (0.8.16.24) L ha-1 and were in three batches between one batch and another 10 days. It was carried out as a factorial experiment with two factors according to the randomized block design and with three replications, and the least significant difference test (l.s.d) was used to compare the means at the probability level of 0.05. Silicon spraying treatment led to a significant increase in all yield traits, as the concentration of 3 ml L-1 was significantly superior in each of Nitrogen percentage, phosphorus percentage, potassium percentage and ascorbic acid. As for the treatment of whey addition, the concentration of 24 liters ha-1 was significantly higher in Nitrogen percentage, phosphorus percentage, potassium percentage and ascorbic acid. 2.547 ‘0.316‘ 1.403‘ 64.61 respectively. The bilateral interaction between the two experimental factors showed significant superiority in all the traits under experiment.


Introduction
The Chinese Cabbage plant (Brassica campestris var.pekinensis) is a non-traditional vegetable plant in Iraq and the Arab countries because of the lack of spread of cultivation in these areas, and it is believed that the homeland of the Chinese Cabbage in China, where it has been planted since the fifth century AD Chinese Cabbage grows in cold and humid weather needs the optimum temperature 10-15 m and its cultivation is currently abundant in China, Japan and Southeast Asia in general [1].Chinese Cabbage is grown for its leaves, which may be eaten fresh in salads or after cooking.Each 100 g of Chinese leaves contains 95 g moisture, 15 calories, 1.8 g protein, 0.2 g fat, 3 g carbohydrates, 0.6 g fibers, 102 mg calcium, 31 mg phosphorus, and mg iron, 930 IU of vitamin A, 0.06 mg thiamine, 0.13 mg riboflavin, 0.8 mg niacin, 66 mg ascorbic acid [2].Despite the indispensable importance of nutrients in plant growth, it is necessary to search for other sources (complementary to nutrients) containing components that can be used by spraying or adding to 1259 (2023) 012051 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1259/1/012051 2 the soil, including whey by-product, which contains (Water and the proportion of whey protein, lactose sugar, fats, and about us a certain nutritional grate and a small percentage of vitamins) between fat and others [3].Basically, the addition of whey at a concentration of 20% to potatoes has led to giving the highest rate in the number of quantitative and qualitative qualities of the potato plant [4].Silicon is an element with chemical symbol Si and atomic number 14, as it is considered the second largest element abundant in the earth's crust after oxygen and the eighth common element in the universe, where the earth's crust consists of 90% of silicate minerals, while silicon alone constitutes 28% It is often associated with other elements, forming oxides such as silicon dioxide or silicate [5].As well as silicon is one of the beneficial elements to the plant, which has entered into modern agricultural operations [6], as it performs many functions in the plant, including plant protection when exposed to long periods of drought, frost, pests, diseases and others [7], as well as has an important role in improving the process of photosynthesis through its effect on the angle of the leaf and giving it a solid appearance and currently any nutrient solution for the plant is added silicon to it.In addition, there is an evidence when silicon is ready and easily available to the plant, it will play an important role in the stages of growth, mineral nutrition, mechanical reinforcement of tissues and resistance to many stresses [8].Recently, this has been proven by convincing and direct evidence that silicon is present as an essential element in cell walls, making them more solid as in hemisilor [9].Therefore, this research aims to find out the effect of adding whey and spraying with silicone and the interaction between them on the growth and yield of the Chinese Cabbage plant.

Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted during the agricultural season 2022-2023 in the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering of the College of Agriculture, University of Karbala -located in the district of Husseiniya -Karbala, the land was prepared for agriculture by plowing deep plowing twice and perpendicularly, and animal manure and decomposing poultry waste were added, the land was leveled and divided To three sectors, each sector has three terraces, where the experiment contained 9 terraces with a length of 20 meters per terrace, and a distance of 90 cm between one terrace and another, and 30 cm between one plant and another, in addition to the guard plants at the beginning and end of the terrace, the seedlings were transferred to the field on 11/13/2022, as they contain approximately 4-5 real leaves, the field was irrigated the day before the seedling to moisten the places of planting seedlings and make sure that water arrives in an appropriate amount for the seedlings Later the seedlings were planted in the gorse with a depth of 5 -10 Poison for seedlings.

Treatments and Experimental Design
According to the design of the Complete Blok Design Randomized (R.C.B.D), silicon was the main factor, while the whey extract was considered the secondary factor Sub-plots, so the number of treatment is 16 treatments Factorial which is an overlap of four concentrations of silicon and four concentrations of whey extract repeated each treatment three times, so the number of experimental units is 48 experimental units The averages of the results were analyzed statistically using the statistical program Gen stat and completed the Least Significant Differences Test (l.s.D.) to compare the averages at the level of probability 0.05 [10].The study included the effect of silicon spraying and adding whey on the characteristics of the Chinese Cabbage plant and its yield  The first factor: spraying with four concentrations of organic silicon 80% manufactured by the Turkish company Agri sciences and denoted by the symbol (S). The second factor: adding four concentrations of whey extract The whey was prepared from locally made cheese waste and is symbolized by the symbol (W). 3

Studied Qualities 2.2.1. Nitrogen Percentage
Nitrogen was estimated from the digested samples using a Microkeldhal device according to the method described by the page.Et al (1982) took 10 ml of each sample and added 10 ml NaoH concentration of 40% and distilled and collected ammonia liberated in Baker containing 25 ml boric acid at a concentration of 2% from two drops of a guide mixture Solutes with ethanol and then powdered with acid and then powdered with acid HCL standard 0.02 and applied the following equation Acid volume consumed *Sour standard *14 final size for frightening N=* 100 Sample volume taken at distillation * Digested sample weight * 1000

Phosphorus Percentage
Concentration estimation according to the method described by (1962) Muphy and Riley by the ammonium molypdate method and after the appearance of blue color in the controlled sample The color intensity of the solution was measured by spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 700 nm.

Potassium Percentage
Potassium pot by flame photometer.

Ascorbic Acid
Crush 1 g of plant extract in 10 ml of TCA solution Take 0.5 ml of extract and add 2 ml of solution The tubes will shake well and then the central process will be carried out at a speed of 3000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature and then take 102 ml of the filtrate and add 0.4 ml of DTCS reagent and brood at room temperature for three hours We will cool the tubes for 10 minutes in ice and then add 2 ml of solution H2SO4 Acid (12ml) cold to all tubes.

Results and Discussion
It is noted from the results of Table (1) that there are significant differences in the characteristic of Nitrogen percentage, as the treatment with silicon at a concentration of 3 ml L -1 outperformed the rest of the treatments by giving it the highest value of 2.719, while the comparison treatment recorded the lowest value for the characteristic of Nitrogen percentageof 1.925As for the spraying agent with whey extract, the treatment with a concentration of 24 liters hectare-1 recorded a significant superiority over the rest of the treatments with an average Nitrogen percentage of 2.547, while the comparison treatment recorded the lowest value of 2.163.For bilateral interactions between silicon and whey, the overlap between the concentration of 3 ml L -1 of silicon and the concentration of 24 L ha -1 of whey recorded the highest average Nitrogen percentage of 2.820 while the comparison treatment recorded the lowest average of 1.190.2) that there are significant differences in the characteristic of the phosphorus percentage, as the treatment with silicon at a concentration of 3 ml L -1 outperformed the rest of the treatments by giving it the highest value of 0.371, while the comparison treatment recorded the lowest value for the characteristic of the phosphorus percentage amounting to 0.234 As for the spraying agent with whey extract, the treatment was recorded with a concentration 42 liters hectare -1 significantly superior to the rest of the treatments with an average phosphorus percentage of 0.316 while the comparison treatment recorded the lowest value of 0.276.For bilateral interactions between silicon and whey, the interaction between the concentration of 3 ml L -1 of silicon with the concentration of 24 L ha -1 of whey was recorded with the highest average phosphorus percentage of 0.386 while the comparison treatment recorded the lowest average of 0.214.3) that there are significant differences in potassium percentage, the treatment with silicon at a concentration of 3 ml L -1 outperformed the rest of the treatments by giving it the highest value of 1.540 , while the comparison treatment recorded the lowest value of the potassium percentage of 1.182, as for the spray agent with whey extract, the treatment with a concentration of 24 liters hectare -1 recorded a significant superiority On the rest of the treatments, the average potassium percentage was 1.403, while the comparison treatment recorded the lowest value of 1.301.For bilateral interactions between silicon and whey, the interaction between the concentration of 3 ml L -1 of silicon with the concentration of 24 L ha -1 of whey recorded the highest average potassium percentage of 1.667 while the comparison treatment recorded the lowest average of 1.160.4) that there are significant differences in the ascorbic acid of the plant, the treatment with silicon at a concentration of 3 ml L -1 outperformed the rest of the treatments by giving it the highest value of 65.37 while the comparison treatment recorded the lowest value of the ascorbic acid of the plant amounted to 56.81, as for the spraying agent with whey extract, the treatment was recorded at a concentration of 24 1 -hectare liters significantly superior to the rest of the treatments with an average of ascorbic acid of 64.61, while the comparison treatment recorded the lowest value of 59.58.For bilateral interactions between silicon and whey, the overlap between the concentration of 3 ml L -1 of silicon with the concentration of 24 L ha -1 of whey recorded the highest average of ascorbic acid fo 69.95 while the comparison treatment recorded the lowest average of 52.53.

Discussion
Perhaps the reason for this is due to the role of whey when sprayed on the vegetative system in activating the vital activities within the plant and the role of some of the microelements in it, such as iron, in the formation of chlorophyll pigment [11].Silicon reduces salinity damage, which is because of this element in increasing the effectiveness of the root system and reducing the velocity of transpiration, as well as increasing the effectiveness of ion-carrying proteins present in the outer plasma membrane as well as the vacuolar membrane [12,13], and then improving the ion balance process.These results agree with the findings of Roshdy on the banana plant, the positive role of treatment with silicon and whey may also be due to their role in improving the overall physiological activities within the plant cells, the most important of which is improving the effectiveness of photosynthesis and the installation of cell organelles [14].

Table 1 .
Effect of Silicone Spraying and Wheal Addition and Their Interference on Nitrogen percentage of Chinese Cabbage.

Table 2 .
Effect of Silicone Spraying and Adding Wheal and Overlapping Them in the phosphorus percentage of Chinese Cabbage Plant.It is noted from the results of Table (

Table 3 .
Effect of Silicone Spraying and Adding Whey and their Interference on the potassium percentage (g) of Chinese Cabbage.

Table 4 .
Effect of Silicon Spraying and Adding Whey and their Interference on the ascorbic acid of Chinese Cabbage Plant.