Ber Bud Response to the Treatments with some Growth Regulators and Optimus Plus Nanofertilizer in Improving some Chemical Characteristics for cv.Tofahi

The study was carried out in one of the private orchards located in Al-Khairat district Karbala Governorate during the growing season 2022, to study the Ber bud response to the treatments with some growth regulators (BA + NAA) in three concentrations (0, 40 + 20, 40 + 80 mg L-1) and its symbol (A0, A1, A2) And Optimus plus Nanofertilizer in three concentrations (0, 20, 40 mL-1) and its symbol (B0, B1, B2) in Improving Some Chemical Characteristics for cv.Tofahi, The experiment was designed with two workers according to the design of complete random sectors (RCBD) and prepared 5 seedlings for the experimental unit and three replicates. The results of the study showed that the dipping of grafting buds with a combination of growth regulators and A1 concentration led to a significant increase in the content of the leaves of total chlorophyll, carbohydrates, N, P, K, which amounted to (57.113 mg 100 g-1, 11.622 %, 1.881%, 1.553 %, 0.398 %). Compared to the control treatment respectively the addition of nanofertilizer Optimus plus at a concentration of B2 gave a significant increase in all the studied traits which amounted to (57.110 mg 100g-1, 11.489%, 1.870%, 1.555%, 0.398%) compared to the control treatment respectively. The bilateral interaction between the two study factors significantly affected all the studied characteristics, especially when the treatment (B2 A1) compared to the control treatment of the interference.


Introduction
Ber goes back to the family Rhamnaceae and to Ziziphus, which includes 58 genera and more than 90 species, It is an evergreen fruit tree that grows in tropics, subtropics and warm temperate regions [1].Ber trees are believed to be native to southern Europe the Himalayas and Iraq [2].Ber is an apple variety with a wonderful taste and attractive colors and is consumed on a large commercial scale it is of high nutritional value because it contains sugars, proteins and vitamins, including vitamin C [3]. Ber trees are used in some areas as ornamental trees for their beauty or as windbreaks and also used as fuel [4].Ber reproduces in several ways including sexual and vegetative, but vegetative propagation is preferable to sexual reproduction in terms of the grafted trees reaching the fruiting stage faster in addition to the content of nutrients in the fruits [5].The date of grafting is generally in the stage of plant sap flow and in Iraq grafting is carried out in the period from March to the end of May [6].Plant growth regulators have an important impact on the success of grafting, especially that oxins and cytokinins have an effective role in increasing the success rate of grafting , growth regulators increase the rate of cell division, which helps increase the rate of graft fusion to origin [7].Benzel adenine and naphthalene acetic acid are hormone substances regulating growth that affect the growth and development of plants as they work on cell division and development and they are one of the most used industrial growth regulators for their high stability and cheapness [8].Recently nanofertilizers have been widely used in agricultural fields because they are distinguished from conventional fertilizers because they have unique properties due to the small size of their particles and their large surface area that leads to increased absorption of contact surfaces [9].As Tamimi found [10].In his study when adding 1 g L -1 of IQ Combi nanofertilizer to the varieties of palm trees with water the concentration gave superiority in most of the physical and chemical properties of the fruits compared to the control treatment.There are previous studies on the dipping of grafting buds in growth regulators (NAA and BA) and the addition of nanofertilizer Optimus plus to seedlings of Ber apple variety so this study was conducted: To know the best concentration of soaking buds in the combination of growth regulators and determine the appropriate concentration of nanofertilizer Optimus plus in Improving Some Chemical Characteristics for cv.Tofahi

Materials and Methods
The study was conducted in one of the private orchards located in Al-Khairat district / Karbala Governorate during the growth season 2022, study the Ber bud response to the treatments with some growth regulators (NAA and BA) and Optimus plus Nanofertilizer in Improving Some Chemical Characteristics for cv.Tofahi, 135 seed seedlings were selected at the age of two years and with a diameter of (20-25 mm) homogeneous vegetative growth as much as possible and free of disease and insect infections , Planted with dimensions of 5x5 m in a sandy mix soil whose components are shown in Table (1) All agricultural service operations were carried out, where the seedlings were watered the day before the date of grafting in order to increase the activity of the assets and to facilitate the separation of the bark from the wood.The grafts were selected on 19/3/2022 from mothers aged (3) years from one-year-old growths and the leaves and thorns were removed from the graft pens and then the pens were transferred to the experiment site on 20/3/2022.The graft buds were treated with a combination of growth regulators (NAA+BA) in three concentrations (0, NAA40+BA20, NAA 80+BA40 mg L -1 ) for 15 minutes.Immediately after that, the grafting process was carried out on the seedlings on 20/3/2022 and at a height of 25 cm from the soil surface using the grafting method by eye, after which the grafting area was wrapped with provisions using grafting tapes and the seedlings were left for 25 days [11].Optimus plus nanofertilizer was added by fertigation method on 21/3/2022 at a rate of (8) batches between one addition and another month and in three concentrations:  Control treatment (0 mL -1 ) Only 20 liters of water were added to each of the five trees allocated for this treatment and its code B0.  Treatment (1 mL -1 ): The solution was prepared by dissolving 20 ml of fertilizer in 20 liters of distilled water, and each of the five trees designated for this treatment was fertilized with its symbol B1.  Treatment (2 mL -1 ): The solution was prepared by dissolving 40 ml of manure in 20 liters of distilled water, and each of the five trees designated for this treatment was fertilized and coded B2.

Percentage of Carbohydrates in Leaves (%)
It was estimated according to the method contained in [13].

Determination of Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus in Leaves (%)
Estimated in papers by Semi -micro kjeldal method [14].

Statistical Design and Analysis
The experiment of his workers (3×3) was followed by the design of the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and three repeaters, as each repeater includes 45 seedlings 5 seedlings for each experimental unit and thus the number of seedlings is 135 seedlings6

Total chlorophyll (mg 100g -1 )
The results shown in Table (3) show a significant effect on the total chlorophyll content of the leaves as a result of dipping the graft buds in growth regulators (NAA and BA), where the treatment A1 gave the highest value in this trait which amounted to (57.113 mg 100 g -1 ) compared to the control treatment which gave the lowest value to the same trait and amounted to (53.220 mg 100 g -1 ) It was also clear from the same table the significant effect of nanofertilizer treatments as the B2 treatment excelled in giving it the highest rate in the total chlorophyll content of the leaves (57.110 mg 100 g -1 ) while the control treatment recorded the lowest rate for this trait (53.000 mg 100 g -1 )6 As for the bilateral interaction between the two study factors, it showed a significant effect in this trait, especially when the treatment B2A1 which recorded the highest concentration of total chlorophyll in the leaves and amounted to (60.670 mg 100 g -1 ) compared to the control treatment that recorded the lowest concentration of total chlorophyll in the leaves amounted to (50.330 mg 100 g -1 ).Table 3.Effect of soaking buds with (NAA and BA) and adding Optimus Plus nano fertilizer and the interaction between them on total chlorophyll in the leaves (mg 100g -1 ).

Carbohydrates (%)
The results of the statistical analysis in Table (4) show that there are significant differences in the percentage of carbohydrates in the leaves as a result of immersing the grafting buds with a combination of growth regulators NAA and BA, where the treatment A1 gave the highest carbohydrate content in the leaves amounted to (11.622%) compared to the control treatment that recorded the lowest percentage and amounted to (10.244%).It is also clear from the results of the same table that there was an increase in the carbohydrate content of the leaves as a result of the addition of nanofertilizer Optimus plus, where the B2 treatment significantly outperformed the rest of the transactions by (11.489%) while the control treatment recorded the lowest percentage of carbohydrates in the leaves amounted to (10.511%) .
As for the effect of bilateral interaction between the dipping of grafting buds with the combination of growth regulators and the concentration of nanofertilizer Optimus plus, it was noted that the B2A1 treatment significantly outperformed the rest of the interference coefficients, as the highest value of the leaf carbohydrate content was recorded (12.367%) compared to the control treatment of the interference which recorded the lowest carbohydrate content of (9.567%).Table 4. Effect of soaking buds with (NAA and BA) and adding Optimus Plus nano fertilizer and the interaction between them on carbohydrates in the leaves (%).

Growth regulators mg.L -1
Optimus plus mL

Nitrogen (%)
It is clear from the results shown in Table (5) that there are significant differences in the nitrogen content of the leaves, where the treatment A1 gave the highest rate of nitrogen in the leaves amounted to (1.881%) compared to the control treatment that recorded the lowest rate of nitrogen in the leaves amounted to (1.544%) .
The results in the same table also show that nano-fertilization has significantly affected the content of the leaves of the Ber seedlings of an apple variety of nitrogen, where the treatment B2 gave the highest rate of (1.870%) while the control treatment gave the lowest rate of nitrogen (1.547%).
As for the effect of bilateral interaction between the dipping of grafting buds with the combination of growth regulators and the concentration of nano-fertilizer as the B2A1 treatment gave the highest rate of leaf nitrogen content of (2.280%) compared to the control treatment that gave the lowest nitrogen content of the leaves (1.310%).Table 5.Effect of soaking buds with (NAA and BA) and adding Optimus Plus nano fertilizer and the interaction between them on nitrogen in the leaves (%).

Phosphorus (%)
The data in Table (6) indicate a significant increase in the percentage of phosphorus in the leaves as a result of immersion of grafting buds with the combination of growth regulators especially at the A1 treatment which achieved the highest rate of (0.398%) compared to the control treatment, which recorded the lowest rate of phosphorus (0.349%).
It was also noted that nano-fertilization had a positive effect on increasing the percentage of phosphorus in the papers as the B2 treatment gave the highest rate of phosphorus (0.398%) while the control treatment gave the lowest rate of (0.348%).
As for the interaction between the two study factors, it had a significant impact on this characteristic, as the B2A1 treatment achieved the highest rate in the content of the papers of phosphorus amounted to (0.430%) while the concentration of phosphorus in the papers decreased when the control treatment reached (0.323%).Table 6.Effect of soaking buds with (NAA and BA) and adding Optimus Plus nano fertilizer and the interaction between them on phosphorus in the leaves (%).

Growth regulators mg.L -1
Optimus plus mL

Potassium (%)
The data in Table (7) indicate that there is a significant difference in the content of the leaves of potassium as a result of the immersion of grafting buds with growth regulators, the A1 treatment excelled by giving it the highest rate in the content of the leaves of potassium (1.553%)The control treatment recorded the lowest rate of potassium (1.426%) .We also found in the same table that the concentration of potassium in the leaves increased when adding nanofertilizer Optimus plus as the B2 treatment outperformed the highest concentration of potassium in the leaves, which amounted to (1.555%) while the potassium concentration decreased to (1.425%) at the control treatment.
As for the bilateral interaction between the two study factors, it showed a significant effect in increasing the content of the leaves of potassium, especially when the treatment B2A1 which amounted to (1.673%) compared to the control treatment, which recorded the lowest content of the leaves of potassium and amounted to (1.353%).Table 7.Effect of soaking buds with (NAA and BA) and adding Optimus Plus nano fertilizer and the interaction between them on potassium in the leaves (%).

Growth regulators mg.L -1
Optimus plus mL -  (3,4,5,6,7) showed a significant superiority of the grafting buds that were immersed in the combination of growth regulators at a concentration of (20BA + 40NAA mg L -1 ) and the addition of nanofertilizer Optimus plus at a concentration of (40 m.L -1 ) in all chemical properties of seedlings of the Ber apple variety 6 It may be due to the role of benzel adenine (BA) in prolonging the life of the leaves by delaying the decomposition of chlorophyll through its effect in preventing the formation of some decomposition enzymes such as (Nuclease , Protase) and the survival of nucleic acids and proteins are not exposed to rapid decomposition in cells as the aging phase is characterized by increased decomposition processes as a result of the activity of decomposition enzymes This leads to an increase in the chlorophyll content in the leaves [10].The reason for the increase in dry matter in the leaves may be due to the role of benzel adenine (BA) in cell division and differentiation of vascular tissues in the vaccination area, which facilitates the transport of water and nutrients, and this is reflected positively in the increase in the number of leaves and their surface area, which leads to an increase in the processes of Al-Fasgal Balnat and an increase in the manufacture of nutrients in them and thus increase their content of dry matter [12].The reason for the increase in the content of leaves of N, P, K and carbohydrates is due to the role of benzel adenine (BA) in stimulating the vegetative growth of the plant and increasing its leaf area and the content of its leaves of chlorophyll, which is reflected in increasing the plant's ability to absorb nutrients and thus increase their concentrations in the leaves [17].The reason may be due to the role of the growth regulator Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) which works to activate the process of photosynthesis and physiological processes, which results in an increase in the process of absorption of nutrients necessary in plant growth, and thus increase the content of chlorophyll in the leaves which is reflected in a positive state on the vital processes in the plant and thus increase the leaf area which increases the production of processed nutrients in it which shows an increase in carbohydrates in the leaves [11].Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) also plays in increasing the widening of the opening of the stomata in the leaves approximately 50% which causes an increase in transpiration which accelerates the process of evaporation of water and increases the absorption and transport of nutrients through the wood, as well as its role in the formation of reservoirs or places to attract and accumulate nutrients in the leaves, which is reflected in the increase in the proportion of dry matter in the leaves and thus increase the content of the leaves of major elements [82].This is consistent with the findings [20].When dipping apricot pens with growth regulators.The reason for the increase in chemical properties (chlorophyll, carbohydrates, and NPK) when adding Optimus plus nanofertilizer is attributed to the role of fertilizer in increasing photosynthesis, which was reflected in the growth, development and division of plant cells [21].The reason for the increase in chlorophyll content in the leaves may be due to the fact that the fertilizer contains nutrients and amino acids, which increased their absorption by the plant and the high concentrations in the leaves and their direct impact on the efficiency of carbon metabolism [22].The reason for the increase in carbohydrates may be that the nanofertilizer contains a group of amino acids which in turn improve the efficiency of photosynthesis and physiological processes, which results in an increase in the absorption of nutrients, and thus an increase in dry matter in the leaves [23].The reason for the increased nitrogen content of the leaves may be due to the role of amino acids that lower the pH of the soil, which facilitates the absorption of nutrients by the plant and their entry into the vital processes in the plant as well as being a source of nitrogen ready for absorption [24].The reason for the increase in the content of the leaves of phosphorus and potassium is due to the role of nanofertilizer, which helps the plant to retain nutrients and accelerates their movement in the plant, as well as stimulating cell membranes to introduce nutrients faster and easier, as well as amino acids that increase the absorption of nutrients [25].It is consistent with the findings [26] when adding nanofertilizer to palm trees, [27] when studying the effect of adding nanofertilizers on palm trees.

Conclusion
From the results we reached in our experiment we can conclude the following3  Soaking the grafting buds with a combination of growth regulators (BA + NAA) at a concentration of (20 + 40) mg L -1 and for a period of 15 minutes led to a significant effect on some chemical properties of Ber leaves which include total chlorophyll, carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. The addition of Optimus plus nano fertilizer with irrigation water to fertilize Ber seedlings at a concentration of (40) mL -1 led to the improvement of all studied traits.

Table 1 .
Orchard soil sample analysis results.