Effect of Organic and Biofertilization on some Qualitative and Productive Traits of Barley Plant

A field experiment was conducted in a sandy, clay soil loam in Al-Nahrawan region, east of Baghdad. The experiment included two factors: organic fertilizer (compost) at three levels, 15 tons. ha-1 and 30 tons ha-1 without adding organic fertilizer and biofertilizer (mycorrhiza) at two levels, adding 200 g of mycorrhizal inoculation without addition, In a randomized complete split block design with three replicates in order to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of a type of fungal (mycorrhizal) and organic (compost) bio-fertilizers, individually or in an interaction manner, on the qualitative and productive traits of barley plant (plant height (cm), dry weight (kg. ha-1), grain weight (Mg.ha-1) and harvest index (%) The results showed that the treatment of compost and mycorrhizal interactions was significantly excelled on the control treatment for all traits, with values of (82.13, 9018, 4.117, 38.63), respectively.


Introduction
Soil degradation and poor water quality have become a source of concern with environmental challenges associated with them.Desertification is the largest environmental problem facing the world in its various degrees, due to natural or human factors, or both, which leads to the loss of lands, the loss of productive lands, the movement of sand dunes, salinization of the soil, and the occurrence of severe dust storms.lead to air pollution and disruption of the biological system, Desertification is defined as the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and semi-humid regions due to human activities and climatic changes [1,2].In order to reclaim degraded lands, soil conditioners such as compost and mycorrhiza must be added, which improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil.Biofertilizers are defined as preparations that contain one or two types or a combination of beneficial microorganisms added to the soil, seeds, or seedling roots for the purpose of increasing plant nutrients and improving soil fertility, as they are environmentally friendly, as well as producing many enzymes, growth regulators, and hormones [3].Mycorrhiza fungi also contribute to providing most nutrients, especially phosphorus, to the plant, as well as improving the stability of soil aggregates through their hyphae that bind soil particles together.It also contributes to increasing plant tolerance to environmental stress conditions such as drought and salinity, as well as its resistance to diseases [4].As for organic fertilizers, they are fertilizers obtained from plant and animal residues at different 1259 (2023) 012031 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1259/1/012031 2 temperatures of decomposition, which affect the properties of the soil .Organic fertilizers are natural materials with a good medium for the growth of microorganism and then improving soil qualities by providing it with nutrients while preserving soil moisture, which is reflected in better plant growth [5].The organic matter plays a prominent role in increasing the dry matter through soil and plant obtaining the necessary elements, and then increasing the yield [6], and on the basis of that, the study aims to increase the productive capacity For barley plants when organic fertilizers (compost) and biofertilizers (mycorrhiza) are added.

Materials and Methods
A field experiment was conducted during autumn season of 2021 in the Nahrawan region, east of Baghdad, in a soil with a mixed, sandy, clay, saline texture that is not agriculturally exploited.Salt and bushes are clearly spread on the surface of the soil.Soil samples representative of the field were taken before planting at a depth of (0_30 cm) from the surface layer and mixed well for the purpose of homogenization.The soil samples were air dried.Then it was ground and passed through a sieve with a diameter of holes of 2 mm and placed in plastic bags for safekeeping and laboratory analysis According to the methods given [7,8].
Table 1.Results of analyzing some chemical and physical traits of the study soil before planting.

Implementation of the Field Experiment
The experiment included the addition of Mycorrhizae inoculum (biofertilizer) and it included two quantities of the control treatment, symbol M0, and the inoculum treatment of 200 g of Mycorrhizae , symbol M1 (Glomus sp).It was obtained from the Agricultural Research Department in Al-Zafaraniya.The organic fertilizer includes three levels of compost, the control treatment without addition, and its symbol is (C0).And the treatment of adding 15 tons.ha-1and its symbol (C1) and the treatment of adding 30 tons.ha -1 and its symbol (C2).It was obtained from the Green Gold Company for Sustainable Development in Baghdad.The factorial test was coundected using a randomized cutoff complete block design (CRBD), with 3 replicates, and the experiment included 36 experimental units.Soil conditioners were added before planting, which included organic fertilizer (compost).Table (2) shows the chemical properties of organic fertilizer with the addition of biofertilizer (mycorrhiza).Both materials were added to the planting line and mixed with the surface layer at a certain depth (0-10 cm)and mixed evenly with the soil, three levels of organic fertilizer were added: 0, 15, 30 tons, and 0 and 200 gm.On 11-27-2021.Barley seeds (IPA99) were distributed along the sowing line in each plank, and after 10 days of germination, the seedlings were thinned to become one plant.Weeding is

Results and Discussion
The results of the statistical analysis and by testing the least significant difference (LSD) at the level of 0.05 and as shown in Table (3,4) showed that the addition of organic fertilizer (compost) led to a significant increase in the average plant height and dry matter weight of the barley plant, where it reached the highest average height Plant and dry matter weight in the treatment of adding 30 tons.ha-1 compost, represented by (C2) 77.11 cm and 8247 kg.ha -1 , respectively.While the lowest value for plant height and dry matter weight was 60.72 cm (5287 kg H -1 ) for the control treatment represented by (C0).These results agree with [9][10][11] , due to the role of compost.In improving the physical properties of the soil, such as permeability, moisture retention, porosity, and dissolved nutrients in the soil solution, which encouraged the growth of roots, increased their efficiency in absorbing water and nutrients, and increased vegetative growth (stem and leaves), which was reflected in increasing plant height.In addition, the organic fertilizer contains the necessary nutrients, especially nitrogen, where the organic matter fixes nitrogen in a non-symbiotic manner in the soil [12].The results showed that there was a significant effect of adding biofertilizer (mycorrhiza) on average plant height and dry matter weight, as the treatment of adding 200 gm of inoculum represented by (M1), which had plant height and dry matter weight of 73.37 cm, 7354 kg ha -1 , was excelled on no addition treatment represented by (M0), in which the plant height and dry matter weight reached 65.56 cm 6626 kg ha -1 .This is due to the role of mycorrhiza in increasing the soil content of phosphorus, the most important element of energy compounds that enter the photosynthesis process, which is reflected in the increase in leafy area, which provides more space for the production of dry matter, which accumulates in the stems and other storage areas, which is reflected in the increase in plant height as a result of improving leaf growth and increasing Its efficiency in the manufacture of dry [13][14][15].It is worth noting that phosphorus plays an important role in increasing the growth and development of roots, as well as increasing the growth of the coronal region, which forms the basis of the branching process in plants.Thus, the efficiency of the roots increases and their ability to supply the vegetative part of the plant with water and nutrients, and accordingly, the division of the stem cells increases, and as a result, growth increases, the stem rises, and the dry matter increases [16].The results of the statistical analysis of the bi-interaction between the bio-fertilizer and the organic fertilizer (M1C2) showed that there were significant differences between the treatments.The highest dry matter weight was 9018 kg ha -1 compared to the no-additive treatment, which gave the lowest mean plant height and dry matter weight of 58.73 cm 5024 kg H -1 .The reason for this is due to the role of organic fertilizers in improving the traits of vegetative growth and yields of good quality, where it is a rich source of nutrients for soil and plants, as well as increasing the activity of microorganisms and increasing the activity of the root system [17,18] and the presence of mycorrhizae that It increases growth regulators, the production of plant hormones, and improves the level of chlorophyll in leaves, which is reflected in increased photosynthesis, increased efficiency in cell division, stem elongation, and dry matter increase [19,20].5) indicate a significant increase in the value of the number of grains per spike in the treatment of adding 30 tons .ha -1 compost, as it amounted to 44.58 grains.spike - compared to the lowest number of grains in the spike of 41.58 grains spike -1 when the compost was not added.For the role of compost (as a decomposed organic matter),The increase in growth is linked to an increase in the density of the roots and their efficiency in absorbing water and nutrients.When the plant gets its needs, the development of the spikes and terminal florets of the spikes occurs naturally because there is no moisture stress or lack of nutrients, so the grain sites develop well to form a number of sites that are filled with dry matter later in the (grain filling) stage.Condition for the success of the process of pollination and fertilization, compost may improve the growth of spikes that develop in the double fold, and thus all spikes develop from their origins to complete their life cycle, in addition to the flowers of each spikelet also developing naturally [21,22].The results also showed that there was a significant increase in the number of grains per spike when adding mycorrhiza, where it gave a value of 43.78 grains spike -1 , and the treatment of not adding the pollen gave the lowest value of 42.06 grains spike -1 .This is due to the role of mycorrhiza in enhancing agricultural physiological traits, including photosynthesis and grain production.This may be due to the fact that the mycorrhizal fungi improved the ability of the roots to absorb soil moisture and nutrients, which led to keeping the stomata open in the leaves and increasing the production of dry matter, and this was reflected in plant growth and yield production [23,24].As for the interaction of compost and mycorrhiza, the results showed that there were non-significant differences, despite the excelled of the treatment of adding bio-fertilizer and organic fertilizer on the rest of the interaction treatments, as it gave 45.67 grains.spike -1 , and the lowest number of grains in the spike was in the control treatment, which gave 40.83 grains .spike - , for the role of mycorrhiza and compost.In increasing the rate of photosynthesis by facilitating the uptake of N and P from the soil, which improves the accumulation of nutrients and promotes the initiation of flowering and then the increase of grains [25,26].(6) indicate that there is a significant effect on the trait of the harvest index, as it gave the highest value when adding 30 tons.ha -1 compost, amounting to 37.07%, compared to the treatment of no addition to compost, as it gave 31.59%.When mycorrhiza was added, a significant increase occurred, as it gave the highest value of 36.23%, while the treatment without adding the vaccine gave the lowest value of 33.04%.The reason for this is due to the role of compost and mycorrhiza in improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, thus improving the efficiency of the leaves in the process of photosynthesis and the development of dry matter along with the grains, thus increasing the weight of the grains).The M1C2 treatment excelled with a nonsignificant effect and gave the highest value of 38.63%, and the lowest value for the trait of harvest index in the comparison treatment, which gave 29.67%.This is due to the role of compost and mycorrhiza in increasing plant content of nutrients such as phosphorus and N, K, Zn, and Cu, which work to increase plant growth by extending fungi hays into the soil and absorbing the necessary nutrients [27].These results are consistent with [28][29][30].

Table 2 .
removal of weeds during the growing season of the crop and the continuation of trials as needed until the crop reaches final maturity.The crop was harvested on 5-26-2022.Plant height, Vegetative growth dry weight, grain weight and harvest index were measured based on the following equation: Some chemical properties of the organic fertilizer used in the study.

Table 3 .
Effect of adding compost and mycorrhizal fertilizers on barley plant height (cm).

Table 4 .
Effect of adding compost and mycorrhizal fertilizers on the dry matter weight of barley plant (kg ha -1 ).

Table 5 .
The effect of adding compost and mycorrhizal fertilizers on the number of grains per spike (grains spike -1 ).

Table 6 .
Effect of adding compost and mycorrhizal fertilizers on the harvest index trait of barley plant (%).