Treatment of the Harmful Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide using the Amino Acid Selenocysteine and Sulfur Element on the Concentration of Nutrients in Yellow Corn Plant (Zea mays L.)

A field experiment was conducted during the fall season (2022) in the fields of the College of Agriculture - University of Diyala in order to demonstrate the effect of the amino acid Selenocysteine and the sulfur element and the interference between them in treating the harmful effect of hydrogen peroxide and its effect on the nutrients (N, P, K, S) of the yellow corn plant (Zea mays.L). The experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD), a regular factorial experiment with three replications, and the experimental parameters included the following: Three levels of spraying with acid with hydrogen peroxide (0, 5, 10) mg. liter-1 and three levels of spraying with the amino acid Selenocysteine (0, 50, 100) mg. liter-1, 2concentrations of liquid sulfur Zolfast (0, 2.5) g. Liter-1 and H2O2 was sprayed first, then the experimental factors were sprayed later, the corn crop was grown, and the results showed that spraying hydrogen peroxide with a high concentration (H10) led to a decrease in the studied characteristics, And when spraying the plant with acid (Sec), the studied characteristics increased with increasing concentrations of spray, and also these characteristics increased when spraying sulfur, and the bilateral interferences between the study factors gave a significant increase in the proportion of nutrients (N, P, K, S), and the triple interaction between The three factors of the study (H2O2 + Sec + S) treated the damage of hydrogen peroxide through the presence of an increase in the proportion of all studied characteristics when spraying the plant with amino acid and sulfur (H10, Sec100, S2.5) and when not spraying them (H10, Sec0, S0).


Introduction
Hydrogen peroxide is considered a weak acid, its chemical formula is (H 2 O 2 ), and it is one of the types of free radicals that are generated inside the plant cell under natural conditions as well as under different stress conditions as a result of the reduction of two electrons from oxygen through the Fenton reaction with the help of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) [1] Hydrogen peroxide participates in many reactions.In high concentrations, it causes oxidative damage to proteins, membrane lipids, and other cellular components, which leads to cell death, while in low concentrations it acts as a 1259 (2023) 012022 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1259/1/012022 2 chemical signal transmitter for all aspects of root hair growth, wood differentiation, and lacunae, and regulates the process of closing and opening stomata to correct plant growth and development [2] .The amino acid Selenocysteine is one of the newly discovered amino acids, and it is one of the most prominent antioxidants due to its extreme effectiveness in resisting oxidative stress.Its presence is rare in living organisms and was initially extracted from bacteria and yeast.It is produced by causing mutations in the DNA [3].Organisms when exposed to selenium can produce selenocysteine in their metabolism when a selenium atom is introduced instead of a sulfur atom that has similar radii by a combination of cofactors and enzymes [4].Sulfur is an important factor in plant growth because it is included in the synthesis of Methionine, Cystine, and Cysteine, which are important amino acids in plants, as well as Boitin and Thiamine, which are growth regulators and enzyme co-enzyme A, and vital proteins such as Ferrodoxins, which are necessary in the process of photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and reduction.Nitrates to ammonia [5] which are associated with the conversion of organic acids into amino acids and then proteins that enter into the formation of vitamins and the synthesis of hormones that encourage growth and cell divisions in meristematic areas as well as elongation of cells as well as its effect on reducing the degree of soil interaction and then increasing the readiness of Nutrients elements [6] .

Materials and Methods
A field experiment was carried out in the College of Agriculture -University of Diyala for the fall season 2022.Table (1) shows some chemical and physical analyzes of field soil before planting according to the method of [7].The study was carried out using a regular factorial experiment according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and the length of each experimental unit was 2 m.A drip irrigation system was installed and yellow corn seeds were sown (Baghdad 3) was in the form of stripes with a depth of (5) cm and a distance of (40) cm between one jar and another, and the distance between one line and another was (70) cm.Urea fertilizer (N 46%) was added as a source of nitrogen fertilizer in an amount of 200 kg N. H -1 And in two equal batches, the first at planting and the second batch, 45 days after planting .Phosphate fertilizer, triple calcium superphosphate (P 20%), was added at a rate of 50 kg P. H1-in one batch when planting, and the addition of potassium fertilizer from potassium sulfate (K 41.6%) was divided at a rate of 160 kg K. H1-into three batches at planting and after 45 days.And 75 days of cultivation [8], [9] and the nutrients (N, P, K, S) were estimated after the plant leaves were taken from each experimental unit, then washed with distilled water, dried, grinded and digested according to the method of [10] A clear solution ready for analysis.Nutrients were estimated as follows: Nitrogen was measured using a Micro Kjeldahl device as described by [11], and phosphorous was measured using a spectrophotometer at 882 nm [12] and was estimated using a Flame Photo meter device as mentioned in [11] and sulfur was estimated by the turbidity method and according to the method of [13].
Table 1.Some of chemical and physical properties of field , s soil before planting.

Results and Discussion
It appears from the results of Table (2) when spraying maize plants with sulfur element (2.5 g.L -1 ) we got an average of 3.93% of nitrogen and when not spraying with sulfur we got an average of 2.87% of nitrogen with a significant increase of (36.93%).Increasing the level of spraying with the amino acid Selenocysteine led to an increase in the percentage of nitrogen in the plant leaves of yellow corn.The highest average was 3.96% at the third level and the lowest average for the first level was 2.82%, with an increase of (40.42%).Spraying with acid led to hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of (10 mg H 2 O 2 .L -1 ) reduced the percentage of nitrogen, reaching an average of 2.14%, while the concentration (5 mg H 2 O 2 .L -1 ) led to an increase in the nitrogen percentage.As for the level (H0), it averaged 3.66%.From the results presented in the same table, it appears the effect of the interference of adding the sulfur element with the amino acid Selenocysteine in increasing the percentage of nitrogen in the yellow corn plant, as the highest average was 4.60% at the level of spraying (sec100 + S2.5) and the lowest average was 2.36% when not spraying with the sulfur element.And the amino acid Selenocysteine with a significant increase of (94.91%).As for the overlapping levels of spraying with hydrogen peroxide and the sulfur element, Table (2) shows that the highest average of the nitrogen element in the plant was 5.16% when the treatment was (S2.5 + H5), and the lowest average for this characteristic was 1.80 % upon treatment (S0 + H10), and the interference effect of spraying with the amino acid Selenocysteine and acid with hydrogen peroxide had a significant effect on increasing the percentage of the nitrogen element of the plant, as the highest average was 5.20% when spraying at the level (Sec100*H5) while the lowest average was 1.81% when not spraying with the amino acid Selenocysteine and at the level of spraying (H10) of acid with hydrogen peroxide.
Table 2. Effect of spraying with hydrogen peroxide, the amino acid Selenocysteine, and elemental sulfur on the percentage of nitrogen(%).The results showed that there was a triple interference between the study factors in the percentage of the nitrogen element in the plant, as spraying the element sulfur and Selenocysteine acid at a concentration (Sec100 * S2.5) at the level of spraying acid with hydrogen peroxide (H5) gave the highest average for this characteristic amounted to 6.12%, while it gave Treatment of not spraying with sulfur and the amino acid Selenocysteine at the level of spraying (H10) of hydrogen peroxide, the lowest average was 1.45%, and the level of (H10 * Sec100 * S2.5) exceeded the level of not spraying the element and the amino acid and at the same level of spraying acid with hydrogen peroxide (H10) With a significant increase rate of (100.68%).Table 3.Effect of spraying with hydrogen peroxide, the amino acid Selenocysteine, and )%(elemental sulfur on the percentage of phosphorus.It appears from the results of Table (3) that there is significant effect in increasing the percentage of phosphorus present in the plant leaves by the effect of spraying with sulfur, as the second level of adding the sulfur element (2.5g.L -1 ) exceeded the level of not adding sulfur with an increase of (16.06%).The levels of spraying with the amino acid Selenocysteine affected the percentage of phosphorus, as the third level was superior with an average of 0.355% over the second and first levels by (19.52%, 5.65%), and the second level of spraying with hydrogen peroxide (H5) was superior to the rest of the levels as it was the highest average level The second level is 0.426%, followed by the first level with an average of 0.349%, then the third level with an average of 0.214%.The interference between the sulfur element and the amino acid Selenocysteine gave a significant increase in the percentage of phosphorus in the yellow corn plant, as the highest average was 0.381% at the level of spraying (sec100 + S2.5) and the lowest average was 0.268% when not spraying with the element sulfur and the amino acid Selenocysteine.On the effect of the interference between the levels of spraying hydrogen peroxide and the sulfur element, Table (3) shows that there are significant differences in the interference, and the highest average of the phosphorus element in the plant was 0.457% when the treatment (S2.5 + H5), The lowest average for this characteristic was 0.205% when the treatment was (S0 + H10), and the interference of spraying with the amino acid Selenocysteine and hydrogen peroxide showed a significant effect in increasing the percentage of the phosphorous element for the plant, as the highest average was 0.454% when spraying at the level (Sec100 * H5), while it was The lowest average was 0.188% when not sprayed with the amino acid Selenocysteine and at the level of spraying (H10) of acid with hydrogen peroxide.

Treatments sulfur (S)
The interference between the three factors of the experiment led to a significant effect on the percentage of phosphorus in the plant leaves, as the highest average for this characteristic was recorded at 0.475% at the level of (H5, Sec100, S2.5), while the treatment of not spraying sulfur and the amino acid gave Selenocysteine at the level of Spraying (H10) of hydrogen peroxide, the lowest average was 0.185%.The level of (H10*Sec100*S2.5)was superior to the level of not spraying the element and the amino acid and at the same level of spraying acid with hydrogen peroxide (H10) with an increase of (33.51%).Table 4. Effect of spraying with hydrogen peroxide, the amino acid Selenocysteine, and )%(elemental sulfur on the percentage of potassium.Table (4) shows that the second level of sulfur spraying is superior to the first level, with an increase of (32.14%).And spraying with the amino acid Selenocysteine was significantly superior in increasing the percentage of potassium in the plant leaves of the yellow corn plant, and the percentage of increase at the third level compared to the first and second levels was (38.69, 12.28%), the data showed that the addition of spraying with acid with hydrogen peroxide led to a significant increase in The percentage of potassium in the plant was the highest average at the (H5) level, reaching 5.16%, while the lowest average was 2.69% at the (H10) level .
The interference between the amino acid Selenocysteine and the element sulfur had a significant effect on the percentage of potassium in plant leaves, as the highest average was 5.06% at the level of spraying (Sec100 * S2.5) and the lowest average was 2.80% when not spraying with the amino acid Selenocysteine and the sulfur element with a significant increase of (80.71%), as for the interference effect of spraying with sulfur element and hydrogen peroxide, the highest average was 6.22% when spraying at level (S2.5 + H5), and the lowest average was 2.57% when spraying at level (S0 + H10).Spraying levels recorded the highest average of 6.02% in the treatment (Sec2.5 * H5), while the lowest average was 2.19% in the treatment (Sec0 * H10), and the treatment (Sec100 * H10) was superior to the treatment (Sec0 * H10) with a significant increase of ( 38.35%).The results showed that there were significant differences between the three factors of the study in the characteristic of the percentage of potassium in plant leaves, as spraying with concentrations (5 mg H 2 O 2 .L -1 , 100 mg Sec.L -1 , 2.5 g S.L -1 ) gave the best average of 7.13%, while The treatment of not spraying with sulfur and the amino acid Selenocysteine at the level of spraying (H10) of hydrogen peroxide gave the lowest average of 2.08%.The results shown in Table ( 5) indicated a significant increase in the percentage of sulfur in the leaves of yellow corn as a result of adding spraying the sulfur element (2.5g S.L -1 ) with an average of 0.349% and not adding the sulfur element.We got a lower average of 0.256% with an increase of ( 36.32%).
The treatment of adding the spray with the amino acid Selenocysteine (100 mg Sec.L -1 ) gave the highest average of 0.343%, and the treatment (50 mg Sec.L -1 ) gave an average of 0.300%, and the average of not adding the amino acid was 0.265%.Also, there were significant effects in the sulfur content of the leaves by the effect of spraying acid with hydrogen peroxide, as the highest average was at the (H5) level and reached 0.373%, and it surpassed the (H0) and (H10) levels with an increase of (18.41%,69.54%).The results presented in the same table showed the effect of the interaction of adding sulfur and the amino acid Selenocysteine in mitigating the harmful effect of hydrogen peroxide and increasing the sulfur content in the leaves of the yellow corn plant, as the highest average was 0.401% at the level of spraying (sec100 + S2.5) and the lowest average was 0.229%.When not spraying with the element sulfur and the amino acid Selenocysteine, it is also noted that there are significant differences between the levels of spraying hydrogen peroxide and the sulfur element, and the highest average was 0.455% in the treatment (S2.5 + H5), and the lowest average for this characteristic was 0.208% in the treatment (S0 + H10 ) .The interaction between H2O2 and the amino acid Selenocysteine also gave an increase in the percentage of sulfur element, as the highest average was 0.438% when spraying at the level (Sec100 * H5), while the lowest average was 0.204% when not spraying with the amino acid Selenocysteine and at the level of (H10) spraying of acid peroxide Hydrogen.
The effect of the triple interaction (H 2 O 2 , Sec, S) on the characteristic of the percentage of sulfur in plant leaves, as spraying the sulfur element and Selenocysteine acid at a concentration (Sec100 * S2.5 * H5) gave the highest average for this characteristic amounted to 0.545%, while the treatment of not spraying with sulfur and acid gave The amino Selenocysteine at the level of spraying (H10) of hydrogen peroxide, the lowest average was 0.195%.The level of (H10 * Sec100 * S2.5) exceeded the level of not spraying the element and the amino acid and at the same level of spraying acid with hydrogen peroxide (H10) with an increase of (27.17%).
The results of tables (2,3,4,5) indicate that there was a significant effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur concentrations in the plant leaves of the Zolfast spraying treatments as a result of increasing the concentration and number of spraying times with Zolfast due to the presence of sulfur in a high percentage in the Zolfast preparation, and that its addition was higher than that of Zolfast And that adding it through the leaves facilitates its absorption and accumulation, as well as pushing vital processes to produce proteins, which led to stimulation of the roots to withdraw nutrients from the soil to reach a state of balance [5], and this result is consistent with what [14] concluded.The superiority of these qualities may be due to the role of the amino acid Selenocysteine in treating oxidative stress resulting from spraying hydrogen peroxide on the plant.And the nutrients necessary to build the cellular system of the plant, such as potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur, and reduce the toxicity of heavy elements [15], and this is consistent with the findings of [16] in his study on the effect of selenium in increasing the percentage of nutrients in plants.
It is noted that the percentage of nutrients in the leaves decreases when spraying hydrogen peroxide with a high concentration (H10).The cell membrane is damaged, which leads to a loss of cell membrane vitality, causing a decrease in the absorption of macro-and micronutrients [17], and this is consistent with what was found by [18].It is evident from the previous tables (2,3,4,5) that the interaction between the amino acid Selenocysteine and the element sulfur has reduced the damage of hydrogen peroxide and increased the amount of nutrients in plant leaves due to the properties of these two substances.The amino acid Selenocysteine contains selenium, which enters Synthesis of some important plant enzymes such as the antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD, CAT or enzyme accompaniments important for the activity of some enzymes that treat the harmful effect of hydrogen peroxide and thus increase the plant's need for nutrients [19], As for the sulfur element, it has an important effect on the vital processes of the plant present in the SH group, which works on the elongation and growth of plant cells, as well as its role in reducing the degree of soil interference and its reflection on increasing the readiness of nutrients [20].
It is noted in tables (2,3,4,5) that there are significant differences between the interference of sulfur and hydrogen peroxide.When spraying the plant at the level (S2.5 + H5) it led to an increase in the proportion of nutrients (N, P, K, S), perhaps This is due to the role of hydrogen peroxide, which has been described as a double-edged sword.In moderate concentrations, it stimulates the plant and works to send chemical signals that stimulate plant hormones, cell division and elongation [21].On the continuity and improvement of growth and elongation of roots, which increased the absorption of water and nutrients and increased [22], When treating the plant at the level (S0 + H10), we notice that the high concentration of hydrogen peroxide negatively affected the roots of the plant in terms of division and elongation, which affected the efficiency of nutrient absorption and caused a decrease in the proportion of nutrients.
As for the interference between the amino acid Selenocysteine and hydrogen peroxide, we note that there is a significant superiority for all studied characteristics at the second level of both acids (H5 + Sce50).The guard cells of the leaf, and stimulates Atpase H + of the plasma membrane, which causes an increase in the acidity of the membrane and a change in the concentration of K + in the membrane, and this leads at the end of these changes to the closure of the guard cells, and then reduces the transpiration processes and increases water retention, which positively affects the increase in the proportion of nutrients [2], Or the increase in nutrients (N, P, K, S) may be due to the role of selenium in the amino acid Selenocysteine, which contributed to the regulation of plant growth hormones and the formation of carbohydrates and their accumulation in chloroplasts, which increases the growth and production of the plant and also works to absorb the necessary elements and nutrients.To build the cellular system of plants such as potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, and to reduce levels of absorption and transport of heavy elements such as cadmium, lead, and tin.It also works to regulate the water balance and delay aging in plants [23] It is also noted a decrease in the proportion of elements when treated (H10 + Sce0).This decrease may be attributed to the role of hydrogen peroxide in oxidative damage to cell components, which leads to accelerated aging of leaves, oxidation of cell membranes and damage to cell structure leading to inhibition of plant growth and development.It is also believed that the addition of hydrogen peroxide It leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of photosynthesis and then affects the concentration of chlorophyll in the leaves [21] As a result, all the studied traits are reduced, and the results are consistent with the results of [17] when the hairy plant was treated with high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide.
It is noted from the triple interferences a significant decrease in the percentage of nutrients when not spraying the sulfur element and the amino acid Selenocysteine, and this decrease is known as a result of spraying hydrogen peroxide at a high concentration with repeated spraying, which led to the accumulation of (H 2 O 2 ) in the plant cell and worked to destroy the chloroplast thickloids and reduce their size, which It leads to the decomposition of chlorophyll and the loss of its ability to photosynthesize, and this is reflected in the plant's ability to absorb and transfer elements within the plant [24] .It is also believed that the accumulation of free radicals, especially H 2 O 2 , inhibits the enzyme ribose by phosphate Rubisco, which fixes CO2, and stops the process of building carbohydrates Free radicals also act on chloroplasts, attacking cellular membranes, proteins and phospholipids, stopping CO2 fixation and stopping the production of the energy compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in plastids [25].As for the treatments that added sulfur or the amino acid or both together, we notice a high percentage of nutrients, and this is due to their role in treating the harmful effect of hydrogen peroxide through their contribution to scavenging free radicals and their entry as auxiliary factors in the metabolism of antioxidants and their entry into the synthesis of amino acids and activating the process Photosynthesis, stimulating roots to absorb macro and micro nutrients, rebuilding cell membranes, and many other vital activities in plants.

Conclusion
We conclude from this research that the concentrations of nutrients represented by nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur in plant leaves increased by increasing the concentrations of spraying the amino acid Selenocysteine and sulfur, and this indicates the role of spraying agents in reducing the harmful effect of hydrogen peroxide.

Table 5 .
Effect of spraying with hydrogen peroxide, the amino acid Selenocysteine, and )%( elemental sulfur on the percentage of sulphur.