Residential’s Household Intention to Utilize Their Food : A Case Study in Solo, Indonesia

Food loss and food waste leads to severe effect such as economic, environment and social consequences in Indonesia as the third largest contributor of food waste In the world. Most of the food waste source in Indonesia is from household sector. This phenomenon needs to be analyzed more deeply with tested variables related to human behaviour and perception. This study investigates determinants of residents’ participation intention and behaviour to waste their food in a framework that incorporates Extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The modified TPB questionnaire was given to 300 respondent samples ever used waste bank in Solo, Central Java. The analysis in this study was carried out using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), The result of this research is that there are five significant correlations between variables, namely Perceived Circular Knowledge, Perceived Economic Usage, Perceived Economic Knowledge, Descriptive Norms and attitude have a significant effect on Intention to Use. This study also found that the Perceived Effectiveness, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Behavioural Control factors had no significant effect on Intention to Use.


Introduction
Indonesia, a massive country with over 275 million people in it was combating with food waste emergency.This phenomenon alarmed the ministry of indonesian forest and environment who estimated that average food waste to be 0.07 kg per person (8% of the total waste rate, or 0.87 kg per person per day) (Jambeck et al, 2015).According to this information, food waste amounted 7 million tons were generated, of which 4.9 million tons were claimed to have been improperly managed and released into the natural reservoir (Ren et al, 2023).Being listed as one of the largest producer of food waste worldwide (Surya et al, 2020).Policy maker substantially increase the awareness regarding waste pollution by applying regional waste management strategies with the goal of reducing solid waste at source by 30% by 2025, in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 97/2017 on National Policies and Management Strategies for Domestic and Similar Wastes (Jakstrada) (Merli et al, 2018).Other thing to address is about our single-use plastics waste (shopping bags, straws, polystyrene wrappers, etc.).One initiative to address this issue is the introduction of a circular economy.
The circular economy is defined as an system of economic that holds materials and goods in use for as long as feasible in order to maximize used resource and minimize waste (Hettich et al, 2021).Circular economy have three disctintive characteristic which are try to do restoration rather than efficiency of waste, engineered out sustainability concept from waste and pollution and try to eliminate waste and pollution as much as possible (Garcia-Muina et al, 2018).Another circular economy principle is keeping products and materials in use through repair, reuse and recycling (Miftahorrozi et al, 2022).Restoring and regenerating natural systems to ensure that next generations will have chance to benefitted from their resources, such as woods, energy, streams, and soil (Bagastyo et al, 2022).
The circular economy seeks to replace the linear "take, make, dispose" model with a "reduce, reuse, recycle" framework that is more environmentally friendly.Thanks to the circular economy, the environmental impact is reduced and there are opportunities for people to be creative and innovative to boost economic development (Hellmich et al, 2019).In the past few years, the notion of economic IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1256/1/012003 2 circular has surfaced as a sustainability blueprint, the ability to regenerate itself, and the reevaluation of conventional production models that rely on excessive use of resources and the discarding of used items (Zhang et al, 2020).This concept rethinking the entire chain of supply from concept to production, use, disposal and innovations and technologies that turn waste into resources.The circular economy means that company enables them to become more resilient and competitive to achieve their goals that have a positive impact on the environment (Hadibasyir et al, 2020).Nonetheless, shifting to circular economy requires a cooperation among educational and research institution, industry, governments and consumer.The economic circular is diverse and involves all stakeholders.We need a shared vision for circular economic transition and need to bring stakeholders together to develop transformational strategies (Urakami et al, 2021).The rapidly evolving of circular economic into a model of sustainability and a self-renewable economy (Chakaborty et al, 2018).Industrialization has improved people's living standards, but it has also destroyed the environment through overconsumption and overproduction.The circular economy is based on two main aspects, both biologically and technically.The goal of the circular economy is to minimize polluting waste by preserving materials in closed-loop systems for as long as possible.Aspects of biology and technology play a major role in this system in enabling more resource-efficient use of those resources.
Despite regulatory approaches, community engagement to reduce the amount of food waste is essential to solve the problem.Determining the extent of community knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and engagement is critical to effectively implementing a food waste reduction program such as circular economy.Although there have been some extensive studies of public attitudes, behaviors and practices towards food waste.In fact, there is still a certain information gap in Indonesian society regarding attitudes and behaviour towards food waste disposal.As per 2012, Indonesia has a program called waste bank as a part of national solid waste management strategies in a number of TPS 3R (Gumasing et al, 2021).The presence of waste banks may have improved socioeconomic empowerment, perspective, and community awareness of solid waste management (Szalavetz et al, 2019).This study then investigated attitude, perception, household knowledge about food waste, reason to waste their food and participation level on implementing circular economy and management to tackle food waste problem.

Research methods
One of the behavioral model theories commonly used in behaviour and perception-related research is Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB).TPB has been used specifically to analyze perception and habits in various studies around the world (Nittono et al, 2020).Related to circular economy, Research by Zhang et al (2010) has developed the TPB variable into variables namely Attitude, Descriptive Norms, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Comfort.This TPB variable can then also be combined with other theories regarding human perception such as the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT).The combination of TPB and PMT can be seen in the study by Prasetyo et al, (2020) which examined the perception of the level of effectiveness of circular economy in the Philippines.PMT variables are Perceived Effectiveness and Perceived Vulnerability.In addition to TPB and PMT, several studies related to human behaviour and psychology show an interesting fact that human psychology is equipped with individual concern (Nittono et al, 2020).
This research then used modified TPB questionnaire and was given to 300 samples respondent.The respondent was selected in resident that ever used Waste Bank in Solo Area.All these variables can then be analyzed for correlation with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) which is an advanced statistical analysis technique related to the relationship between multi-variables in a tested model.After validity and reliability test, 41 data was removed and the total sample was 259 sample.Based on the explanation, whether residential household reason to waste their food, what factors influence this decision, and how policy makers can use this research to better prepare themselves in the face of waste crisis in the future are the questions that make this research important.To the best of the author's knowledge, until now there has been very few research that specifically examines the motives for food waste and implementing circular economy in household resident area.The results of this study are expected to be the basis of information for policy makers in making rules, especially related to the implementation of circular economy and food waste management.The details of the hypothesis used in this research was explained below.
Research by Erdiaw-Kwasie (2023) which states that knowledge about circular economic, aspect of organisational factors, and the adoption of circular economy are related.Therefore, this study proposes: H1: Perceived Circular Knowledge is significantly correlated with intention to use Research by Nittono, (2016) also emphasizes the importance of forming a perception for everyone that an action, no matter how small, will have an impact and contribute to society at large.This is important because there is a tendency for a person's perception that the larger the scale faced, the more ineffective the person's behaviour will be.Therefore, this study proposes: H2: Perceived Effectiveness is significantly correlated with Intention to Use Research by Singh (2016) which states that when an individual faces something that is considered significant economically or there is lack economic incentives, they will be motivated to perform behaviour that can protect it.Things that are done such as taking preventive actions that can reduce the risk of these threats Therefore, this study proposes: H3: Perceived Economic Use is significantly correlated with Intention to Use Research by Chakraborty., (2018) where more than 40% of respondents felt something related to environment will stimulate them to use its product.Therefore, this study proposes: H4: Perceived Environment Knowledge is significantly correlated with Intention to Use Research by Kumar et al. (2012) which states that self-efficacy has a significant impact on a person's capability in doing a task.Self-efficacy means a person's belief and confidence in his own ability to successfully do something.Therefore, this study proposes: H5: Perceived Behavioral Control is significantly correlated with Intention to Use Research by Chan et al, (2005) confirms that individual behaviour is influenced by the norms that exist in their community.Other research also confirms that there is a strong relationship between norms and compliance behaviour in an organization or society (Ho et al., 2017;Schepers and Wetzels, 2007;Grimes and Marquadson, 2019).Therefore, this study proposes: H6: Descriptive Norms have a significant correlation with Intention to Use Many studies confirm that people will comply with the rules, conditions and guidelines given if they have a positive attitude (Ng et al., 2009;Bulgurcu et al., 2010;Sasse et al., 2020).who ignore certain habits will not comply with the given guidelines (Pahnila et al., 2007;Myyry et al., 2009) Therefore this study proposes H7: Attitude is significantly correlated with Intention to Use Perceived Usefulness is defined as "How far a person believes that a particular system can improve a person's performance" (Davis, 1986).This variable becomes the determining factor of a person's behaviour towards something.This means that if residents feel the satisfaction and benefits of implementing circular economy, they will continue to implement it based on their own wishes.Therefore, this study proposes: H8: Perceived Usefullness is significantly correlated with Intention to Use 4 The research was conducted by selecting 320 residents in Solo for samples.After the research was carried out, data were obtained and after going through validity and reliability testing 34 data were released so that the final number of respondents was 286 respondents.All of data then processed by Structural Equation Modelling in Software AMOS 22

Results and discussion
Figure 1 is modeling in AMOS based on the theoretical framework.From Table 1 the results of the data output above, it is known that there are five significant hypotheses, namely H1 is Perceived Circular Knowledge (PCK) positively affects intention of use (ITU), H3 is Perceived Economic Use (PEU) positively affects intention of use (ITU).H4 is Perceived Environment Knowledge (PEK), and the This study found that the Perceived Circular Knowledge (PCK) variable had a significant and positive effect on residential household to implement circular economy.These results are based on model testing with AMOS which produces a CR value of 1,950 from the standard 1.96, a P value of 0.051 from the standard 0.05 and an estimate of 0.220.This means that if the residents have adequate knowledge about circular economy, it can help motivate residents to continue implement it.
This study then imply that the Attitude (AT) variable had negative significant effect on the residential household to implement circular economy and food waste management.These results are based on model testing with AMOS which produces a CR value of -1262 from the 1.96 standard, a P value of 0.89 from the 0.05 standard and an estimate of -0.53.This can happen because the behaviour to implement circular economy and food waste awareness is a new thing in Indonesia.Public and The community still has not fully implement circular economy as a habit.This study confirms that in the community, Attitudes related to the discipline of food waste management and circular economy still need to be improved.
This study also conclude that the descriptive norms variable had significant and negative effect on the implement circular economy and food waste management.These results are based on model testing with AMOS which produces a CR value of -1.740 from the 1.96 standard, a P value of 0.75 from the 0.05 standard and an estimate of -0.102.This result can occur because social norms in the respondent's environment have not been formed to be disciplined in maintaining health and hygiene in general or implement circular economy in particular.This is in accordance with research by Chan et al, (2005) which confirms that individual behaviour is influenced by the norms that exist in their community.The results of this study encourage the mental formation of the community to be disciplined in maintaining waste management.
Table 2. Parameter model This study also summarize that the Economic Use variable had a significant and positive effect on residents desire to implement circular economy.These results are based on model testing with AMOS

Conclusion Reference
Chi  (1999) which produces a CR value of 1.928 from the standard 1.96, a P value of 0.054 from the standard 0.05 and an estimate of 0.208.This is in accordance with research by Singh (2020) which states that economical side and incentive is vital to implement circular economic.The result from Perceived Economic Knowledge also give similar result with CR value of 1.880 from the standard 1.96, a P value of 0.060 from the standard 0.05 and an estimate of 0.209.This means that the society will motivate more to implement circular economy if they are benefit from it economically.This study then discover that the Perceived Usefulness variable had no significant effect on the residents desire to implement circular economy.These results are based on model testing with AMOS which produces a CR value of 0.860 from the 1.96 standard, a P value of 0.39 from the 0.05 standard and an estimate of 0.083.This means that circular economy is still not considered useful by respondents.This study recommends being able to focus on increasing the perception of use value when implementing circular economy and manage their food waste.
This study also detect that the Perceived Effectiveness variable had no significant effect on the residents desire to implement circular economy.These results are based on model testing with AMOS which produces a CR value of 0.253 from the 1.96 standard, a P value of 0.800 from the 0.05 standard and an estimate of 0.028.The results of this study indicate that people still feel that circular economic will not give significant impact.This is also in line with the opinion of some residents who say that they implement it or not, the waste will still not processed or they won't be the same, Therefore, further research is needed to determine what indicators and variables can encourage increased perceptions of the effectiveness of waste programs, especially in the community.

Conclusion
This study obtain that the knowledge about circular economy and food waste management has a significant effect on residential decision to implement circular economic and manage their food waste.This is because it creates a sense of satisfaction and is bound as an instant reward when they know they had implement something that they know it is good for them.In addition, the perception of the ease to implement circular economy will boost the implementation as it will be easier for them to learn more about circular economy and sustainability in the future.
This study also made an interesting finding, namely the attitude and descriptive norms has negative impact.This can happen because they feel they do not need to do the implement circular economy and manage their food waste as the social norm around them do not implement it.This finding is important because the government can start increasing information about the importance of waste management and try to shift society habit to care more about environment.
This study also found another interesting fact, namely how the perception related to the effectiveness (Perceived Effectiveness) and usefulness is not giving significant result.This means that residents feel circular economic somewhat useless and ineffective for them.This may happen because it is related with attitude and descriptive norms as they somewhat do not feel the urge to make circular economy as daily habit.

Table 1 . AMOS results Estimate S.E. C.R.
Structural Equation Modelinteresting thing is H6 and H7 which rejects the hypothesis because Descriptive Norms (DN) and Attitude (AT) has a negative effect on intention of use (ITU).