Integrated 3R Waste Processing Facility in Batan Indah as an Educational Waste Tourism Center

The management of waste has emerged as a pressing global concern due to its profound environmental and societal consequences. This paper presents the design proposal for an integrated waste processing facility, named Batan Indah, which serves as both a solution to waste management challenges and an educational center for waste awareness and education. The facility aims to exemplify the principles of Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle (3R) while offering visitors an immersive learning experience. Architecturally, the facility blends harmoniously with its natural surroundings, showcasing a strong connection to the environment. Abundant natural lighting and ventilation minimize dependence on artificial energy sources. The design proposal for the integrated waste processing facility in Batan Indah presents an innovative approach to waste management, emphasizing its educational aspect. By combining sustainable architectural design, immersive learning experiences, and community engagement, the Batan Indah facility seeks to promote the principles of the 3R concept and inspire visitors to actively participate in waste reduction, reuse, and recycling initiatives.


Introduction
The increasing population of South Tangerang City each year, coupled with changes in consumer patterns, has led to numerous environmental impacts, particularly in the realm of waste.Consequently, there has been a surge in the volume and diverse characteristics of accumulating waste.Recognizing this upward trend, the local government of South Tangerang City has implemented waste management policies through the 3R Integrated Waste Processing Facility/Tempat Pembuangan Sampah Terpadu (TPST) program, which emphasizes Recycle, Reuse, and Reduce practices [1].This program is outlined in Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2013.The core concept of the TPST 3R program revolves around improving the quality and characteristics of waste destined for final disposal sites/Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) while simultaneously reducing the quantity of waste entering the system.
Insufficient waste management practices, particularly in developing countries, can have negative impacts on public health in surrounding communities [2].A tangible example of this issue is the defunct Cipeucang Final Disposal Site (TPA) in South Tangerang.This TPA has been deemed environmentally polluting due to exceeding waste capacity, resulting in excessive landfill mounds.To alleviate this problem, the TPA Cipeucang has to transfer more than 20 trucks of waste daily to the Serang TPA.To prevent a recurrence of this situation, South Tangerang requires more adequate Integrated Waste Processing Facilities (TPST) to increase the amount of recyclable waste processed before reaching the 1256 (2023) 012002 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1256/1/012002 2 Cipeucang TPA.One of the largest TPST facilities in the South Tangerang area with the potential to process a significant amount of waste prior to disposal at the Cipeucang TPA is TPST 3R Batan Indah.
The limited recycling activities and programs currently in place align with the low level of implementation and understanding of the 3R principles (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle) among Indonesian society [3].Considering the significant waste generated and the lack of recycling and waste segregation practices by the population, waste management issues persist.Without immediate attention and socialization of a new waste management approach that emphasizes waste reduction and recycling from collection to disposal, the waste will not be properly managed, resulting in suboptimal functionality of TPAs and TPSTs in the South Tangerang region.
Community behavior also needs to be educated to minimize waste accumulation in South Tangerang.In addition to the lack of education, this behavioral trend is also influenced by the absence of communication and transparency regarding waste management practices, leading to a lack of public awareness regarding the urgency of waste issues in the region.Education plays a crucial role in influencing environmental behavior in waste management [4].The lack of education results in limited public understanding of waste management processes.Therefore, transparency supported by education is crucial, especially considering that the TPST 3R facility is currently concealed and hidden.
Therefore, there is a need for further design development of the TPST 3R Batan Indah to enable the proper and efficient processing of waste on a larger scale while also serving as an educational tourist attraction.The education provided should focus on waste segregation and various waste processing techniques, ranging from simple to complex methods.The concept of TPST 3R as an educational tourist attraction should be incorporated into the architectural design to ensure transparency, allowing both informed and uninformed visitors to witness and become aware of the waste issues in our surroundings.
This combined educational tourist facility and TPST 3R function will be utilized to process selected waste while also serving as an educational and tourism destination for the South Tangerang community.Waste items that can be processed, particularly at TPST 3R Batan Indah, such as household waste, plastic bottles, coconut shells, glass, plastic packaging, and cardboard, can undergo transformation into valuable products.For instance, they can be turned into eco-bricks, explore various ceramic motifs, furniture, and other construction materials.
The purpose of this article is to elaborate the TPST 3R Batan Indah design that introduces an innovative waste management and education approach through transparency, aiming to raise public awareness and educate about waste generation.This design is a final project of an architecture study program.

Methodology
In this context, TPST 3R Batan Indah, located in Kademangan, specifically in the Setu District, has successfully accommodated the collection and processing of household waste for all residents of the Batan Indah Complex, consisting of 1100 households (KK).TPST 3R Batan Indah is capable of transporting 2-2.5 tons of waste daily.With a total of 12 employees, TPST 3R Batan Indah categorizes the waste into two main types: organic and non-organic waste.In the waste sorting process, TPST 3R Batan Indah further classifies organic waste into two categories: sellable waste items, such as plastic bottles, plastic cups, cardboard, and glass; and non-sellable waste items, such as plastic packaging from coffee and leftover food containers, which need to be shredded and processed to create marketable products.For organic waste, TPST 3R Batan Indah processes coconut shells and household waste using maggots to produce compost and animal feed.
This study presents an exploratory design study that addresses an existing problem.In this case, the problem to be addressed is the importance of developing the design of TPST 3R Batan Indah as a new waste educational tourism destination.This involves the need to develop the design of TPST facilities that can accommodate the increasing volume and types of waste while educating the community about the 3R principles through the application of transparent architectural concepts.

Waste Management
Waste management is an activity aimed at reducing and handling the waste generated by living organisms.Waste management activities can include collection, transportation, processing, recycling, or disposal of waste materials [5].
Integrated Waste Processing Facilities (TPST) are places where waste collection, sorting, reuse, recycling, and processing activities take place [6].In the waste management hierarchy, there are three main methods: material reuse, composting, and waste reduction, commonly known as the 3R approach, which emphasizes the need to reduce, reuse, and recycle waste to create value [7].
TPST 3R also has specific facility standards that must be provided to facilitate the waste processing process.Facilities in the Integrated Waste Processing Facilities include pre-processing facilities, sorting facilities, physical waste processing facilities, and advanced processing facilities [1].

Educational Tourism and Transparency
To attract the attention of visitors and enhance waste management awareness, one approach is to combine the TPST with a tourism element, creating an educational tourism experience.Developing educational tourism involves several considerations, such as basing it on learning activities, increasing visitors' knowledge, incorporating unique elements, and designing it in the form of an adventure or specific narrative [8].
The success of education can be supported by transparency.Transparency in architecture refers to the use of open materials in building envelopes, allowing for visibility of the activities taking place inside.Transparency in architecture is used to depict conditions that allow someone to see from the outside into the interior space, and vice versa [9].This concept aims to connect the visual aspects of the interior and exterior spaces.Additionally, transparency can also be achieved by creating partially transparent spaces, where the state cannot be visibly observed due to the use of materials and partition boundaries, but can be felt [10].Examples of implementation include creating differences in leveling and the size of the spaces.Transparency can also be achieved through translucency or the use of transparent materials.

Design Criteria
The location for constructing TPST 3R should ideally be within flood-free residential areas, with its own access road but not too far from the main road.This is crucial for the convenience of waste collection trucks.The placement of TPST 3R should be as close as possible to the serviced areas within a radius of no more than 1 km.The location and visitor capacity must meet the needs and should be easily accessible without causing environmental pollution.TPST 3R should also have a fixed schedule for waste collection and transportation from residents.
Based on the understanding of waste management, educational tourism concepts, and transparency in architecture, the design should meet the criteria outlined in Table 1.

Facility Design
The Integrated Waste Treatment Facility (TPST) 3R Batan Indah is located in Setu District, South Tangerang City.The site is situated along Serpong Highway, specifically within the Batan Indah Complex.The total area designated for TPST development is 15,000m2 or 1.5 hectares, and the currently constructed TPST 3R occupies an area of 3,394m2.The northern and western parts of the site are adjacent to the Batan Indah Complex, the eastern part borders Serpong Highway, and the southern part borders the Thousand Heroes Cemetery Park.Access to the site can be achieved by private vehicles such as cars and motorcycles, given the wide road, which also allows the passage of waste collection trucks.For public transportation, there is the Serpong Commuter Line (KRL) Station located 2 km away from the TPST.In this study, the boundaries of the new TPST 3R Batan Indah can be seen in Figure 1, including the existing TPST, undeveloped areas, and a brownfield area to establish a connection towards the park.Opening a connection towards the park aims to expand the public area and generate interest and attraction for visitors to the waste management education center.Each area in TPST 3R Batan Indah (Figure 2) serves multiple functions and is used depending on its schedule.For example, the area used for waste sorting also serves as a parking area for waste bins and armroll containers in the afternoon after the sorting process is completed.The maggot cultivation area also has a relatively small cultivation space, so if there is an excess of non-organic waste, the outdoor area next to the cultivation space will be used.In its daily practice, TPST 3R Batan Indah follows a waste management process from collection to processing.Initially, waste collectors will collect waste from households in Komplek Batan Indah every morning from Monday to Friday, completing the collection by 11:00 AM local time.After that, TPST personnel will start sorting the waste into three categories: organic waste, non-organic waste, and electronic waste.Electronic waste is separated in a dedicated room, while organic waste is piled up in an arm roll container.Non-organic waste is sorted using a conveyor system to separate it based on its type.TPST 3R Batan Indah further divides non-organic waste into five categories: plastic bottles, plastic glasses, cardboard, glass, and packaging waste leftovers.
After sorting with the conveyor, sellable waste is weighed using a weighing machine and placed in selling bags.Sellable waste includes plastic bottles, plastic glasses, cardboard, and glass.However, there is waste that doesn't have any commercial value, such as leftover plastic packaging waste.These packaging waste leftovers need to be processed further, including shredding, to be transformed into items with commercial value such as furniture, chairs, tables, building materials, and others.
For the processing of organic waste, TPST 3R Batan Indah divides it into two types: household food waste and coconut husks.Household food waste is turned into compost through maggot processing methods.This organic waste can also be used as animal feed for ducks and goats, which are also raised at TPST 3R Batan Indah.As for coconut husks, they are processed and shredded to become cocopeat, a high-water absorption planting medium.4.1.1.Pre-processing facility (Figure 3).After the waste is collected from residential areas, the waste bins are parked in the designated area of TPST 3R Batan Indah, which is located near the temporary waste storage area before sorting.4.1.2.Sorting facility (Figure 4).Once all the waste from households is gathered in the temporary storage area, it is manually sorted into organic and non-organic waste.The organic waste is placed in an arm roll container.The non-organic waste, specifically, goes through a conveyor system for further sorting.The conveyor helps separate the waste that can be sold (such as bottles, plastic, glass, and cardboard) from the waste that needs further processing, such as food plastic waste.The sellable waste is weighed and packed into selling bags.These bags are stored in both indoor and outdoor storage areas.The indoor space is used for storing glass, cardboard, and plastic glasses, while the outdoor area is used to store the sorted plastic bottles and plastic glasses before they are sold.4.1.3.Coconut husk processing facility (Figure 5).Coconut husks at TPST 3R Batan Indah can be processed into a planting medium called cocopeat.Each month, this facility can process 2 tons of coconut husks.The coconut husks are first collected in a designated area to prevent mixing with other waste before being fed into a grinding machine.The coconut husks are then crushed using a disk mill machine, transforming them into fibers.These fibers are further refined through a coconut screening machine, which rotates to break them down into smaller pieces resembling soil or planting medium.The finely processed coconut husks are stored in containers and left to mature until they turn brown.The brown color indicates that the coconut husks are ready to be packaged and used as cocopeat planting medium.
4.1.4.Food waste processing facility (Figure 6).The sorted food waste at TPST 3R Batan Indah is processed into animal feed and fertilizer using maggots.Maggots, also known as larvae or fly larvae, are mixed with the waste in a container box and undergo five stages of maggot development before becoming animal feed and fertilizer.After transferring the food waste to the container with maggots, the containers are arranged and moved to a designated area that is shielded from direct sunlight.4.1.5.Plastic packaging waste processing facility (Figure 7).Plastic waste that cannot be sold directly undergoes shredding to be transformed into valuable products.The shredded plastic waste can be used for various purposes, such as furniture (tables and chairs), decorative wall coverings, and wall or floor coverings (ceramics).At TPST 3R Batan Indah, the plastic packaging waste is washed and cleaned before being placed in large bags for transportation to the Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) Integrated Waste Treatment Facility in Cilacap for shredding.Shredding cannot be performed at the TPST 3R Batan Indah due to limited space, preventing the shredding machine from entering the processing area.The shredded waste is returned to TPST 3R Batan Indah to be processed into other products.However, due to land and equipment limitations, the shredded waste is buried and not further processed.

Transparency as Waste Processing Educational Tourism
Based on the identified issues and the desired objectives of the TPST 3R Batan Indah design development, the theme of this design focuses on waste education tourism that emphasizes transparency in architecture.The design incorporates three main principles: expose, elevate, and enliven, which are integrated into the circulation and visitor experience.This theme is for the development plans of the landfill in the future, to maximize the remaining land that has not been processed by the TPST 3R Batan Indah, as a waste education tourism center.

4.2.1.
Expose.The first phase aims to raise public awareness about the significant volume, types, and characteristics of waste generated by human activities on a daily basis.This phase explains and visually presents the waste management process, different types of waste, and the waste sorting procedures implemented at TPST 3R Batan Indah.The intended learning outcome in this phase is for waste education tourists to recall and comprehend the various types and characteristics of waste.4.2.2.Elevate.In the second phase, visitors will observe how the sorted waste is processed into new products with added value, benefiting the surrounding environment.This phase explains the direct recycling processes of coconut husks, food waste, and plastic waste.To enhance the understanding of the processing procedures, visitors can also observe the production flow through animations presented in a theater space.The expected learning outcome in this phase is for waste education tourists to analyze the ongoing waste processing procedures and relate them to the information presented in the previous phase.4.2.3.Enliven.During the enliven phase, visitors are encouraged to contribute to waste management by transforming existing waste into new products with commercial value.This phase aims to stimulate creativity and raise visitors' awareness to actively participate in maintaining a comfortable living environment for the future.In the enliven area, visitors will directly witness the processed waste, including interactive installations, as well as the use of compost and animal feed to green the open green spaces of TPST 3R Batan Indah.The expected learning outcome in this phase is for waste education tourists to apply, create, and evaluate the waste management process, starting from waste sorting to reuse for daily needs.
To achieve the three main principles of the TPST 3R Batan Indah design, the site area will be divided into three sections corresponding to each phase that visitors will experience.The expose phase, located after the entrance, aims to reveal and educate visitors about the actual urgency of waste management, particularly in the city of Tangerang Selatan.The elevate phase will serve as the area showcasing the waste processing processes, including coconut husks, food waste, and plastic packaging.Adjacent to the second phase area, there will be a control panel room and a warehouse for operating and storing heavy equipment.In the final enliven phase, visitors can directly contribute to recycling the existing waste at TPST 3R Batan Indah.This area will also demonstrate the outcomes of processed waste and their benefits for the environment.The development of the TPST 3R Batan Indah design will also involve the construction of a 3-storey building (Figure 9).The majority of the first floor will be dedicated to waste processing, from sorting to value-added processes.On the first floor, there will be visitor parking areas, waste truck parking areas, waste sorting and weighing areas, waste sales areas, waste processing areas, a playground area, green open spaces, equipment storage, a control panel room, and installation areas.The second floor will primarily focus on the educational tourism objectives, featuring a food court, shops selling products made from recycled waste for visitors to purchase, a theater room, and a multipurpose room.The third floor will accommodate office and administrative spaces, as well as rest areas for workers and employees.The TPST 3R Batan Indah design will also incorporate interior and exterior concepts using recycled materials directly obtained from the waste processing.The façade will incorporate recycled plastic and coconut husk layers in certain sections to directly showcase the processed waste to the waste education tourists.The interior will also feature recycled waste materials, visible in the ceiling, wall coverings, flooring, and furniture such as tables and chairs made from waste materials.To emphasize the concept of transparency, the exterior and interior spaces will be connected through a facade with open and lighttransmitting materials.The relationship between the interior spaces will be column-free, allowing a view of the entire waste processing activity within the same area.

TPST Design Outcome
Based on the literature review and the formulation of design criteria, the TPST 3R Batan Indah design outcome resembles a waste mountain shape (Figure 10).The building adopts a dome system divided into three parts corresponding to the transparency phases.On the ground floor, the first building houses the waste processing facilities, the second building accommodates waste sorting activities, and the third building serves as a commercial area, such as a museum and display area for visitors (Figure 11).The site is not enclosed by fences to enhance transparency from the outside to the site area, and visitors can access it from the nearby park.Waste trucks and visitors have separate circulation routes, with visitors entering from the main road and waste trucks entering from the rear area.The waste distribution process from the waste collection area to sorting and processing areas utilizes conveyors to facilitate the transfer of waste and make the process faster and more hygienic.Visitors can observe the entire waste processing and sorting process through walkways on the second and third floors.In addition to accessing the walkways from the main lobby, visitors can directly access them from the outdoor areas adjacent to the park (Figure 12).This is expected to attract a wider audience interested in observing and learning about the waste processing process.Increased engagement will lead to greater awareness of the importance of environmental care, including waste separation and processing.Furthermore, the dome-shaped building's roof covering material combines transparent and solid materials (Figure 13).Transparent materials align with the increased transparency, allowing the public to observe the waste processing process from the walkways surrounding the façade.It also enhances the utilization of natural light within the building.However, it is important to balance this with the use of solid materials to prevent excessive light from entering.Excessive light and heat can reduce the comfort level for building users.

Conclusions
In conclusion, the design of the TPST 3R Batan Indah presents an innovative approach to waste management and education.By incorporating transparency as a guiding principle, the design aims to raise awareness and educate the public about the volume, types, and characteristics of waste generated in daily activities.The three phases of the design, namely Expose, Elevate, and Enliven, provide visitors with a comprehensive understanding of waste processing, from sorting to value-added transformations.
This concept holds novelty value in the field of waste management and sustainable tourism.The integration of recycled materials throughout the interior and exterior emphasizes the concept of sustainability and serves as a tangible demonstration of waste transformation.The use of transparent and solid materials in the façade and roof allows for natural light while maintaining a balance to ensure occupant comfort.The TPST 3R Batan Indah design promotes engagement and interaction by providing walkways and viewing areas that allow visitors to witness the waste processing and sorting processes.The design also facilitates public access and integrates the site with the surrounding environment, creating a seamless connection between the interior and exterior spaces.
Overall, the TPST 3R Batan Indah design presents a holistic and engaging approach to waste management education, offering a unique opportunity for visitors to learn about waste processing, contribute to recycling efforts, and cultivate a deeper understanding of environmental stewardship.This design exemplifies the potential for integrating sustainable principles and educational initiatives to address the pressing issue of waste management in an aesthetically appealing and informative manner.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Food waste processing facility.Figure 7. Plastic packaging waste processing facility.

Figure 7 .
Figure 6.Food waste processing facility.Figure 7. Plastic packaging waste processing facility.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Zoning of the three supporting phases in the transparency concept.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Resembling a pile of waste.Figure 11.Zoning on the ground floor.

Figure 11 .
Figure 10.Resembling a pile of waste.Figure 11.Zoning on the ground floor.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Exterior walkway.Figure 13.Combination of solid and transparent materials in the roof.

Figure 13 .
Figure 12.Exterior walkway.Figure 13.Combination of solid and transparent materials in the roof.