Biodiversity and indigenous knowledge on orchid conservation: Study at a community in Yogyakarta

This study discusses how to manage biodiversity and the role of indigenous knowledge of orchid conservation in Indonesia. Orchids are one of the most attractive tropical flower plants that need attention for conservation. This research was conducted to understand the role and contribution of indigenous knowledge in conserving orchids and protecting natural biodiversity in tropical countries. The questions in this study emphasize how the concept of indigenous knowledge protects tropical biodiversity through a community approach carried out in Yogyakarta. The method used in this research uses qualitative approaches. Primary were data taken from observation, and interview approaches to conservation communities and orchid farmers in Sleman area. Meanwhile, secondary data taken from literature review and bibliometric survey. The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the role of the community in conserving orchids for the preservation of biodiversity. The results of this study are a model and community or the community way of doing biodiversity conservation in Indonesia start from traditional knowledge that has been passed down from generation to generation and experience about plants. So that life experiences about plants that are passed down from generation to generation are very important and influential in providing education for the community and sustainable science.


Introduction
Conservation is an important paradigm in efforts to protect, care for, and preserve living things that are potentially endangered due to climate change, land conversion, and increasingly massive infrastructure development in various places.Various studies show the direction and knowledge of conservation with the aim of restoring the original habitat of living things, especially plants and animals that are threatened with extinction due to diminishing populations.The development of science and public knowledge has shown that the position of conservation in terms of knowledge has placed the importance of returning to discuss and explore traditional knowledge in maintaining, protecting and caring for biodiversity on earth.As in a study conducted by Madhav Gadgil, Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke (1995) explained the important role of indigenous knowledge in managing the surrounding ecological systems.Indigenous peoples have historically practiced basic knowledge in using the natural resources around them.This knowledge has been accumulated through a long series of observations which are transformed from generation to generation.The results of these observations have become the basis for the development of western science.The lives of indigenous peoples who depend on nature have brought their basic knowledge to be able to preserve biodiversity and, in some cases, have increased biodiversity.Indigenous peoples' awareness of biodiversity is an important factor in how knowledge systems and nature become their place of life.Several indigenous or traditional community groups have carried out social engineering and knowledge innovation to increase the heterogeneity of the existing biodiversity [1].The practice of knowledge through trial and error for many years has provided an important portrait that the local community's knowledge is unlimited and its application involves a relationship of belief, subsistence needs, and economic needs for survival.This kind of knowledge is sometimes difficult for western knowledge to understand.However, indigenous knowledge is an important part of sustainable biodiversity conservation efforts [2].So far, biodiversity conservation is still not optimal, in fact, according to data, more than 80% of biodiversity cannot be handled for 1255 (2023) 012034 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1255/1/012034 2 preservation.The awareness of world citizens in caring for the earth is still limited in the form of limited or sectoral discourse and implementation.The commitment to carry out conservation from various aspects has not been maximized.This can be seen by the increasing number of land use changes that destroy the habitat of other living things.Technological developments and population growth are one of the triggers for the process of climate change and environmental damage which has an impact on the existence of other living things.Important issues of concern in conservation are firstly, natural phenomena resulting from climate change (climate change).Secondly, the changes of land use.Thirdly, the disruption from humans or climate change that occurs [3].Based on the categories formulated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, there are 11 red list category statuses as shown in the following table: The International Union for Conservation of Nature since its establishment in 1964 has provided valuable information regarding the status and condition of species and biodiversity in the world.The status and condition of endangered species and biodiversity and the number can be seen from the data on the IUCN website.According to IUCN data, there are at least 42,100 species that are threatened with extinction and as many as 33.3% are experiencing lower risk conservation and 66.7% are Vulnerable [4].The categories that have been formulated by the IUCN provide comprehensive knowledge regarding the development of biodiversity in the world that is potentially endangered.Issues in current conservation globally refer to the status according to IUCN global standards, for example, the status is already extinct and is in nature and can no longer be carried out.If the status is red list, it means that it needs to get more attention because the plant is included in the rare category.Things that are faced in conservation also arise such as: first, to find endangered plants it is necessary to explore in situ.Exploration is not certain to obtain certainty on the target plants that will be conserved, so it requires extraordinary time and costs.Second, there are not many expert conservator human resources.For example, a geneticist but related to plant conservation, the existence of a center for plant conservation research, botanical gardens, and forestry is still conventional because their expertise is limited, such as tissue culture experts, who can be genetics, who carry out plant propagation by monocular genetics.So far, there are still many conventional plant propagations.The intention of conventional here is from selfbreeding, planting plants from seeds directly, this has an impact on a long planting time, the phenotype decreases in quality, dies easily, and is less resistant to plant pests.The original nature is degraded.Third, government regulations that do not support the conservation process.Whereas in the world, we are obliged to conserve at least 75% of the biodiversity that is owned by a country.Fourth, research that leads to action so that the academic community carries out conservation such as planting 1,000 trees and local wisdom has not been widely carried out either in universities or in local governments to implement programs.From basic education to university has not yet become an integrated paradigm.Schools have not become the center and the most effective place to carry out conservation movement efforts.Fifth, natural conditions that cannot be predicted, for example natural disasters such as Merapi eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis will cause plants to disappear.In addition, forest destruction is caused by humans and environmental conditions.Forest destruction due to human hands or for agriculture, or for industry.This paper will focus on two important aspects to be discussed, namely: first, the issue of orchid biodiversity and the conservation that has been carried out so far.Second, issues regarding conservation relations and indigenous knowledge in community-based orchid conservation efforts.The novelty in this study is demonstrated through bibliometric analysis based on the overlay visualization mapping aspect and it is seen that research related to Biodiversity and Indigenous knowledge on Orchid Conservation: Study at Community in Yogyakarta shows that the yellow color has novelty to become a research topic.The purpose of using this biliometric analysis is to provide an up-to-date description of the research topics that are mostly carried out and to help analyze the extent to which the literature study has spread the proposed research themes.This bibliometric analysis is used to help map and identify the latest developing research themes based on digital data.Based on figure 1, it shows the process of interaction and themes that can provide renewal in this study, namely discussing conservation, ethnobotany, local knowledge, traditional knowledge, biodiversity, and orchids which have the most distant distances and have not been adequately discussed.So that this study will link the relationship between biodiversity conservation through indigenous knowledge related to orchid plants.The educational process in this activity is important to do.The purpose of this paper is to describe and provide an analysis of how the concepts and paradigms of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge developed are related to orchid conservation in Indonesia.Orchid is of concern in this study because it has become a trend and has been of increasing interest in the last 10 years.Research study from Michael F. Fay (2018) explains that orchids are one of the largest flower plant families and also one of the most threatened, some of these orchids have a quite complex way of life and growth.Threats of extinction occur due to habitat destruction and climate change, besides that threats to orchid extinction also occur due to unsustainable horticultural harvesting which is carried out illegally or is not well documented, commercialization for food and medicine, so that the level of this threat exceeds our ability to predict.fight them by species.Therefore, efforts to deal with threats on a broader scale need to be taken with a more concrete and comprehensive approach [5].Other findings were also conveyed by Amy Hinsley saying that orchids are plants that are traded massively for various purposes including ornamental plants, medicinal products, food.In the market thousands of species are traded legally or illegally, sustainably or unsustainably, and take place on a local, national and international scale.The focus of this finding looks at the global commercial orchid trade and highlights the types of orchids that are traded and wild collected.Most of the trade comes from illegal harvesting, meaning little is documented and absent from official statistics [6].
When mapping studies in 4 countries in the Asian region such as India, Sri Lanka, China, and Indonesia, the problem and status of endangered orchid biodiversity can be seen.The case in India is a geographically and climatically interesting country when discussing plant biodiversity in general.The study conducted by RP Medhi and M. Chakraborti, and Rampal on Orchid Biodiversity in India: conservation and utilization explains that India has enormous orchid genetic resources and has potential in the fields of floriculture, herbal medicine, pharmaceuticals, and the tourism industry.However, these genetic resources are declining rapidly due to environmental damage, human destruction, degradation, loss of natural habitats due to land conversion, and commercialization.For this reason, efforts to save the genetic resources of orchids are an urgent need in India.Various methods have been offered ranging from in vitro conservation, seed storage, and cryopreservation.In addition, an orchid breeding program will be able to increase the wise use of orchids [7].In the Western Ghats, India represents the main gene pool for endangered plant species such as the native wild orchid which has a collection of 99 orchid species found most of the orchids are increasingly rare in nature and many are facing extinction [8].Sri Lanka is a biodiversity hot spot among 35 known regions worldwide, orchids in Sri Lanka supply 70.6% of the world's species, including 84% endemic and categorized as endangered.Habitat decline and degradation, clearing of vegetation, intentional forest fires and the spread of invasive alien species pose significant potential threats to native species [9].In Indonesia various activities in the form of commercialization of orchids through exhibitions, orchid festivals, community-based, individual-based orchid propagation, as well as awareness of educational institutions, universities, schools, private and government institutions are starting to emerge to plant and preserve orchids in their environment.While cases in China show that there are 1708 known species of Orcidaceae, over the last 21 years there have been 363 new species.There are 1502 native orchid species at risk of extinction in China.The findings showed that 653 species were identified as threatened, 132 species were treated as data deficient, and four endemic species were classified as extinct.About 1100 species (65%) are protected in national nature reserves, 66 species in provincial nature reserves, about 800 native orchid species have living collections in major botanical gardens [10].
Indonesia does not yet have a strong or good seed bank.For example, in Sleman, Yogyakarta, there has not been found a kind of seed bank for conservation that can store seeds for hundreds of years.The need for data collection related to orchids in general in Indonesia and the conservation status in Yogyakarta.So far, the pattern of conservation in Indonesia has experienced two patterns, namely the government through the Ministry of Environment and Forestry making provisions for conservation in the form of government regulations, ministerial regulations and laws, but these have not been socialized properly.So that people still do not get adequate education.Lack of knowledge of regulations, so many findings in the field appear illegal hunters to take, collect, and sell native orchids from the forest.Meanwhile, in the context of educational institutions, the pattern of conservation has not been well developed and grown.It was found that there is a gap in the absence of integration, collaboration in efforts to conserve orchids between the government, universities and the private sector.Pentahelix or hexahelix.There are indications that there are still gaps, for example residents in the Cangkringan area, Sleman, there are people who collect native orchids from the forest by accident and then sell them.This could potentially conflict with regulations because they do not yet have permission from the government.Meanwhile, on the other hand, there are people trying to do conservation through tissue culture, a method of plant propagation using sterilized plant organ media and using certain media.In the discussion section of this study, it will describe the development of biodiversity issues through literature reviews, trending topics discussed, and will further explore how issues of orchid biodiversity and conservation have been carried out in Indonesia so far.Second, issues regarding conservation relations and indigenous knowledge in community-based orchid conservation efforts.

Methods
The approach in this research method uses a qualitative approach.The research data collection technique used two steps: first, primary data collection techniques, by conducting interviews and observations of orchid farmers in the Cangkringan area, Sleman, Yogyakarta.The steps used in the primary data collection process were: first, the researchers conducted observations and interviews at the location of the Conservation Village, Cangkringan to see the existing situation and conditions.Then the researcher made related notes from the results of observations and interviews with the informants.Second, the results of observations and interviews, then coding and analysis according to research needs.After being analyzed, the next step is to interpret the data and results of the field analysis.Third, the results of the analysis and interpretation are described.Second, secondary data collection techniques by conducting literature studies from data sources based on Scopus and Web of Science indexed journals, and literature surveys through a bibliometric approach.A bibliometric approach by entering several important keywords in the research and entering them into a bibliometric application to find data and graphics on conservation and education issues.Methods of data analysis using reduction and interpretation of the data obtained both primary and secondary data.

Development of Issues on biodiversity and conservation from literature review
Biodiversity has become an important issue in academic studies and studies for the last 5 years.Based on a search conducted on April 14 2023 using the Scopus database with keywords including: biodiversity, orchid, conservation, Indonesia, Indigenous knowledge, and local wisdom found 67 articles with a limited period of 2019-2023.Based on publications from the year (see figure 2), the phenomenon shows that the most publications occurred in 2021 with 19 titles, then in 2022 there were 18 titles, and in 2020 there were 15 titles.The 2020-2022 period will be an important period in discussing biodiversity, conservation and indigenous knowledge.Based on the data in figure 4, the literature search through bibliometrics shows that Indonesia is the country that produces the most publications related to issues of conservation, biodiversity and indigenous knowledge, as well as the role of communities in conservation.Based on data related to the distribution of institutional affiliations that publish on issues of conservation, biodiversity, and indigenous knowledge, it can be mapped into the 7 institutions with the most publications, including: Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Gadjah Mada University, IPB University, Andalas University, University of Indonesia, State University Malang, and the National Research and Innovation Agency.

Figure 5. Affiliates that produce the most publications in Indonesia
Based on figure 5, it can be shown that the role of institutions in conducting research and studies on the theme of biodiversity is very important.This can show the direction and research orientation of institutions concerned with biodiversity, conservation, and communities to preserve orchids, as can be seen from the graph depicted in figure 5 above.LIPI, UGM, and IPB are academic institutions that have a significant influence on the process of increasing knowledge on biodiversity and conservation issues.

Current Issues
This literature study found the most trending topics discussed related to the themes of conservation, biodiversity and indigenous knowledge in Indonesia.The following images are related to the most discussed trending topics.Studies on biodiversity, indigenous knowledge, traditional knowledge, orchids, conservation have various patterns.Studies that put identification of the extinction of orchids, studies that focus on ecotourism and data found in specific or certain areas such as museums, botanical gardens, ecotourism areas, and designated conservation areas.For example, a study conducted by Sanna Rocha Nóbrega, Francisco Joaci De Freitas Luz, Jane Maria Franco De Oliveira, Wellington Farias Araújo, Silvio Garcia Tomé explained the findings of orchid plants in the ecotourism area of Tepuy Tepequem Roraima Brazil, expeditions conducted between 2013-2015 have documented a number of orchid plants for identification, examination and cultivation [11].
Based on figure 8, it shows the relation of the themes discussed and the linkages of the themes discussed with other topics.Based on the density visualization, it shows that the density is indicated by the blue, green, and yellow color nodes.The yellow nodes show the number of keywords that appear the most and are the most researched topics

Orchid Conservation through Community Based in Yogyakarta
Based on the results of observations and interviews that were conducted in the village of Karanggeneng, Umbulharjo, Cangkringan, Sleman, Yogyakarta in February-March 2023.Only 1 community has been found that focuses on orchid conservation in Yogyakarta in this village.This village has been declared a flower and conservation village.Specifically, this village focuses on wild orchids obtained from various locations.So far there are hundreds of species of orchids that grow and develop in this location.This location is managed privately and developed collectively by involving relatives and neighbors (see figure 9).Karanggeneng Cangkringan Village, Sleman is a village that has become a center for orchid conservation in Yogyakarta which is quite a concern for researchers, academics, and students who are conducting research related to orchids and conservation.The idea was pioneered in 2014 as a personal brainchild of Mr. Anton Triraharjo (50 years), a member of the Karanggeneng community, Cangkringan, Sleman.Of the various orchid ornamental plant centers and orchid cultivation sites in Yogyakarta that exist and appear on social media such as IG and Twitter, this flower and conservation village is interesting because of the way in which orchids are planted using existing traditional knowledge systems for conservation purposes so they wont extinct.Anton's orchid conservation method was to initially look for and buy natural orchids at orchid centers in Malang, East Java and Bali, then look for species from Papua, then duplicate the habitat so that the orchids that have been moved to their original habitat are the same as their original habitat.The following is the flow of the conservation process carried out by Mr. Anton (figure 10).The model applied for conservation by the community is simple, duplicating habitat, which far, the original habitat of orchids has undergone land conversion.Then what is done is to allow natural pest predators to also live and live in the area as a form of pest control.Climate change, transfer of other functions, natural degradation, forest destruction and reduction of natural habitats for biodiversity are major issues in conservation and this is happening in various countries not only in Indonesia as is the case in India, the efforts being made also encourage scientific conservation and provide a role for stakeholders to take an interest in biodiversity conservation so that it can be utilized in a sustainable manner [12].
Conservation efforts in various models are offered including a conservation model to maintain ecosystem temperature, weather and soil conditions for orchid plants that have been taken over from their natural habitat to be an important goal.The study conducted by Liu and Luo in the conservation effort also emphasizes not only the biological aspects of plants but also social factors, namely protected areas and community relations which are important processes to encourage public and stakeholder awareness of their respective roles [13].The knowledge gap that still exists between modern science and traditional knowledge owned by the community needs to be synchronized and harmonized so that orchid conservation through indigenous knowledge and good practices by increasing the role of education and public awareness and academics can continue to be carried out.This is one of the recommendations made by Jenna Wraith, Patrick Norman, Catherine Pickering.According to the results of this study understanding threats, monitoring orchid populations and habitat distribution, as well as ex situ species management, land and habitat protection, provision of seed banks, artificial propagation, as well as education and awareness for conservation to be continuously communicated [14].

Conclusion
Based on the research results that have been carried out, the position of biodiversity in indigenous knowledge has an important role in managing and caring for orchid conservation.The traditional knowledge possessed by local communities in maintaining and protecting endangered plants such as orchids is carried out based on the experience they have, starting from hobbies, then moving on to experiences gained in daily life, and then the learning process is carried out independently with interactions with existing scientists.around the neighborhood.The conservation model carried out by the community is based on their experience and traditional knowledge on how to conserve plants that are considered rare and need special attention.This knowledge actually emerges from awareness and is owned from generation to generation from the experience of people's lives.The results of these findings indicate that the way plants are treated by scientists and bureaucrats is different from the way plants are treated by the public.Awareness from the community with traditional knowledge actually brings good to other communities and helps scientists to be able to find rare plants that are almost extinct.This biodiversity becomes a process of transforming knowledge from local knowledge to modern knowledge.The issue raised in the process of conserving plant biodiversity, especially orchids, is the issue of transferring knowledge about conservation from within the community to the community.As well as the role of research and modern knowledge in bridging the conservation function to preserve and protect rare plants is an important process to be carried out.The community is a vessel and a place to be able to preserve knowledge and the development of traditional knowledge is an important process for improving the quality of human life.Recommendations for further research are expected to have research that will examine the distribution map and genetics of orchids that have been conserved by the community.This is very necessary because the actual data related to the origin of the orchids that have been conserved is 1.Identifikasi anggrek 3. Kultivikasi 2. Re-introduksi

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Graph of Number of Publications by year

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Names of five journals with the highest number of publications

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Countries that produce the most publications

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Mapping based on network keywords

Figure 9 :
Figure 9: a).The condition of conservation in mini forest; b).Orchids from the original forest are removed and replanted; c).The process for orchids plant breeding through tissue culture method; d).Houses used for orchids conservation and marketing.All photos were taken by in 31th March 2023

11 Figure 10 .
Figure 10.The flow of the conservation process carried out by Mr. Anton

Table 1 .
Red list Category by IUCN