Plant diversity and its potential in Sumenep, East Java, Indonesia

It is well known that biological and cultural diversity in Indonesia is quite high, as well as the potential of plants as food, medicine, cosmetics, and dyes. This diversity gives rise to local knowledge in its interaction with the environment and the utilization of plant resources to the daily needs of local communities. The Local knowledge from a fairly diverse community still has much to be revealed. Similarly, Sumenep geographically consists of the mainland (54.79%) and the islands (45.21%) with 126 islands. Several field surveys in Sumenep have been conducted on several islands such as in Sepanjang, Gili Iyang, Poteran, Kangean, and Madura mainland, with interview methods to the majority of Madurese ethnic people. From the data collection so far, approximately 173 potential species of plants for food, medicinal ingredients, cosmetic ingredients, and coloring materials have been recorded. Food materials include Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Moringa oleifera, Dioscorea alata, and Borassus flabellifer, as well as medicinal ingredients include Azadirachta indica, Curcuma aeruginosa, and Paederia foetida, whereas for natural dye is Ceriops tagal.


Introduction
Indonesia is a country with a high level of diversity, both biological and cultural diversity.These diversities emerge due to the interaction of local communities with the environment.Therefore, local knowledge of plant resource utilization has become Madurese treasure.This local knowledge varies from one region to another, or between one local or ethnic community, and ethnicity may differ, depending on the traditions and plant biodiversity in its surrounding.Geographically, the Sumenep Regency consists of the mainland (54.79%) and the islands (45.21%) with 126 islands, both inhabited (48%) and no inhabit (52%).Several of the small islands in the vicinity included Kangean Islands, Poteran, Gili Iyang, and Sepanjang.Some characteristic of small islands is that most have small or limited land area, population sizes, relatively small numbers of people with high population densities, and the economies tend to be based on a single or limited range of activities, etc. [1].A small island are also prone to natural hazards, and external shocks that increase vulnerability island to climate change.In most cases, they have low adaptive capacity, and relatively high adaptation costs.Often, small islands have unique biodiversity due to the restricted distribution caused by ecological isolation [2].
In addition, limited arable land, and fresh water supply (only from rainwater reservoirs), may be factors that restrict them from farming to obtain their daily needs [2].Water transportation of the island area is highly dependent on weather conditions.Therefore, it is necessary to find a way out to get their daily needs by looking for alternative sources of food and medicines that grow around them.Based on the literature, however, there has not been much research going on the traditional knowledge and utilization of plant resources in the vicinity.From 2005 to 2012, some inventory have been conducted on several small islands at surrounding Sumenep Regency led by Research Center for Biosystematic and Evolution (=Research Center for Biology), such as Sepanjang recorded more than 250 species of plants, 112 species of which are used by the community for various needs, as food sources (64 species), and medicinal materials (33 species) [3].This paper has reports compiling data on the inventory results of small islands around Sumenep including Sepanjang, Gili Iyang, Poteran, and Kangean.The data collected from the ethnobotanical studies from several small islands above can be used as basic information that is very important for future sustainable utilization.

Material and Method
Several field surveys have been conducted on several islands such as Sepanjang, Gili Iyang, Poteran, Kangean, and Madura mainland, with interview methods to the majority of Madurese ethnic people.The study was conducted through two approaches, namely field research to obtain primary data and then enriching through secondary data.Primary data collection was carried out by involving the community through interviews with local community groups and individual community members who have expertise and social status such as village heads (2 people), indigenous elders (4 people), and community members ( more than 30 people), both male and female.In collecting data, the interview technique used was "open-ended".This data collection technique also explores the local knowledge system regarding plant diversity and its use as food, medicinal ingredients, and others.In addition, direct observation in the field was also carried out to document the local name of plants used and plant diversity.We also collect sample specimens (voucher specimens) for identification purposes at the Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology -LIPI.Secondary data was collected through the literature study by reviewing and analyzing books, articles, and other forms of writing that support this research.Likewise with the use of local sources and writings from foreign authors related to research problems.Study site in Sumenep Regency (Figure 1).

Result and Discussion
During the field survey in several islands surrounding Sumenep Regency, approximately 173 potential species of plants were listed for food, medicinal ingredients, cosmetic ingredients, and coloring materials (

Part of medicinal plants used as medicines
Generally, for some traditional medicinal plants, only one part is usually used, while for others used several parts or the whole plant.In the research areas indicated that the most commonly used was leaf (49 species), followed by fruits (15 species), rhizome (9 species), bark (6 species ), flowers (5 species), root (4 species), stem (3 species), whole plant (2 species), tuber (1 species), and latex (1 species ) (Figure 2).Some species have double functions, as food and medicinal as well.In the study site, people commonly used single parts of plants such as the rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale), kencor (Boesenbergia rotunda), kunyek (Curcuma longa), konce (Kaempferia rotunda), laos (Alpinia galanga), for spice and medicine; leaves of beluntas (Pluchea indica) for deodorant; the fruit of Malaka: (Phylanthus emblica) for spice as sour taste substitute.Two parts of the plant, for example, the fruit and leaves of accem (Tamarindus indica) used the same purpose for spice and medicine, the stem and leaves of water leaf (Talinum triangulare) as medicine, fruit and leaves of sesbania (Sesbania grandiflora) as a vegetable, fruit and leaves of guava (Psidium guajava) for stomach problem; fruit and leaves of marongghi (Moringa oleifera) for vegetable, papaya (Carica papaya), the fruit of Cajanus cajan as a vegetable, fruit of blimbing wuluh (Averrhoea bilimbi) for spice and medicine, fruit of Leucena leucocephala, as well as leaves and seed/fruit of saga (Abrus precatorius).Azadirachta indica leaf is an antibacterial treatment in drinking water [9].Sembukan leaf (Paederia foetida L) is a tropical Asian plant that contains bioactive compounds and is often used as a functional food.the sembukan leaf extract contained flavonoid compounds of 1.18% [10].

Figure 2. Parts of plants that are used for medicines
Moringa plant (Moringa oleifera L. ), for food and medicines as well, widespread in the Indian sub-continent, Philippines, Central America, Saudi Arabia and the Caribbean Islands, has traditionally been used to treat cancer since ancient times [11].This plant in Indonesia is more closely traced through the distribution and local knowledge of the Madurese people and is called Maronggi which is used daily as a food ingredient.Madurese people process it into vegetables that are consumed with rice, corn and side dishes.Local knowledge of Madurese people related to its use as a medicinal ingredient, moringa is used to treat the eyes.Traditionally, Moringa oleifera has been used to treat hemorrhoids, fever, sore throat, eye and ear infections, ascites, rheumatism, poisonous bites, improving heart function, inflammation, liver disease, cancer, hematology, liver, and kidney function [11,[12][13][14].
Moringa leaves have a number of nutritional values so that currently their use has developed into processed Moringa leaf products, including Moringa leaf and flower tea, moringa flour, moringa capsules, even moringa crackers and moringa ice cream.Moringa is an edible plant because it has therapeutic use value and nutritional value [15].Moringa oleifera or commonly known as Moringa leaf plants, is one source of nutrients that contain lots of vitamin A with a composition of up to 10 times better than carrots which are known to be rich in vitamin A. This potential globally provides hope as a source of nutrients that can save millions of people in the world from malnutrition.Almost all parts of Moringa oleifera can be used for healing, maintenance and improving the quality of human health and especially as a source of family nutrition [16].

Diversity of diseases found in Sumenep
Diversity of diseases found in Sumenep.

Route of drug administration
Route of drug administration.The local community in the study areas commonly uses in simple way of making, only directly or ingredients boiled, or kneaded first.

Commercialization of medicinal plants
There were two important species for commercial purposes recorded, namely cabbhi jemo (Piper retrofractum), and ginseng (Talinum triangulare).These medicinal plants are taken both as cultivated and wild plants as well [17][18][19].In the Sumenep, many local communities cultivate this herbal cabbhi jemo, while ginseng found around Sepanjang Island.
In addition, temo ereng plants (Curcuma aeruginosa) are widely used as a potential medicinal plant and have been cultivated.The average harvested area of the medicinal plant in 2021-2022, as much as around 3.64 Ha, spread over 19 sub-districts in the mainland and islands of Sumenep [20].Based on the empirical knowledge of the local community, Sumenep, the species is believed to have properties in treating various diseases and can be used for children and the elderly [21].

Diversity of plant parts used
Part of the plant used as food sources: In general, local people used tuber as well as seed as carbohydrate sources.In the study, areas reported that people utilized tuber of obi (Dioscorea alata), oto'o (Tacca leontopetaloides), garut (Maranta arundinacea), geddhung (Dioscorea hispida), gembili (Dioscorea esculenta), sobeg (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) as food sources [6,7].They also used leaves of marongghi (Moringa oleifera) as vegetables, and fruits of sarkaje (Annona squamosa) as fruit sources.Two species (geddhung and oto'o) of those require special treatment before they can be consumed.They used 98 species consumed as fruit, followed by leaves (20 species) as vegetables, tuber (12 species) for carbohydrate sources, rhizome (5 species) for spice, and stem (1 species) namely Saccharum officinarum (Figure 3).

Commercialization of food plant
Three species have the potential to be commercialized and recorded from the research areas namely Borassus flabellifer, Dioscorea alata, and Marongghi (Moringa oleifera).These have the potential as sources of raw materials for sugar, alternative foods, and vegetable materials respectively.The plantation area of Borassus flabellifer in Sumenep Regency recorded in 2021 was 552.769Ha spread over 25 sub-districts in the mainland and islands [20].Borassus flabellifer is one of the plantation commodities which is one of the strategic commodities to be developed.Areas that have the potential to be directed to the development of flagship products in the Borassus flabellifer area are Dungkek and Pragaan districts.Marongghi (Moringa oleifera), that contains many important nutrients for the human being.The result analysis of the nutritional content of the plant from Madura is higher compared to the plant from NTT, Lesser Sunda [16,22].In addition, some other species that are widely distributed, namely geddheng (Musa x paradisiaca) and srikaya (Annona squamosa) need attention to be developed further.Bukkol (Ziziphus mauritiana), a common species living in coastal vegetation, the species grows abundantly found in Sepanjang Island.Local people consumed the fruit as a thirst quencher.Javanese call it as bidara.Some people in Java, and Lombok, use the leaves to clean the skin as soap functions.Manilkara kauki, Javanese call sawo kecik found growing wild in Sepanjang island.Other important potential species besides medicine and food in the Sumenep are natural dyes such as Ceriops tagal.This species, including the constituents of mangrove vegetation, has high potential as a natural dye for Batik.The bark of the stem of the species produces a brown color, and Javanese usually named it sogan color.In the study area, this species was only found in mangrove vegetation around Sepanjang Island adjacent to Bali Island.It is also found around Baluran National Park, Bali Island, and several locations in East Java and is the least of concern.The conservation status of the species at the moment is in least concern [23][24][25].

Conclusion
A total of 173 potential plant species from the Sumenep were recorded and recognized by the local people in the Sumenep, belonging to 145 genera and 62 families.Those species are used for the treatment of 20 different diseases.However, for medicine are 93 species and for food consumption are 98 species.The high species used for food consumption like ta'al (Borassus flabellifer) commonly found in other dry regions in Indonesia.Similarly, obi (Dioscorea alata), the tuber of the species commonly boiled and consumed for daily food by local people.The leaves and fruits part of marongghi (Moringa oleicera) is commonly used as a vegetable.The species is commonly consumed by people who live on the small Islands.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Parts of plant that are used for food

Table 1 .
These types of plants are a summary of several studies including traditional medicinal plants in Sumenep, there are also 30 plant species on Sepanjang Island and Gili Iyang Island The potency of plant diversity in Sumenep Regency [5][7][8]esearch on food plants, especially taka (Tacca leontopetaloides) was conducted in Sumenep as well as on Poteran Island and Kangean Island[6][7][8].There were recorded as the tuber plants utilized as sources of carbohydrates.However, in the study, we have concentrated only on food and medicine.1.Diversity of medicinal plant Diversity of medicinal plants.A total of 93 species of plant were recorded belonging to 84 genera, and 42 families.Those plants are used to treat approximately 20 diseases.The majority family plant used was Zingiberaceae (10 species) and Fabaceae (9 species), Acanthaceae, Asteraceae (5 species), Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Piperaceae, Rubiaceae (4 species), Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae (3 species), 2 -1 species in other families.The use of plants as medicinal materials on Sepanjang Island looks higher, which is 33 species compared to that reported from Gili Iyang (28 species)[5].
There were 93 medicinal plant species recorded in Sumenep Regency that were used for the treatment of approximately 20 different diseases, e.g.asthmatic, wounds, toothache, the problem of eye, diarrhea and dysentery, cough, postpregnancy, itches, appetizers, fever and malaria, jaundice, swollen, anthelmintic, measles, injury/heartiness, high heat, illness for children and child problems: body endurance, black magic.