The potential of new hybrid Chrysanthemum as germplasm resource

Many new hybrids of chrysanthemums from Indonesia are adapted to tropical areas. The hybrids were growing well with many characteristics such as consumer preferences and the idiotype of chrysanthemums. The goal of the research was to collect, select and categorize new chrysanthemum hybrids to be the parent’s resource for new breeding. They were Puspita Nusantara, Jayani, Cayapati, Sabiya, Swarna Kencana, Trissa, and Tadasita varieties. There were 2 categories, standard and spray types. Each of the varieties had specific novelty characteristics that could be gen resources as parents in chrysanthemum breeding. The specific and novelty characteristics as gen resources were the vase life period, flower shape, colour, number of petals, and the total number of flowers per plant. The standard type dominated white and yellow colour, and the spray type had more colour, shape, and size variations. Chrysanthemum cultivar (cv.) Swarna Kencana showed the highest plant height in a low area 187.6 meters MASL (meters above sea level). It followed cutting flower standards. Puspita Nusantara variety complied as crossing parents for resistance to Puccinia horianna.


Introduction
Germplasm is an important gene pool resource that was essential for creating new varieties.The important and superior character was targeted to develop new and novelty varieties.Most of the characters are inherited from the progenies.Based on genetic studies, selecting the best and superior characters parental in the breeding program as desirable characters were important.Promising genotypes were selected by some procedures in many varieties [1].
The chrysanthemum is one of the most popular ornamental plants in the floriculture industry [2].The flower was produced as cut flowers and pot plants.The floriculture industries problems in Indonesia, especially chrysanthemum were efforts to increase the production and quality of flowers chrysanthemum for national demands are still hampered by low levels of ability technology mastered by farmers, while the export market is still facing obstacles, namely quality the resulting interest cannot compete with the product from abroad, low level of production efficiency, government policies that have not been much supportive, lack of access to international markets, and does not yet have a license for flower development chrysanthemum from the country of origin of the chrysanthemum flower [3].
Chrysanthemums had a wide range of characters.It was the potential to create new varieties easily.Even though some varieties of chrysanthemum have characteristics, breeders want to develop novel varieties with outstanding blooms of ornamental value [4].Chrysanthemum breeding programs focused on improving the characteristic of qualitative and quantitative characteristics.There was production, vase life, and flower performance such as size, shape, and colour.It was also a functional metabolite in the chrysanthemum.The functional ingredients in the chrysanthemum plant, from the leaves to the flowers are beneficial for health, such as the content of catechins, anthocyanins, beta-carotene, and vitamin C [5].Breeding programs have also focused on improving various characteristics to enhance ornamental values, including flower colour, size and form, and production quality [6].
The superior characters were obtained by the selection of the best traits from the parents.Many new chrysanthemum varieties were crossed into Indonesia and adapted to the tropical area.Some characters 1255 (2023) 012021 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1255/1/012021 2 of new varieties were selected to recommend traits used in the breeding program.
The objectives of the research were to collect, select and categorize new chrysanthemum hybrids to be the parent's resource for new breeding.

Material and Methods
The research was conducted in the greenhouse KST Cibinong Bogor from January to June 2023 and Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI), Cianjur West Java (from 2021-2023 for hybridization, the release of the varieties and their propagation).New varieties of Chrysanthemum from the Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI) were used as germplasm selection for gen resources in a breeding program.The new chrysanthemum varieties were Puspita Nusantara, Jayani, Cayapati, Sabiya, Swarna Kencana, Trissa, and Tadasita varieties.The research consisted of 4 replications, with each replication consisting of 7 varieties, and each variety consisted of 20 plants each replication.The parameter observation as selected and desirable traits were the specific and novelty characteristics as gen resources for breeding.They were vase life period, the shape of the flower, colour, the number of petals, and the total number of flowers per plant, and adapted in low areas.All parameters were taken from the description of chrysanthemum varieties released from the agriculture ministry decree.

Result and Discussion
New varieties of chrysanthemums could be a new gen pool resource for the breeding program.Both conventional and biotechnology methods create a novelty variety through the selection procedure.The selection was effective if they have a wide range of population.Some of the new chrysanthemum varieties have the potential to be gen resources as parent breeding.

Collection of chrysanthemum varieties as gen resources
New chrysanthemum varieties were collected from IOCRI.The collection was divided into two types of Chrysanthemums, they were standard and spray types.Based on consumer preference, standard types were dominated by white and yellow.While the spray types were more varied in colour, shape and size (table 1).1).Based on consumer preference, white and yellow dominated.Puspita Nusantara was appropriate as a gen resource for hybridization in Chrysanthemum offspring for spray type (figure 1).Desire yellow chrysanthemum progeny were obtained from these parents.Chrysanthemum cv.Puspita Nusantara was a superior variety and appropriate as a gen resource because it had bright colour, resistance to Puccinia horianna and a long period of vase life.The Chrysanthemum standard type was Jayani.This variety was white and appropriate as a gen resource for standard type (figure 1).

Selection of chrysanthemum varieties as gen resources.
The selection was an important step for focusing to choose desirable traits.The desirable traits as the breeding objective were vase life period, flower shape, colour, number of petals, and the total number of flowers per plant, and adapted in low land areas (table 2).Chrysanthemums were complex hybrids, and genetic material of multiple species is used during a long period of breeding and selection [7].
There were many variations in Chrysanthemum as new-gen resources (table 2).It was like [1] research that the chrysanthemum flowers vary in shape, size, and colour and have played a key role due to the interplay of genetic factors and genetic resources.
The characteristic of traits and performance of chrysanthemums were important for complying with the ideotype requirement (table 2).It was related to the quality of the chrysanthemum.The external quality of cut chrysanthemums is usually evaluated in terms of stem and leaf morphology and flower characteristics.Each external quality aspect is influenced by several growing conditions that interact with each other [8].Another characteristic was the flower colour.Flower colour is determined by flavonoids, carotenoids and betalains.The Flavonoid family demonstrated a wide range of orange to red and purple to blue flowers, which can attract pollinators and protect against UV irradiation damage [9].The use of resistant cultivars is one of the most efficient approaches for overcoming white rust disease in chrysanthemum cultivation.White rust disease was caused by Puccinia horianna [10].Similar to previous research, the new variety of Chrysanthemum cv.Puspita Nusantara was resistant to Puccinia horianna (table 2).It was appropriate to be a gen resource for breeding chrysanthemums for resistance to Puccinia horianna.
All the chrysanthemums are cultivated in medium and highland areas (table 2).It was to be limited to chrysanthemum production and cultivation.It was the reason that the low area's Chrysanthemum variety was important to create.Another reason why chrysanthemums were just cultivated in highland areas was that it was too limited in transportation, grower, and market segments [11].Based on the market-oriented and floriculture industries, it must be developing the adaptive chrysanthemum in lowland areas.According to this requirement, chrysanthemums adapted to lowland areas were needed.

Swarna Kencana was adapted to the lowland area variety (the research is ongoing) (table 2).
In previous research, the success in the cultivation of Chrysanthemum is due principally to the great diversity of cultivars, with innumerable colourations and flower forms as well as different sizes and ways of rotating cultivars, always offering something new to the consumer [12].Based on the report to enrich the new cultivars of chrysanthemum, it was necessary to select superior characters as parents breeding used the new varieties as gen resources (

Categorize new chrysanthemum hybrids to be the parent's resource for new breeding.
Plant breeding has contributed to the development of genetically improved crop varieties.It also enriched the crop germplasm base by evolving genetically superior varieties for cultivation [13].
Breeding of Chrysanthemum was important to create new varieties and novelty.The parent's genetics were essential to inherit progenies.The way to create new novelties must be to know the characteristics of the parents first.The categorization of the characteristics of parents was needed for these goals (table 3).

Sabiya
The colour of the flower buds is bright yellow, with a greenish flower disc, the spray flower type with a double flower shape with many petals, and the diameter of the flower buds are medium.
5.8 -7.9 cm Cayapati Double flower shape, spray type with purple flower buds 3.7 -4.4 cm Jayani Large and sturdy stems to support large flower sizes and relatively long flower freshness.

-15 cm
Besides the genetic resource, the quality performance and yield production were influenced by cultivation management.One of the essential things was nutrient availability.Enough available nutrients in the substrate ensured proper biomass production, such as a sufficient plant weight and quality of flowers [14].Another potential character suggested was secondary metabolite for functional compounds in chrysanthemums.In previous research, chrysanthemum leaves have four compounds from groups of alcohol, acetic acid and organosilicon identified, whereas, in callus culture from the stem, explants identified eight compounds from aldehydes, esters, alkanes, and carboxylic acids group [15].

Conclusion
The idiotype of chrysanthemum was used indicator for an ideal product of chrysanthemum.These indicators were used as criteria and traits as objectives in the breeding programme.New varieties of Chrysanthemum obtained from IOCRI breeder have some criteria to idiotype of chrysanthemum.The traits were the size of flowers/ diameter of flower (more than 6 cm diameter), resistance to Puccinia horianna, colour and flower shape.Based on the criteria, the recommended varieties for gene resources as parent's breeding were Puspita Nusantara, Jayani, Sabiya, Swarna Kencana and Trissa varieties.The recommended variety for the adapted lowland area was Swarna Kencana.

Table 1 .
Classification of Chrysanthemums based on types and colour as gen resources.

Table 2 .
Selection of chrysanthemums as gen resources for breeding based on qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

Table 3 .
Categorized based on the prior traits and superior characters for the gene pool.