The effect of N, P and K organic substances enhancers on fruit waste liquid organic fertilizer on tomato plants

The manufacturing of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) based on fruit waste can reduce the amount of waste. The research aims to determine that: 1) Tomato plants were affected by the application of some concentrations of fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K and 2) There was the best concentration of fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K on tomato plants. The research was designed in a group randomized design (GRD), with seven treatments tried, namely 0% (not given fruit waste LOF); concentrations of 30, 35, and 40% from fruit waste LOF that was not given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K; and concentration of 30, 35, and 40% from fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K. The observation parameters were plant height, plant stem diameter, amount of productive branches each pant, amount of tomatoes each plant, diameter of tomato fruit, and tomato fruit weight of each plant. The results of the research showed that 1) Fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K was a better effect than that was not given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K; and 2). Fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K at a concentration of 35% had the best effect on the average amount of tomatoes each plant (31.31) and tomato fruit weight each plant (2,535.25 g).


Introduction
Fruits are one of agricultural products that can not be stored for long, generally ripe fruits begin to rot within a week and become waste.Fruit waste is a good raw material for liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) because the water content is high (easily decomposed) and it contains other complex compounds as nutrients needed by plants [1].LOF, in its use, aims to increase the nutrient levels, which affect the fertility of the planting medium and have an impact on plant growth and yield.
Organic fertilizers, including fruit waste LOF, generally have complete nutrients but low levels.In order to better support plant growth, nutrient levels in LOF need to be increased.Nutrient levels in fruit waste LOF can be increased by adding organic substances that can contribute to macronutrients, especially N, P, and K [2].Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are primary macronutrients, namely macronutrients needed by plants in greater quantities than other macronutrients [3].Nutrient levels of N, P, and K in fruit waste LOF can be increased by adding organic substances as material to make LOF, which are gamal leaves (donate N), banana stems (donate P), and coconut husk (donate K).The N content in gamal leaves is high, so low C/N causes plant biomass to be easily decomposed.Gamal leaves contain N (3.15%),P (0.22%), K (2.65%), Ca (1.35%), and Mg (0.41%) [4].Banana stems contain water (92.5%), protein (0.35%), and carbohydrates (4.4%), and every 100 g of stems contains N (135 mg), P (213 mg), and K (122 mg) [5].Coconut husk contains the nutrients Ca, Mg, Na, N, P, and K.The K2O content in coconut husk ash is 10.25% [6].The results of research on the chemical properties, including nutrient levels of fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K are shown in table 1 [7].[7] Fruit waste LOF given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K had better chemical properties (table 1).Macronutrient levels, especially N, P, and K, increased due to the addition of organic substances from gamal leaves, banana stems, and coconut husk as a LOF material for fruit waste.
Fruit waste LOF that was not given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K was tested on mustard plants, at a concentration of 35% with a dose of 250 ml each plant resulted in an average plant height of 36.26 cm, a number of leaves of 12.78 strands, a wet weight of 276.77 g, and a dry weight of 14.11 g [8].Fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K at a concentration of 35% with a dose of 250 ml for each plant resulted in an average plant height of 43 cm, a number of leaves of 13.93, a wet weight of 381.08 g, and a dry weight of 27.10 g [8].This means fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K, had a better effect on mustard growth and yield.
Fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K still needed to be tested on other vegetables, namely tomato plants.Tomatoes are one of the fruit vegetables that are widely consumed because of their nutritional content, which taste good, fresh, and slightly sour.
The research aims to determine that: 1) tomato plants were affected by the application of some concentrations of fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K, and 2) there was the best concentration of fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K on tomato plants.
Research had used a group randomized design (GRD), there were seven treatments repeated four times, so there were 28 treatment units.Each treatment unit has six plants (four sample plants), so that total of 168 plants.The treatment tested was the concentration of fruit waste LOF, namely 0% (not given fruit waste LOF); concentration of 30, 35, and 40% from fruit waste LOF that was not given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K; and concentration of 30, 35, and 40% from fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis, significant treatment was tested by Tukey Honestly Significant Difference 5%.
Liquid organic fertilizer was made using the method of Alamtani (modified) [9].Applications of LOF were based on concentration treatments, and plants were given a dose of 250 ml each time.Fruit waste LOF was given daily, in the morning, from one week in planting to one week before harvest.Tomato plant height and stem diameter were measured six weeks after planting, and productive branches on each plant was measured when it began flowering.The amount of tomatoes each plant, tomato fruit diameter, and the weight of tomatoes on each plant were measured at harvest.

Plant Height, Stem Diameter, and Amount of Productive Branches of Tomato Plants
Planting medium that was applied of fruit waste LOF that was not given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K at all concentrations resulted an average tomato plant height of 91.25-93.56cm, a stem diameter of 9.39-9.51mm, and amount of productive branches each plant of 4.19-4.31.Fruit waste LOF given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K resulted in an average plant height of 93.05-96.81cm, stem diameter of 9.59-9.73mm, and amount of productive branches each plant of 4.13-4.75.A concentration of 35% of fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K had the best effect on stem diameter (9.73 mm) and the amount of productive branches each plant (4.75 branches).The chemical properties of fruit waste LOF had become better due to the addition of N, P, and K enhancers organic substances (table 1), which had an impact on the fertility of the planting medium.Table 1 informs that fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K had higher C-organic, macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn), causing better fertility of the planting medium.Higher levels of C-organic affected the amount and variety of organisms in the planting medium while also contributing colloids (increasing cation exchange capacity, or CEC) [10].CEC effect on absorbing nutrients, so that they were not easily lost (leached and evaporated), then exchanged and absorbed by plant roots [11].Higher nutrient levels in the planting medium would allow plant roots to absorb more nutrients, which would better support plant growth and development.
Nutrients are one of the factors that influence plant metabolic processes including photosynthesis.The nutrients N, Mg, S, and Fe are the constituent elements of leaf chlorophyll [12].If the availability of nutrients including these elements is increased, it will better support the process of photosynthesis so that more assimilate are produced and plants grow better [13].For example, it can be seen in taller plants, wider stem diameters, and more productive branches.
Fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K at a concentration of 35% better affects the availability and absorption of nutrients, thus better supporting plant metabolic processes, including the process of photosynthesis.The process of photosynthesis is influenced by the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves.If the nutrients absorbed better meet the needs of plants, it can increase the amount of leaf chlorophyll so that the photosynthesis process is better and produces more assimilation.Assimilate are used by plants as energy to grow and develop; if more assimilates are produced, it will better support plant growth.

Amount of Fruits Each Plant
Planting medium applied to fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K, at the same concentration, had a very significant effect on the number of tomatoes in each plant.The average amount of tomatoes each plant due to the application of some concentrations of fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K and has been tested by Tukey Honestly Significant Difference at 5% (figure 1).

Figure 1.
The average amount of tomatoes each plant due to of fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K Planting medium applied to fruit waste LOF that was not given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K, at a concentration of 30-40% resulted an average amount of tomatoes each plant less (22.38-26.06fruits) compared to fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K (26.31-31.31).Organic substances enhancers N, P, and K added to make LOF affect the chemical properties of LOF (table 1), thus increasing the fertility of the planting medium.A more fertile planting medium would have a better impact on the metabolic process, so more assimilate were used to form fruits. Planting medium applied by fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K had greater productive branches (table 2), so the amount of tomatoes each plant is higher.
Fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K at a concentration of 35% applied to the planting medium resulted the most tomatoes each plant (31.31 fruits), which was not significant with a concentration of 40%, but was significant compared to of 30%.The amount of fruits was influenced by the amount of productive branches, the higher the amount of productive branches, the more tomatoes were resulted.Planting medium applied by fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K at a concentration of 35% resulted the highest amount of productive branches, which was 4.75 branches (table 2), resulting in a significantly greater amount of fruits each plant.The amount of productive branches affected the amount of fruits each plant, with a value of R 2 = 0.7641 (figure 2).

Figure 2.
Relationship between the number of productive branches and the number of tomatoes of each plant

Diameter of Tomato Fruit
The average diameter of tomatoes resulted due to the application of fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K is shown in figure 3.

Figure 3.
The average diameter of tomatoes due to of fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K Planting medium was applied to fruit waste LOF that was not given organic substances enhancers

Tomatoes fruit weight
Fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K applied at some concentrations had a significant effect on the weight of tomatoes each plant.The average weight of tomatoes in each plant resulted due to the applied of fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K and has been tested by Tukey Honestly Significant Difference at 5% is shown in figure 4.
N, P, and K, at the same concentration (except 30% concentration), resulted an average smaller tomato diameter of 4.18-4.27cm, compared to fruit waste LOF given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K, which was 4.18-4.48cm.This was because fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K had better chemical properties (table 1), so the fertility of the planting medium was better, which has an impact on the wider diameter of the tomato.However, the diameter of the fruit resulted at all concentrations of fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K is not significant, it was suspected that the translocated photosynthesis for enlargement of the diameter of the fruit was relatively the same.Planting medium applied to fruit waste LOF that was not given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K, at a concentration of 30-40% resulted an average lighter weight of tomatoes each plant of 1,533.38-2,000.19g, compared to fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K which was 1,959.94-2,535.25g.Fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K at a concentration of 35% applied to the planting medium resulted the heaviest tomato which was 2,535.25 g, which not significant with a concentration of 40%, but was significant compared to of 30%.This was because the planting medium applied of fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K at a concentration of 35% resulted the highest amount of fruits each plant (figure 1), so that the weight of fruit each plant was the heavies.
The amount of tomatoes each plant and the diameter of fruit affect the weight of the fruit each plant.Fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K had a very significant effect on the amount of fruits each plant, but had not a significant effect on the diameter of tomatoes (Figure 3).This meant that the amount of fruits each plant had a more dominant effect on fruit weight each plant than the diameter of tomatoes, shown by the resulted of regression analysis with a value of R 2 = 0.9982 (figure 5).

Conclusion
Based on the result of this study, fruit waste LOF that was given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K had a better effect on growth (plant height, stem diameter, and amount of productive branches each plant) and yield (amount of fruits, fruit diameter, and fruit weight) of the tomato plant.The best concentration of fruit waste LOF with organic substances enhancers N, P, and K was 35%.The average number of fruit was 31.31fruits/plant, and the average weight of the fruit was 2,535.25 g/fruit.
of fruit waste LOF that without organic substances enhancers N, P, and K Concentrations (%) of fruit waste LOF with organic substances enhancers N, P, and K

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The average weight of tomatoes each plant due to of fruit waste LOF that was not and given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The relationship between fruit weight of each plant and amount of fruits each plant

Table 1 .
Some chemical properties of fruit waste LOF without and with organic substances enhancers N, P, and K

Table 2 .
The average plant height, stem diameter, and amount of productive branches of tomato plants due to giving some concentrations of fruit waste LOF with and without organic substances enhancers N, P, and K Fruit waste LOF that was not given organic substances enhancers N, P, and K