Agronomic performance, yield and seed production of some new superior varieties using integrated crop management approach in tabanan district, Bali province

One of the obstacles to increasing rice productivity in paddy fields in Tabanan district is the availability of adaptive new superior varieties (NSV) with high productivity. The aim of the study was to determine the agronomic performance, yield components and seed production of three NSV lowland rice which have the potential to be developed in irrigated paddy fields at Subak Guama Tabanan districs, in collaboration with AIAT Bali as NSV seed providers. The study was conducted from February to June 2021. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with 1 factor 4 treatments including Ciherang as a comparison and each treatment was repeated 6 times. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), then the treatment was further tested using the Tukey test at 95%. The results of the study showed that the application with a 2:1 legowo cropping system can increase the performance and components of crop yields. The use of NSV and the 2:1 legowo planting method can increase productivity by an average of 1.24 tonnes/ha of harvested dry grain (HDG) or an increase of 19.36% tonnes/ha of HDG. The application of ICM using NSV, the legowo 2:1 planting method is one way to increase rice production.


Introduction
Rice acts as the main food for most of the population in Indonesia at more than 90%, and is the largest nutritional caloric intake besides corn, cassava, soybeans and sweet potatoes [1].Rice also plays an important role as a source of income for most rural residents in Indonesia.According to [2] reported that efforts to increase rice production are needed in line with the increase in the number of Indonesian population up to 1.3% per year with 139 kg / head / year of rice consumption.It was also reported that people's rice consumption in Bali reaches 116 kg / capita / year, especially Tabanan regency reaches 130 kg/capita / year.According to [3] reported tha in Bali Province the use of agricultural commodities such as rice, vegetables, fruits and others for religious ceremonies of the Balinese people.In Bali Province the use of agricultural commodities such as rice, vegetables, fruits and others for religious ceremonies of the Balinese people [4; 5].In Bali, there is less agricultural land available for rice production than in other regions.According to [6] states that increasing changes in agricultural land use in Bali Province have caused agricultural land to decrease every year.It was also reported that the expansion of agricultural land is not easy to do due to less favorable geographical conditions, and uncertain climatic conditions that affect land productivity, land conversion, and others.Rice productivity is influenced by many factors such as land quality and the availability of superior rice varieties.Agricultural land and plant varieties are production factors that must be managed properly to increase sustainable productivity.The impact of climate change on rainfall patterns affects agricultural production, especially rice and horticultural commodities.In addition, poor knowledge levels and low knowledge levels.The adoption of agricultural technology can reduce rice production run by farmers.
The new superior variety (NSV) is one of the components of innovative technology that is reliable to increase rice crop production with an integrated crop management program (ICM).According to [7] reported that NSV continues to be created, considering the variety of agroecosystems that exist in the territory of Indonesia and the different taste preferences of rice in each province.In Tabanan district, Bali Province is the area with the largest irrigated rice fields compared to other districts.In addition, most of the people are more accepting of rice varieties with a fluffy rice flavor and are pest/disease resistant [8].To maintain and improve the quality and productivity of rice in order to maintain the sustainability of food self-sufficiency, it is also necessary to have the availability of NSV and the application of ICM [9;10; 11].
NSV is one of the production technologies that is easily adopted by farmers and with the addition of relatively cheap costs can provide tangible advantages over other production technologies [12;13].As a component of production, the use of NSV can contribute to increasing rice production by 56.1% [14].So far, there have been many varieties released by the Agricultural Research and Development Agency, but the conditions that occur in the field of rice varieties that are widely used by farmers are IR 64 and Ciherang.This variety has long been worn by farmers and is irreplaceable with certified new seeds.Both varieties are still widely used because they are high-yielding, the taste of rice is good, the quality of rice is good and the price is quite high.In addition, the certified seeds that are widely circulated in the community are mostly Ciherang varieties.
The Agricultural Research and Development Agency through the Rice Research Center has released NSV for various agroecosystems, both irrigated rice fields, swamplands and dry land.NSV Inpari (irrigated rice inhydride) is a rice variety that was first released in 2008 [15].From 2005 to 2010 it was reported a total of 32 NSV with various advantages of each variety have been released by Research Centre for Rice [7].Some of these varieties have the advantages of high yield potential, age of the faster period of rice harvest, resistance to abiotic stress, and biotics as a substitute for old varieties [16].However, at the level farmers of NSV Inpari, it is not very well known.Even with the many types of Inpari for irrigated paddy fields, farmers and extension officers are confused to distinguish between the NSV.
ICM is an innovation that consists of several important technological components in it, both NSV, seeds, tillage, seedbeds, seedlings, planting methods, fertilization, watering, pest/disease control, and weed control [9].According to [17] reported that the success of the ICM application differs according to location, level and scale of business and its application is able to increase grain yield and rice quality, reduce rice farming costs, improve health and environmental sustainability of rice growing.This shows that the ICM application is a technological innovation that has a major impact on improving the quality of rice productivity in Indonesia.
The aim of the study was to determine the agronomic performance, yield components and seed production of three NSV lowland rice which have the potential to be developed in irrigated paddy fields in Tabanan district, Bali Province.

Materials and Methods
The study was carried out in collaboration between the integrated agribusiness cooperatives (KUAT) subak Guama and AIAT Bali as a provider of NSV.The study location is in Selanbawak village, Marga sub-district, Tabanan district from February to June 2021.The implementation of seed production refers to general guidelines for seed production from rice [9,18].
The land used is 3 ha or 1 ha each per variety.The land used is at an altitude of ± 250 mdpl.The lowland rice NSV used were Irrigated rice inhybrid (Inpari) 16, 32, 33 and Ciherang as a comparison.The NSV used in this study is presented in table 1.
The incidence and severity of stemborer attacks were assessed in the field through the method of diagonal random sampling.Sample measurement of 10 clumps Planting is done diagonally on the plot area in the form of natural sized plots 400 m2.The study method used was a randomized block design (RBD) with 1 factor 4 treatments and was repeated 6 times.The data collected is related to percentages rice stemborer attacks the vegetative phase 2-6 weeks after planting (WAP) "Sundep" (dead hearts) with growing point symptoms young plants die and generative phase 8-10 WAP "Beluk" (white ear heads) with symptoms of dead panicles with visible hollow grains white [19].Source : [20] The technology applied in this study follows the integrated crop management (ICM).Planting with a 2:1 row legowo cropping system with a spacing of 25 x 25 x 50 cm, with 1-3 seeds/planting hole.Two rows of plants with a distance of 25 cm between rows and a distance of 12.5 cm within rows with a distance of 50 cm between the next two rows so that all rows of plants appear as edge plants.Urea and phonska fertilizers were given 3 times, namely when the plants were 7-10 days after planting (DAP), 20-21 DAP and 35-40 DAP at a dose of 250 kg/ha.Harvesting is done when 95% of the rice plants have turned yellow.
The parameters observed in this study included agronomic aspects, namely plant height, number of productive tillers/clump and panicle length, which were carried out once a week starting at the age of the plant 3-4 weeks after planting until 10 weeks after planting.Meanwhile, the observed yield and yield components were used to determine the correlation/relationship between agronomic aspects and yield at 98% physiologically ripe grains.

Results and Discussion
Based on the observations, it was found that the height of the Inpari 33 plant was the highest and significantly different compared to Ciherang, namely 109.2 cm compared to 92.3 cm.While the height of Inpari 32 plants was not significantly different compared to Ciherang, namely 99.1 cm compared to 92.3 cm (table 2).The lowest plant height was seen in Inpari 16 which was 84.4 cm.Based on the description of NSV rice in 2019 it was reported that the height of the Inpari 33 plant was lower, namely ± 93 cm [20].
Differences in plant height between varieties are strongly influenced by differences in genetic factors of each variety.According [21] states that differences in the total growth period during the vegetative phase were more influenced by genetic traits or depending on the sensitivity of the varieties cultivated to the environment.Plant height as an indicator of growth in rice plants is closely related to the availability of nutrients in the soil, but does not guarantee the level of production.
According to 22 reported that differences in plant height can be caused by genetic factors of a variety.Genetic factors derived from varieties and environmental factors contribute to influencing the ability of plants to grow [23;19; 24].Meanwhile, according to [25] said that yield per hectare of crops cannot be measured by plant height parameters alone.This is a result of environmental factors that vary in each location.Like Inpari 40 which was cultivated in subak Guama, Tabanan from January to May 2020, it was reported that apart from being resistant to the brown planthopper pest, it was also reported to grow well with plant height, number of productive tillers and yield production higher and significantly different compared to Ciherang [26].According to [27,28,22] stated that plants that have a height of 90-110 are relatively resistant to lodging, those that are too high are more prone to lodging which can cause decreased yields, increase respiration, reduce nutrient translocation and are susceptible to attack by pests and diseases.[32] stated that the number of productive tillers is an important variable in the vegetative phase because it can predict yield [32].The highest panicle length was owned by the Inpari 33 variety and was not significantly different from Ciherang, namely 26.81 cm compared to 25.29 cm, followed by the Inpari 16 and Inpari 32 varieties and not significantly different compared to the Ciherang variety, namely 20.26 cm and 20.02 cm.compared to 25.29 cm.According to [42] stated that the panicle length was grouped into three groups namely short (≤ 20 cm), medium (20-30 cm), and long (> 30 cm).Based on this grouping, the Inpari 33 variety tested was included in the medium panicle length group.Rice plants that have long panicles are at risk of reducing yields because they have the potential to develop poorly because the grain at the base of the panicles is wrapped in flag leaves so it doesn't come out.These conditions are also at risk of causing pests and diseases in grain.According to [27] states that panicle length that is classified as long should have a low percentage of empty grain and high filled grain so that it has a positive effect on increasing yields.Thus, it can be said that the Inpari 33 variety has the best adaptability compared to the Inpari 16 and Inpari 32 varieties.The results of the research by [33], stated that panicle length is influenced by the genetic factors of each variety and the adaptability of the variety to the plant growing environment.According to [34,35] states that panicle length is more influenced by genetic factors of a variety than environmental factors.
The yield production components observed in this study included the number of filled grains per panicle, the number of empty grains per panicle, the total number of unhusked grains per panicle, the weight of 1000 grains and the production yield (tonnes HDG/ha) shown in table 3. The number of filled grain per panicle between the three varieties and yields were not significantly different between Inpari 32, Inpari 33, and Inpari 16 varieties compared to Ciherang, namely 109.9 grains, 133.5 grains, 167.30grains compared to 151.7 grain.Likewise, the number of empty grain per panicle of Inpari 32, Inpari 33 and Inpari 16 varieties was not significantly different compared to Ciherang, namely 11.5 grains, 12.5 grains and 17.6 grains compared to 17.6 grains.Empty grain can also be affected by the asynchronous maturation of the seeds due to the seeds not coming out with them so that there are still seeds that are not completely filled at the time of harvest until they eventually become empty seeds.As with the number of filled grain per panicle, the total number of grain per panicle showed a significantly different effect between the three high yielding rice varieties.According to [36] stated that the total number of grain has a positive correlation with panicle length where the longer the panicle is formed, the more opportunities for grain that can be accommodated by the panicle.While the results of this study showed that the panicle length and total number of grain per panicle produced by Inpari 16, Inpar 32, and Inpari 33 varieties were not significantly different compared to Ciherang, namely 167.30grains, 109.9 grains, 133.5 grains compared to with 151.7 items.
The amount of filled grain per panicle produced was not significantly different between the three varieties (Inpari 16, Inpari 32, Inpari 33 compared to Ciherang, namely 167.30grains, 109.9 grains, 133.5 grains compared to 151.7 grains, but gave results that are significantly different from the yield of production.It is suspected that the amount of filled grain formed per panicle is highly dependent on plant photosynthesis during its growth and the genetic characteristics of the rice plant varieties it cultivates [37].
The weight of 1000 grains produced by the Inpari 32 and Inpari 33 varieties was significantly different compared to the Ciherang variety, namely 30.0 gr, 29.0 gr compared to 26.5 gr.The Inpari 32 and Inpari 33 varieties produced yields of 8,815 HDG tons/ha and 7,510 GKP tons/ha and were significantly different compared to Ciherang, namely 6,500 HDG tons/ha.Meanwhile, the production of Inpari 16 was not significantly different from Ciherang, namely 6,950 HDG tonnes/ha compared to 6,500 HDG tonnes/ha.
According to [42] said that the ability of rice varieties to be able to adapt to their growing environment can be demonstrated by their production results [42].Meanwhile, [38] said that the genetic composition of each rice variety has a different response to the environment so that environmental factors also influence crop production.The relationship pattern between yield characters and yield components can be known from the correlation value.The correlation between these characters is presented in table 4. Judging from the P-Value value, it is obtained that the parameters smaller than 0.05 are the parameters of plant height and weight of 1000 grains of grain (0.000).It can be said that these two parameters have a significant effect on yields with a close relationship of 0.728 (strong correlation/plant height and moderate correlation/ weight of 1000 seeds).Both have the same strong influence on grain yields.According to [39] said that the correlation coefficient which shows a large number close to +1 means that it has a close relationship between the observed characters.The maximum number of offspring with a P-Value of 0.049 with a correlation value of 0.446 can be said to have a significant effect on a rather weak correlation.The plant height variable cannot be used as an indicator in terms of rice yield potential because the influence of environmental factors varies in each location.According to [25] reported that plant height can be categorized as a growth variable but cannot be used as a guideline for estimating productivity.The seeds that are produced are distributed to farmer groups and kiosks/traders spread across cities/regencies in Bali.Seed production activities in collaboration with breeder farmer groups can accelerate the adoption of NSV rice to all farmers in cities/regencies in Bali in the right type, quality, quantity, time, location and price.
With the development of a reliable and independent seed system, seeds will no longer be treated traditionally, but will develop into an industry that can provide substantial profits and employment opportunities.Awareness of the importance of using quality seeds encourages the growth and development of the seed business so that it is hoped that the benefits of the seed business will not only be felt by the breeders but also by the farmers by increasing the selling price of HDG so that the management and distribution of seeds can be improved.
From the results of the study showed that the use of superior varieties can increase productivity by an average of 1.24 HDG tons/ha or an increase of 19.36% (table 6).The application of ICW besides using NSV, the legowo planting method is one way to increase rice production.According to [40] reported that the legowo planting method is a method of planting rice by adjusting the spacing between clumps and between rows, resulting in compaction of the clumps and population per unit area.Meanwhile, according to [41] stated that the basic principle of how to plant legowo is to make all rows of plant clumps on the edge (border effect).The average attack rate of the rice stemborer in the vegetative "Sundep" (dead hearts) stage starts at 4 WAP and the rice plants show symptoms of the growing point of the young plants dying.Symptoms of attack at the generative stage 8 to 10 WAP "beluk" (white ear heads) cause panicles to die with empty grains that look white in the mild category (19) (table 7).According to [46] stated that the results showed that stemborer attacks on several NSV were categorized as mild (AP≤11%).It is suspected that the level of stemborer attack was categorized as mild at the time of the study on several NSV compared to control varieties.Meanwhile, the production of the three NSV (Inpari 16, Inpari 32 and Inpari 33) was higher than the control varieties, namely 6.95 t/ha, 8.82 t/ha and 7.51 t/ha compared to 6.50 t/ha.The rice stemborer attack that occurred in Guama subak, Selanbawak Village, Marga Sub-district, Tabanan district is a problem that occurs every year, although not in the whole area.According to [44] stated that plants that are attacked by stemborer pests from 7 WAP to 11 MST will increase in attack and after that start to decrease.The symptoms of the borer attack are the same, namely in the vegetative phase which is called "sundep" (dead hearts) with symptoms of the growing point of the young plants dying.Symptoms of borer attack in the generative phase are called "beluk" (white ear heads) white heads with symptoms of dead panicles with empty grains that appear white.Sundep symptoms appear 4 days after the borer larvae enter.According to [43] states that stemborer larvae always go in and out of rice stalks, so that one larva until it becomes a moth can consume 6-15 rice stalks.Until now, insecticides are the mainstay of farmers in controlling rice stemborer pests.According to [45] stated that this condition is very risky due to the continuous use of insecticides which have a negative impact on the environment, such as pests becoming resistant, resurgence or secondary pest explosions, killing of non-target organisms, and insecticide residues.However, farmers carry out control even though the symptoms referred to are not present, or there is a possibility that there is a flight of rice stemborer butterflies that escape the farmer's observation.While on the other hand the activities of each farmer are different, meaning that there are farmers taking other jobs so they are not able to observe their crops closely.This has an impact on widespread attacks on other farmers.Some impressions from rice farmers were that they did not spray because there were no visible symptoms on the rice, in the case of borer butterflies flying around.Other farmers also stated that they sprayed even though there were no butterfly flights, they believed that it would not be complete if they did not spray pesticides.
Various technical conditions in rice cultivation at activity sites with the problem of rice stemborer attack require appropriate handling, one of which is to choose rice planting that is resistant to stemborer attack.According to [19] states that handling in the form of countermeasures against rice stemborer attacks can be carried out starting from seeds in nurseries to flowering plants/panicles.In this time span requires more careful observation, so that handling can be done earlier.

Conclusion
The application of ICM using NSV with a 2:1 legowo cropping system can increase agronomic performance and crop yield components.The application of ICM using NSV, the Legowo 2:1 planting method is one way to increase rice production.The use of NSV can increase the average productivity

Table 2 .
The number of productive tillers produced byInpari 32and Inpari 33 was more and significantly different than the Ciherang variety, namely 27.80 stems and 29.0 stems per clump compared to 16.60 stems (table 2).Agronomic components of several rice varieties on KUAT subak Guama, Numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different Tukey test level of 95%.While the productive tillers produced by Inpari 16 were fewer and not significantly different from Ciherang, namely 19.7 stems per clump compared to 16.60 stems per clump.The number of productive tillers per clump is also influenced by several genes contained, environmental factors, and biotic factors which functionally contribute to hormonal, genetic control, plant growth and development [29; 30].According to Reference [23; 31; 24], the ability of Inpari 32 and Inpari 33 to produce productive tillers can be categorized as highly capable because they produce productive tillers reaching 27.8 stems and 29.0 stems per clump.According to [30; 29; 22] state that the number of tillers of a variety is thought to be influenced by internal factors which include plant genetic characteristics and external factors, namely environmental factors such as climate, soil and biotic factors.Meanwhile, according to 4

Table 3 .
Components of yields production and yields on KUAT subak Guama, Numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different from the Tukey test level of 95%.

Table 4 .
Correlation/relationship between yields and yields components on KUAT subak Guama, Selanbawak village, Marga sub-district, Tabanan district.2021 Number of productive, PL = Panicle length, NFG = Number of filled grain, NTG = Number of total filled grain/panicle

Table 7 .
Development of stem borer attack levels in the vegetative phase "sundep" and the generative phase 'beluk' on several NSV rice.KUAT subak Guama, Selanbawak village,