Mining tourism as a guarantee of sustainable development of industrial regions (on the example of Kryvyi Rih region)

Sustainable tourism is fundamentally about preserving and enhancing natural, historical, or cultural heritage, as well as promoting activities related to local identity and history. For mining regions, one of the ways to diversify their economies on a sustainable basis is to develop the tourism sector. The development of niche forms of tourism, which are fully focused on the resources of the industrial area, helps to supplement and diversify the tourist offer in these regions, including industrial tourism and one of its areas - mining tourism. The objective of the study is to reveal the importance of sustainable development for an old industrial region, using Kryvyi Rih as an example, by intensifying tourism activities that would maximize the social, economic, cultural, and environmental benefits of tourism. The research is based on the dialectical method of cognition and a systematic approach. The research was carried out on the basis of parallel use of theoretical (comparative analysis, abstraction, specification and generalization) and empirical methods (expeditionary methods, observations, the method of field visual inspections, content analysis, etc.) As a result of the study, approaches to the concept of “mining tourism” were structured, and the key objects of interest of consumers of this tourist destination were identified. Global trends in the transformation of industrial areas for the needs of mining tourism were analyzed. The information on mining facilities in Kryvyi Rih is systematized and their suitability for the tourism sector is diagnosed. Based on the diagnostics, the use of various mining facilities in thematic tour programs is proposed, which is confirmed by the results of practical tourism activities.


Introduction
For a long time there have been discussions in various scientific sources about the interpretation of the term "sustainable development" and its understanding in order to direct the further harmonious development of the triune global system "nature-economy-society".In general, the understanding that further development of society on the planet will be limited by the irrational use of natural conditions and resources led to the emergence of the paradigm of sustainable development in the 1970s.The UN is the leading organization aimed at ensuring of the implementation of the paradigm itself and the achievement of its goals at the global level.The regional and local levels are implemented at the level of individual regions and countries of the world.Since "sustainable development" should ensure the rational use of natural conditions and resources, the attention is usually paid to its ecological essence.Therefore, in the vast majority of sources sustainable development is defined as the development that enables to meet the needs of current generations and leaves the opportunity for future generations to meet their needs.This is the balanced development of the country and regions, where economic growth, material production and consumption, as well as other types of social activities take place within the limits determined by the ability of ecosystems to recover, absorb pollution and support the livelihoods of current and future generations.The key tasks of sustainable development are determined by the following: restoration and further preservation of natural ecosystems and their ability to self-reproduce in the required volume on the required area; ensuring anticipatory solution of the problem at the same time: economic, social, demographic and spiritual development.
In order to ensure sustainable development and control the indicators of the implementation of the paradigm for a specific time period, the Law on the Strategy of Sustainable Development until 2030 was adopted in Ukraine.The concept is based on the 17 global Sustainable Development Goals adopted at the UN Sustainable Development Summit.In particular, the following important provisions are defined in the strategy: as a result of the dominance of resource-and energy-intensive industries and technologies over many years, the raw material orientation of exports and the excessive concentration of production in industrial regions, such a structure of development management was formed, which is generally inefficient and environmentally dangerous; the level of economic development and welfare of the population does not correspond to the natural, scientific and technical, agrarian and industrial potential of Ukraine and the qualification and educational level of the population, socio-historical and cultural traditions of Ukrainian people; Ukraine has international obligations regarding sustainable development, defined by UN strategic documents; the basis for the implementation of innovative transformations in Ukraine in the direction of sustainable development is the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, etc. [1].
Tourism is a part of the economic system that has been developing most actively in recent years; even the COVID-19 pandemic, which had a negative impact on international tourism in general, on the other hand stimulated the development of domestic tourism within countries (especially in Ukraine).In this sense, tourism, like any other branch of the economy, performs a dual role: on one hand, it provides income and stimulates the development of individual territories, on the other hand, it brings a significant imbalance to the development of ecosystems (due to seasonal population growth, in particular, the volume of the use of local resources, more household waste is produced, pollution of all components of ecosystems increases, as production volumes of all industries increase).
Thus, it is quite fair to apply the concept of sustainable development to tourism as well.The term "sustainable tourism" is widely known.UNWTO defined sustainable tourism as "tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, meeting the needs of visitors, industry, the environment and host communities" [2].
According to UNWTO, several conditions must be met for sustainable tourism: rational use of environmental resources and conditions and preservation of natural heritage and biodiversity; tolerant and careful attitude towards authentic host communities; provision of long-term economic development programs taking into account socio-economic benefits for all stakeholders (both tourists and local residents, tourism organizers).UNWTO and UNEP have specified these provisions and defined 12 goals for sustainable tourism.
A rational approach to the use of natural resources is possible when we understand the finitude of these resources (bright examples of post-industrial cities and towns are ghost towns scattered around the world, where life has recently been raging).Over time, the mining areas remain devoid of economic prospects for development and, in fact, are ecologically unpromising and unattractive for development.However, the development of mining tourism using the existing industry (dumps, quarries, mines, reservoirs) and objects of industrial heritage (used quarries and reservoirs in them, abandoned mines and backfills, old mines and tunnels) is an important economic, environmental incentive for the prospective development of mining areas, allows to diversify the economy.In fact, tourism within mining areas is an important tool that, in addition to reducing environmental hazards, can help to preserve heritage and bring the economic revitalization to surrounding areas.

Literature review
Mining regions are territories with different spatial coverage, which were formed as a result of the extraction of minerals from the bowels of the earth, thus they are territorially tied to deposits of mineral raw materials or entire basins.Mining regions are formed as a result of close interaction of the processes of human activity with the use of technical means and natural processes inherent in a specific natural zone.As a result of such a complex genesis, mining regions are characterized by a significant imbalance of development; they are characterized by not just the manifestation of natural processes and phenomena, but new ones, which are defined in the literature as accompanying, natural-anthropogenic, anthropogenic, natural-technogenic, posttechnogenic processes.According to H. Denysyk and H. Zadorozhnya: "The mining landscape itself is under the influence of exogenous and to some extent endogenous natural processes (modern and neotectonic movements of the earth's crust).The totality of the action of human industrial activity and natural processes generate processes that are layered on the created mining-industrial complex" [3].
A number of works are devoted to the study of the problem of sustainable tourism in industrial and mining regions.Leonard [4] raise the acute issue of creating an economically profitable industrial facility in one of the tourist attractive regions of South Africa (opening of a mining enterprise) or an alternative option of creating a tourist facility (a facility world heritage Mapungubwe, Limpopo), focusing on greater perspective and ensuring sustainable development of the second [4,5].
The work of Jonsen-Verbeke [6] is of interest and dedicated to the creation of sustainable tourism enterprises based on former industrial and mining areas.It is in this aspect that this study points to the relevance of the scientific search of the authors of this article, since the authors consider the development of mining tourism in the territory of Kryvyi Rih as a promising economic stable way for further development of an industrial city, taking into account all the requirements of sustainable tourism.Herdiansyah et al analyses possible options for the further use of post-industrial areas, one of which is ecological tourism, since it is most aimed at achieving the goals of sustainable development of heavily changed, damaged areas of the ecosystems of mining areas [7].
Ilkovičová and Ilkovič consider the possibilities of combining industrial tourism with educational and ecological ways of creating mining educational trails, entire geoparks in the territories of mineral extraction (for example, in Slovakia, Spiš, Gemer, a well-known area around Banská Štiavnica) [8].According to the authors, this approach will make it possible to keep the economic development of post-industrial areas stable and restore their ecological potential (with the use of reclamation and revitalization means).
First of all, the studies, focused on the need to preserve industrial, including mining heritage, began to appear in the scientific literature.The issue of including mustard objects in tourist activities began to be raised much later.Accordingly, it can be noted that a number of scientific approaches have been formed regarding the interpretation of the concept of mining tourism and its combination with certain types of tourism.
There is a cohort of scientists who interpret mining tourism exclusively through the lens of heritage.In particular, Różycki and Dryglas note that mining and tourism activity are growing side by side in different regions around the world [9].Some of the mines are closed after the end of operation.This creates an opportunity for the development of mining tourism [10].In our opinion, this interpretation somewhat narrows the essence of mining tourism exclusively to its consideration through the prism of heritage.Quite a large number of scientists from different countries of the world use the concept of mining heritage tourism directly in their research, but the study of Cole [11] is considered one of the pioneers, in particular, he considered the transformation of reserve areas of coal mines into objects of industrial heritage in accordance with the goals of sustainable development.We will undertake research into the sustainability of UK mining heritage sites as viable tourism businesses, using the results of the UK Mining Heritage Survey conducted in 2002 [11].
Edwards and Llurdés i Coit examine the importance and perception of mines and quarries in the article "Mines and quarries: Industrial heritage tourism" as foci for industrial heritage tourism and its expansion during the last decades [12].
Jelen considers mining tourism as one of the forms of conservation, interpretation of mining heritage and its transmission to the next generation.At the same time, he emphasizes that "It is also important to find a balance between all the functions of heritage, and not to focus on only some of them for the needs of tourism.Mining heritage may meet the needs of tourism, but it should not be subordinated to these needs and created solely for the purpose of generating income" [13].
Mining tourism can be seen as an important process that helps both to interpret the mining heritage and to serve as a further source of employment and business activity after mining has ended.It is valued as a driving force that may stimulate the economic potential of mining heritage and contribute to its preservation in a form that is able to generate income [14].
In many studies, mining tourism is considered as a component of geotourism.In particular, numerous studies assess the potential of mining sites or regions for the development of geotourism [5,7,12,[15][16][17].
Slovak scientists led by Rybár carried out a significant fundamental work on revealing the structure and features of this tourist destination [18,19].Thus, Rybár and Štrba [19] define mining tourism as a form of tourism for both specialists and general public (laics) allowing visitors, via on-site visits of mines, museums, and cultural-historical monuments related to mining activity and life of miners, and ex-site visits of museums with mining expositions, to feel a bond with one of the oldest human activities -raw material extraction, situated and developed mostly in underground over centuries and connecting the visitor with his/her ancestors [20].In general, analysing the relationship between mining tourism, industrial tourism and geotourism, these scientists come to the conclusion that "mining tourism should be recognized as an equivalent form of tourism, compared to geotourism and industrial tourism".
There is a group of scientists who see mining tourism in the structure of industrial tourism.In particular, Schejbal considers mining tourism a type of industrial tourism that aims to trace the development of mining disciplines and their practical impact on the history of human society [21].At the same time, the scientist notes that the theoretical basis of mining tourism is the most problematic.The reason is that it is a complex transdisciplinary branch of science that uses earth sciences, related technical disciplines and socio-economic disciplines.Caamaño-Franco and M. Suárez though studying the planning of industrial mining heritage as a tourist attraction, but also consider it in the context of industrial tourism [22].
In recent years, the studies have increasingly used the term "post-mining tourism" [5,20,23], which provides for the organization of tourist activities in territories where the active process of mineral extraction has been terminated.Indeed, reimagining post-mining spaces and turning them into tourist spaces has proven to be a successful strategy for mining regions.
Numerous studies devoted to the formation of mining tourism in various geographical locations testify to the importance and relevance of this direction for mining regions.In particular, such locations are Kiruna, Pajala and Jokkmokk in Sweden [24], Las Médulas [22] and Andalusia (Linares, Alquife, Seron and Villanueva del Río y Minas) in Spain [25], Northern Australia [26], Lota y Coronel territory in Chile [27], Ouro Preto, Chapada Diamantina, Ametista do Sul, Currais Novos and Itu in Brasil [28], Upper Silesia in Poland and Czech-Moravian country in the Czech Republic [6], Nor-Pas-de Calais in northern France [29] and many others.Similar examples of the creation of projects or already implemented ideas of sustainable tourism within mining territories are abundant in various regions of the world.

Methodology
The research is based on the dialectical method of cognition and a systematic approach.The research was carried out on the basis of parallel use of theoretical and empirical methods.Theoretical research was carried out using the methods of comparative analysis, abstraction, specification and generalization.The method of content analysis was used in the study of archival documents on the development of mining in Kryvyi Rih basin, various project documentation of operating industrial facilities, international documents on preservation of industrial heritage, and successful foreign examples of successful establishment of mining tourism.
The empirical component of the study included the following stages: 1. Analysis of the terrain.In the course of numerous expeditions to the area during the years 2004-2021, photo-fixation was carried out and the remains of industrial heritage objects were studied, which gave grounds for asserting the presence of tourist potential of these objects.

Preparation of recommendations regarding the preservation of industrial, including
mining, heritage and its use in tourism.In the current period, since 2013, the city has adopted a program for development of industrial tourism, in which implementation the authors of the study were actively involved.3. Approbation.Since 2013, the authors of the study have prepared a number of highly specialized excursions on mining topics, as well as complex tours to the city on industrial topics in general.This made it possible to visually assess the impressions of tourists from each visited object, as well as to analyse the objects not only from the standpoint of scientific, in particular, historical and geological value, but also in terms of their tourist attractiveness and safety for tourist activities.4. Selection of the most attractive mining objects for tourism.The development of comprehensive tours of the mining theme in the city of Kryvyi Rih involved the selection of key objects and their prioritization.For this purpose, criteria for the selection of objects were formed, on which basis the most attractive objects for visiting, able to satisfy the aesthetic and cognitive needs of potential tourists, were chosen.For each of the types of mining objects (quarries, dumps, sinkholes, etc.), diagnostics was applied, which included an analysis of the positive and negative aspects for tourist activity.The application of these diagnostics enabled to select the most suitable tour programs for a certain thematic from the entire cohort of available objects. 5. Offers for mining tourism.The significance of mining tourism as an important direction of industrial tourism, which development has been supported in the city since 2013 at the municipal level, is substantiated; a mining-themed route has been developed; recommendations have been made on adaptation of mining facilities for visiting and the activation of tourist activities in their environment.
The use of this methodological apparatus is aimed at rethinking the tourist potential of the region in view of the significance of not only the objects that can arouse the interest of tourists, but also the importance of the mining activity of the industrial region itself.

Securing informed consent for image utilization
The images featuring individuals in this research were captured by the authors of this study, primarily Volodymyr Kazakov and Viktoriia Patsiuk.Both authors are certified tour guides affiliated with the All-Ukrainian Association of Guides (Civic Union "Ukrainian Tourist Guides Association"), an organization that holds partnerships with esteemed entities such as the World Federation of Tourist Guide Associations and the European Federation of Tourist Guide Associations.
The authors strictly adhere to global standards for personal data protection and respect for individual privacy.Before initiating any tour, explicit consent is obtained from participants for their photographs to be taken.Participants are informed that these images may be utilized for scientific, educational, or promotional purposes.Individuals who prefer not to be photographed are respectfully excluded from the images.
In line with the journal's policy on publishing identifiable individual data (https: //publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/ethical-policy-journals/),we have meticulously followed a robust procedure to secure informed consent from all individuals whose images are featured in this article.This section provides a detailed account of our methodology to ensure full compliance with ethical guidelines and the journal's stipulations regarding image use.6 and 8 are identified as containing identifiable human subjects.These individuals represent a diverse group, including research study participants and other relevant persons whose images are included.2. Contact and consent: We proactively reached out to each of the 12 identifiable individuals included in our manuscript.Our communication encompassed a thorough explanation of why their images were being included in this article, addressing any queries or concerns they might have had about the publication.3. Documentation: To ensure transparency and compliance, we meticulously documented all instances of consent obtained.For each individual, we maintained a record of the consent form, which included their explicit agreement for their images to be used in this article.4. Awareness of intended publication: We confirmed with each identifiable individual that they were fully cognizant of the intended publication of their images in this manuscript.We ensured that they understood the context in which their images would be used and the potential for a broad readership.5. Ethical considerations: Throughout this process, we remained committed to adhering to ethical guidelines and regulations governing the use of images in research publications.Our primary objective was to respect the privacy and dignity of all individuals featured in our article.

Identification of individuals: Figures
Additionally, we would like to express our gratitude to Dmytro Antonov for his consent to publish a photograph taken by him.

Results
Usually, mining, mining-industrial, post-mining-industrial regions are perceived as territories with an extremely tense ecological situation, severely disturbed landscapes (badlands), as unattractive for life, for development of various types of economic activity and tourism as well.However, using the concept and goals of sustainable development, it is possible to change such a sharply negative perception, due to the active involvement of such regions in various types of industrial tourism.For example, if several new forms of anthropogenic relief were created within a certain natural landscape as a result of mining (for example, a quarry, dump, sump), this leads to the appearance of new types of landscapes, and usually contributes to an increase in the contrast of the environment, and in future, the growth of its attractiveness, the possibility of many options for further development.
Mining regions that combine operating industrial enterprises, objects of industrial heritage, and post-industrial objects within their territory essentially have a whole range of options for prospective sustainable development.One of these options is mining tourism, with means of which it is possible to attract numerous tourists to mining areas.
Having analysed the existing approaches to the interpretation of the concept of mining tourism, we believe this tourist direction does not belong to the structure of geotourism, since in our understanding geotourism is aimed at studying and visiting mainly natural objects.Although, indeed, quite often geotourism and mining tourism have a common object to visit (exposure of mineral deposits, rocks exposed in mines, etc.).At the same time, when the concept of mining or industrial heritage tourism is used, the attention is focused only on heritage objects.A similar situation is with postmining tourism, where the emphasis makes on visiting transformed objects, so these subspecies absolutely exclude the production component.However, the objects of active industry are working mines, functioning mining and beneficiation plants definitely are and can be objects of mining tourism.Therefore, we defend the opinion that mining tourism is an autonomous direction that is a part of the structure of industrial tourism, which combines heritage objects, active industry and regenerated production objects.
As Rybár and Hronček claim, a mining tourist is particularly interested in [18]: • mining traditions, • unique machinery, • modern mining technology, • illegal visits of underground mines (adrenaline, adventure, illegal collection (robbery)), • special events in the underground (weddings, concerts, masses, celebrations), • sports activities (adrenaline sports: rock climbing, motocross, mountain biking, underground collective sports: football, table tennis), • recreation and wellness (recultivated mining works after surface mining: swimming, sunbathing, walking, in modified spaces of underground mines: health stay rehabilitation (resting, sleeping) in the unique conditions of some types of rocks, jogging, Nordic walking, • geology, mineralogy, paleontology, collecting, ecology, and biology, unique fauna moreover, flora occurring during and after the mining activity as well as in the recultivated area, • free time activities utilizing vast spaces (mostly connected to surface mining -tank driving (!), paintball, cross golf), • other.
Ukraine has a significant potential for development of mining tourism, where work on extraction of various minerals was and is being actively conducted.Kryvyi Rih is a city with the largest range of mining facilities and landscapes.This is due to [30]: • 8 main and 37 auxiliary iron ore mines here; • 9 operating quarries, 8 of which are iron ore and 1 is a granite quarry; • 39 completed quarries; • 85 dumps; • 26 failure zones and displacement zones in mine fields of underground mines; • 15 sludge storage facilities of mines and mining and beneficiation plants; • 34 speleological objects: 12 open shafts of mines (one lignite and the rest iron ore), 3 shafts (the old mine "Chervonyi Hirnyk", the old mine of Kolachevskyi, the collapsed mine "K-D-1"), 11 tunnels (Kochubeyivskyi, Rakhmanivskyi, Pokrovskyi, etc.), 2 underground workings (at the old Kochubeyivskyi mine), 1 shaft (Northern ventilation mine), 2 downhole shafts of Kozatska mine, 3 gesenks of rising workings (in the ceiling of the shaft of the old Northern ventilation mine and on the sides of the bottom shaft of the mine "K-D-1"); The presence of the listed objects is a powerful resource base for the development of industrial tourism in general and mining tourism in particular.In 2013, the city adopted the Industrial Tourism Development Program for 2013-2015 [31], which was subsequently extended until 2020 and then until 2024 inclusive [32].After that, active work started to transform an exclusively industrial city into a tourist destination.
However, expeditionary studies of the mining heritage and landscapes of the city took place long before the adoption of the program.Back in 2004, local history work on the study of these objects was initiated by the geographer Volodymyr L. Kazakov, who was joined by his colleagues and students.This made it possible to create a register of mining objects in Kryvyi Rih.With this, the work on development of tourist activities at mining facilities started.One of the directions of this work was a detailed study of mining sites, analysis of their tourist potential and creation of excursion routes.The preparation of these routes and their implementation for both citizens and city guests made it possible to determine the list of the most attractive objects in a practical way that are able to stimulate tourists to come to Kryvyi Rih.
The following were the criteria for selecting objects for their inclusion in the tour programs: • uniqueness and feature of the object; • significant morphometric parameters; • the historical significance of both the phenomenon of industrial heritage and from the point of view of the introduction of innovative technologies at these objects in a certain period of time; • the possibility of access to the object (convenience of entrances and approaches, the possibility of entering without various agreements with enterprises); • the object illustrates the processes of natural renaturalization and reclamation; • the object is a part of the cultural landscape of this region and has an aesthetic appeal.
The existing criteria made it possible to determine the key ones for tourists to visit from the entire list of objects.As experience and communication with tourists show, working quarries and mines arouse the greatest interest among visitors.And if the quarries were visited on a permanent basis, and the open pit of Southern Mining-and-Processing Plant was generally considered the most iconic industrial monument of the city, which is included in the ERIH network [33], then the visits to the mines took place very fragmentarily.Although the Kryvyi Rih mines are the deepest mines in Europe ("Yuvileyna", -1720; "Ternivska", -1620, "Kozatska", -1615), and their headframes are figuratively called "Kryvyi Rih Eiffel Towers" (figure 1).The headframes of some mines have a height of 102-108 metres [34].
Currently, the programs of tours by functioning mining facilities most often include the open pits of JSC "Southern Mining-and-Processing Plant" or Hannivskyi open pit of PJSC "Northern Mining-and-Processing Plant" (figure 2).
Regarding mining complexes, most tourists prefer to go down to the depths of the earth, but it is very difficult to agree on safety issues with enterprises.Visiting surface mining complexes with a climb to the top of pitheads looks more promising in the tourist context.Among the working facilities, the "Yuvileyna" and "Kryvorizka" mines have the best opportunities for this.
The advantages and disadvantages of each of the working objects are presented in the table.Since there is a large number of mining facilities in the city, it was decided to focus on the Hannivsky open pit of the PJSC "Northern Mining-and-Processing Plant" • the possibility of free access; • considerable length -5.8 km; • located in the remote northern part of the city; • there is no equipped indoor area for visiting; • lack of toilets Mines "Yuvileyna" Mine • one of the highest headframe in the city with a height of 108 metres; • most of the lifting is carried out in the elevator; • a wonderful panorama of the northern part of the city; • the need to coordinate a visit to the facility with the management of the enterprise; • location in the relatively remote northern part of the city "Kryvorizka" mine • one of the highest headframe in the city with a height of 102 metres; • ascent is carried out in an elevator; • a wonderful panorama of the central part of the city; • located close to the administrative centre of the city • the need to coordinate a visit to the facility with the management of the enterprise two main facilities, which are the most represented in excursion programs, when analysing the advantages and disadvantages.At the same time, the attention was focused precisely on the existing positive and negative features.The topic of military influence was not raised, as we believe it will be necessary to make a separate study after the end of hostilities.
In addition to the objects of the active mining industry, tour programs in Kryvyi Rih include abandoned mining objects that have formed various man-made landscapes -flooded quarries, dumps, failure zones and other specific objects.These objects are freely accessible for tourists, and some of them could be an excellent springboard for the implementation of various revitalization projects.The advantages and disadvantages of each of these objects are also presented in the table 2.
Some of these objects are shown in the figure 3.
In addition to operating mining facilities and various landscapes, tour programs include auxiliary facilities: • Open-air museums of mining equipment of PJSC "Northern Mining-and-Processing Plant" (figure 4) and the Mining Department of PJSC "ArcelorMittal Kryviy Rih", where a variety of mining equipment is presented: dump trucks, belt conveyors, magnetic separators, etc.Both of these facilities are included in the ERIH network; • Museums of labour glory of mining-and-processing plants: Inguletskyi, Southern, Central and Northern ones (figure 5).They reveal the history of the creation and development of ).Mining horizons are simulated here, where samples of real equipment operated at the enterprise are located, as well as a camera for the temporary stay of miners in case of emergency situations (figure 6); • 3D video gallery, the object is indirectly related to mining tourism, as it is located in Europe's largest flower clock.And it is here that they show films in 3D format about the history of the city, which is directly related to the formation of the mining industry.to the facility • an organized celebration of the New Year was held at the object for several years in a row; • lack of equipped approach to the object; • the ascent is stony and quite steep; • lack of small infrastructure facilities (toilets, garbage cans, information signs)  • available weather conditions;

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• by which means of transport and where the group is coming from and where it goes next; • age of tourists; • specific requests from tourists.
Based on this, a matrix was created for the inclusion of certain mining objects in tour programs (table 3).
The location of these objects within the city of Kryvyi Rih is shown on the map (figure 7).

Conclusions
The development of mining tourism in Kryvyi Rih has all the resource possibilities, but the presence of a powerful resource is not a guarantee of effective tourism.Before this resource is consolidated into a quality tourist product, it must be brought to the proper level.For this, we offer the concept of 3R -reclamation -revitalization -rethinking.Reclamation.Its goal is to restore the productivity of areas disturbed by the mining industry and return them to different uses.This involves carrying out a complex of engineering, mining, reclamation, agricultural and forestry works.Restoration of lands disturbed by mining operations is a complex process of landscape regeneration and is carried out in several stages: • preparatory, on which mining spaces are studied and typified and, due to their specificity, promising opportunities for their economic use are determined; • the stage of mining reclamation is the engineering preparation of the territory for various types of further reclamation, and includes: surface planning; creation of slopes of optimal structure and parameters; regulation of the water regime; various amelioration measures; construction of access roads and other structures; • the stage of biological reclamation and the transition to the targeted use of mining spaces, aimed at the final restoration of fertility and biological productivity of disturbed lands, the implementation of forests and meadow plantations, the arrangement of the infrastructure of the planned space.
The reclamation of mining spaces and their involvement in the tourism sphere should be adjusted by knowledge about the structure, properties and technology of operation of a specific object and all possible directions of improvement or rational changes in its condition.Therefore, for each landscape, its own development and optimization trend is recommended.Thus, for example, the mining landscapes of the Oktyabrskyi granite quarry and dump, due to long-term self-development and spontaneous recreation, do not require special methods of reclamation, it is enough only to control the volume of water inflows, the ecological quality of the water body and cultivate the spaces, create tourist infrastructure.At the same time, relatively chaotic reclamation is taking place at the landfills of the city, especially at Petrivskyi, by local residents.
Revitalization is a process aimed at the complex transformation of depressed industrial facilities and territories for their functional reformation in order to improve the social living conditions of the population.In Kryvyi Rih in 2019 "Urban hackathon" took place, within which framework the prospects of five industrial facilities of the city were discussed.Four of these mining-related objects are: the "Artem-2" mine, premises and pithead of the mine "Ventylyatsiyna-3", the premises of the former Lenin Mining Administration, and Burshchytskyi dump.
Expert groups prepared options for the revitalization of these objects.On the site of the former management office of the Lenin mine it is proposed to create a youth centre, on which roof it is planned to create an observatory with a relaxation area.Four floors of the building can be thematic ones, where there will be rooms for work and rest, an art hub, a hostel, a multifunctional centre, a thematic museum with the involvement of moving and interactive elements, exhibition halls, etc.Another option was to create a social centre "InTerny" on the basis of this building.The task of the centre is to help the most affected categories of the population.
On the territory of the mine "Ventylyatsiyna-3" it is proposed to create an active leisure centre "StreetTown".The buildings offer the following locations: an administrative zone, a food zone, a sanitary zone, an indoor skate park, a trampoline, dance floors.It is also planned to place speleological training locations in the mine shafts and a climbing wall on the wall of one of the buildings.Near the buildings a small parking lot, a skate park, a bicycle area and a fountain with iron fish as a symbol of the iron ore basin are planned to be created [34].
On the territory of Burshchytskyi dump, the creation of a landscape-industrial park "Vidval" is proposed.The peculiarity of this project is the zoning of the territory into several blocks: 1) sports -since the Ingulets river is nearby, it is planned to equip a zone for riding on water vehicles, as well as to set aside a zone for dirt track and a motorcycle track; 2) recreational -it is planned to lay eco-trails on the slopes of the dump; 3) infrastructural -here it is planned to arrange entrances and parking lots, allocate the territory for a camping site, as well as create a food and picnic area; 4) animated -it is planned to create the inscription "Crooked Horn" on the top of the dump, to organize a park of thematic gabions nearby, and also to conduct a cableway across the Ingulets river to the nearby dump.
The territory of the "Artem-2" mine is the most promising for revitalization.It is proposed to create a multifunctional park of industrial culture (PIK) "Shakhta".The main attraction of the object should be the inclined shaft, which will be used to descend to the mine.On the walls of the shaft it is proposed to create a historical engraving of the development of metallurgy in the city.It is proposed to create a museum of mining equipment in the premises of the mothballed mine.Other premises can be classified as small laboratories and workshops with master classes.In the surrounding area, it is proposed to create an open-air museum of mining equipment, as well as a sports sector with existing playgrounds, courts, a climbing wall, etc. [34].
In addition, in Kryvyi Rih there are also significant prospects for revitalization of the "Higant-Hlyboka" mine pit, which offers a wonderful panorama of the city, the "Pobeda" mine, the flooded Oktyabrskyi and Karachunivskyi granite quarries, as well as Vizyrka landscape reserve, which was created on the basis of 3 exhausted iron ore quarries.On the territory of each of these objects, it is possible to create landscape and industrial park areas, expanding the range of possible areas of recreation and provision of services.
Rethinking.The organization of innovative tourist activities for old industrial regions requires a radical rethinking not only of the resource potential of the territory, but also of methods and approaches to conducting economic (including pure tourist) activities in these regions and realizing the need for total diversification of the economy of these territories not only from the point of view of branching out their production structure, namely due to the growth of the segment of the sphere of services and creative industries.
It is necessary to radically change the perspective of the assessment of mining objects, that is, to perceive the mining heritage not only as an echo of the past, and functioning mining enterprises -not only as a raw material appendage, but to realize that both the heritage and the operating industry have a significant potential for educational and cognitive direction.
It is the revaluation of directions for the use of mining objects and landscapes that is an important factor not only in the development of the tourism potential of mining territories, but also in raising the level of the industrial culture of the population.All this will generally have a significant positive economic, social and humanitarian effect.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The panorama of mining landscapes and mine's dills in Kryvyi Rih (photographed by Volodymyr L. Kazakov from the headframe of the Hihant-Hlyboka mine).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Different types of mining landscapes in Kryvyi Rih (photographed by Volodymyr L. Kazakov (a, b, d) and D. Antonov (c)): a) Karachunivskyi flooded granite quarry; b) the panorama of man-made landscapes from the Burshchytsky dump; c) the failure zone near the Ordzhonikidze mine; d) Kryvyi Rih Grand Canyon.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Open-air museum of mining equipment of PJSC "Northern Mining-and-Processing Plant" (photographed by Volodymyr V. Kazakov).

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Lithuanian students during an excursion to the Training and Course Centre of Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Plant (photographed by Viktoriia S. Patsiuk).

Figure 7 . 20 Figure 8 .
Figure 7. Map of Kryvyi Rih mining sites included in the tour programmes.

Table 1 .
Analysis of existing suitability for tourism of functioning mining facilities.

Table 2 :
Analysis of existing suitability for tourism of mining landscapes.

Table 3 .
Matrix for including mining objects in tour programs.