Land resource management system in the sustainable development context: scientific and practical approaches

One of the main domestic and foreign policy principles of Ukraine is the preservation of the environment and its components, which is vital for the human existence, his current and future generations. It was found that the amount of land resources available at our disposal is limited, therefore it requires sustainable management. This calls for recognition of raising awareness importance of the rate at which humans are depleting and destroying land resources. This formed a new paradigm about the role and importance of land management and land use. The purpose of the study is to identify the factors that have the greatest impact on the spread of soil degradation and pollution, and to identify priority environmental measures in the land management system, specifically offers for land conservation, reduced land areas with the use of pesticides and agrochemicals, which would improve the state of agro and ecosystems, would create conditions for the restoration of biodiversity in the agro sphere, would contribute to the prevention of soil degradation and contamination by chemical substances. Implementation of the provided measures is aimed at improving the quality of the natural environment and human living conditions. The indicators dependence of agricultural land use and production intensification factors was revealed through economic and mathematical modeling.


Introduction
Land resources are the main component of Ukraine's natural resource potential.Therefore, the concentration of large tracts of land in different types of landowners and land users can become a factor that will cause changes in the nature of use in the country and its regions, affect their social and economic development and the environment condition.The nature of land resources usage affects almost all spheres of social and economic regional development of different levels, in particular territorial communities, the condition and quality of agricultural lands, determines the nature of anthropogenic impact on the environment.By endorsing the Sustainable Development Goals, the global community, including Ukraine, reaffirmed its commitment to sustainable and inclusive economic growth, social inclusion, environmental protection and the development of peaceful, just and inclusive societies through a new global partnership.The result of this work was the national SDG (Sustainable Development Goals) system of the Central Development System, which consists of national development tasks with corresponding indicators [1].All these goals can still be achieved.As the UN Secretary-General's report states: "The choices we IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1254/1/012129 2 make or don't make today can lead to further destruction or breakthroughs to a greener, better and safer future".[2].
Implementation of sustainable development principles requires the formation of development directions strategic vision based on a new philosophy of thinking and new aspects of political activity.The transition to the principles of sustainable development will require comprehensive structural changes in the management of land resources.That is, the management of land resources is key to achieving the goals of sustainable development, ensuring food security, jobs and income in the long term.In this paradigm, the concept of sustainable management of land resources appeared, which means the use of land resources, including soil, water, animals and plants, for the production of goods to meet changing human needs while simultaneously ensuring the long-term productive potential of these resources and preserving their ecological functions.Increasing investments in sustainable management of land resources can significantly contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals Goal 1 (overcoming poverty in all its manifestations), Goal 2 (overcoming hunger, achieving food security, promoting the balanced development of agriculture), Goal 6 (ensuring accessibility and balanced use water resources), Goal 13 (fighting climate change and its consequences) and Goal 15 (ensuring the protection and restoration of terrestrial ecosystems and promoting their balanced use; implementing balanced forest management; fighting desertification; stopping the process of land degradation and starting their restoration and halting the loss of biodiversity).Thus, ensuring the continued integration of sustainable land management into all state and local programs is a safe investment that ensures better sustainability for all, not only in the country, but in a land-degradationneutral world.
Effective management of land resources is one of the most important conditions for the development of the state and territorial communities in Ukraine.Over the past decades, almost all issues important for the sustainable development of land relations have been regulated at the legislative level: maintaining a land cadastre, registering rights to real estate, carrying out land management and land valuation [3].

Literature review
Problematic aspects of ecological character in the system of land resources management in the sustainable development context, features of rational nature management in the field of agriculture are studied by number of authors [4][5][6][7][8][9][10].
Koshkalda et al [5] considered aspects regarding by the need to solve the research and technical problem of providing information support for the assessment of the state of land resource mapping and their management using modern geoinformation technologies, the development and optimization of interconnected algorithms and programs.Used an integrated land cover classification method targeting low-accuracy regions on large-scale maps.Lowaccuracy areas can be detected by estimating the accuracy of the data with a moderate resolution spectroradiometer.This method optimizes the entire classification process, including image selection, as well as the classification algorithm and features.An optimal algorithm of classification and features for various regions with low accuracy is proposed, which can be used in the process of regulation and management of land relations.
Tretiak et al [8] claims that today in Ukraine, land (in the form of land use) is not considered at the government level as a terrestrial biologically productive system, which includes soil, vegetation, other biomass, as well as ecological and hydrological processes that occur within this system.According to this the state and quality of land use is not associated with a complex of security threats to human life.Dombrovska et al [11] considered Remote Earth Sensing, which makes it possible to obtain data on dangerous, hard-to-reach objects and places, and also allows for operational monitoring of large areas of the terrain.The use of modern methods of obtaining data from remote sensing of the earth has significantly expanded the horizons of using such data, their analysis, interpretation and modelling of a wide range of natural processes and human activities.Today, the possibilities of obtaining remote sensing data of the Earth by modern methods, both space and UAV, channel combinations, image visualization indices in combination with geoinformation technologies solve some scientific, practical and economic problems that are already used in industry cadastres.
One of the ecological economy founders, Herman Daly, claims that the human-made economy is "embedded" in the ecological global system.Quality indicators of the environment are determined by the quality of atmospheric air, the quality of agricultural land, the quality of surface water and the quality of biotic resources [12].
Scientific views on the sustainable management system of land resources and soil fertility are actively covered in foreign publications.
Lecarte and Negre [13] provides an overview of the effect of the decline in the number of farms across the EU on the European farming model (EFM), which is built around the notion of multifunctionality and provision of public goods by agriculture.It concludes that in order to foster sustainability and resilience, the EFM and policy tools must embrace the emerging diversity of farmer profiles and stimulate socially desirable adaptive strategies that preserve the multifunctionality of farming.
Rosário et al [14] presents a systematic literature review focused on the use of sociopsychological determinants to understand the adoption of sustainable agriculture innovations, combining conventional bibliometric analysis with the method of vote-count.This method enabled an evaluation of the ability of the determinants considered by the models, as well as respective sociopsychological constructs, to explain the innovation adoption.Our results show a significant growth in the research employing theory and models built on sociopsychological factors to understand the decision-making processes undertaken by farmers in the context of the adoption of sustainable agriculture innovations.The development of statistical models and techniques, such as the structural equation model (SEM), has facilitated the inclusion of a growing set of sociopsychological variables.However, our review highlights that the selection of the sociopsychological constructs used by research to explain farmers' adoption of sustainability innovations relies mainly on constructs defined for other decisional contexts, such as the adoption of innovations by firms in other sectors.
Anderson et al [15] develops a framework for advancing agroecology in transformations towards more just and sustainable food systems focusing on power, politics and governance.It explores the potential of agroecology as a sustainable and socially just alternative to today's dominant food regime.
The analysis by Migliorini et al [16] has been partly based on results of a dedicated literature search and partly on grey literature and expert knowledge.After an overview of the history of agroecology, targeted research and education, collective action(political and social), and some agroecological practices in the three countries are presented.These countries share a rather similar use of the term "agroecology", but they differ regarding(i) the existence/extent of strong civil and social movements; (ii) the type of study/educational programmes, and the relative importance of different scientific disciplines and their evolution; (iii) the development of political support and legal frameworks; and (iv) the elaboration of concepts to rediscover traditional practices and apply new ones, often taken from the organic agriculture sector.Agroecology is an emerging concept for the Mediterranean agricultural sector, with huge potential due to the peculiar socio-cultural, bio-physical, and political-economic features of the region.To boost agroecology in Mediterranean Europe, better networking and engagement of different actors within a coherent institutional framework supporting the transition is strongly needed.

Results and discussion
Nowadays, Ukraine's land resources, especially agricultural lands, are subject to significant transformation as a result of human activity.The main factor of transformation is the plowing of soils and their intensive use in agriculture.Lands with fertile soils and geomorphological conditions favorable for agriculture underwent the greatest transformations.
The increase in agricultural development of land resources, which is accompanied by an increase in plowing of land, indicates an increase in the anthropogenic load on a unit of land area, geological imbalance, and the development of soil erosion (figure 1).According to the scientists' methodology of the Land Management Institute of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, the coefficient of ecological stability indicates that: less than 0.33 -the territory is ecologically unstable; from 0.34 to 0.50 -refers to steady unstable; from 0.51 to 0.66 -passes into the limits of average stability; if it exceeds 0.66, the territory is ecologically stable.Figure 1 shows that most regions of the country have an ecologically unbalanced and vulnerable territorial structure, which is associated with high plowed land.Only Zakarpattia Oblast has an ecologically balanced territory.There is a direct relationship between land erosion and the degree of ecological stability.
The dependence of agricultural land use indicators and factors of production intensification is most accurately determined by economic and mathematical modeling in the form of a multifactorial regression equation (using the example of agricultural enterprises of the Krasnokut Territorial Community of the Bogodukhiv District of the Kharkiv Region).On the basis of the multivariate regression of the 1st degree, the relationship between the value of gross production (Y ) and the area of arable land (X 1 ), qualitative assessment of arable land (X 2 ), production costs (X 3 ), and the cost of fixed and working capital (X 4 ) was revealed.The dependence obtained as a result of data processing is characterized by the equation: To assess the adequacy of the accepted mathematical model, we use Fisher's test.The values of the equation parameters give reason to note that with an increase in the cost of fixed and working capital and the quality of land, the cost of gross production increases by 0.10 UAH and 59.8 thousand UAH, respectively.An increase in the area of arable land and production costs in farms contributes to an increase in the value of gross products by 0.75 UAH and 0.17 thousand UAH.
There is a fairly close relationship between the effective and factor characteristics (correlation coefficient is 0.8743).The test for significance proves the presence of a non-random dependence, as well as a high level of adequacy of the model construction (the actual F test of F(3.26) = 8.93).
Analysis of standardized beta coefficients showed that the cost of fixed production and working capital has the greatest influence on the cost of gross production (β 4 = 0.688), the next indicator is the arable land area (β 1 = 0.595), and then production costs (β 3 = 0.326), point of qualitative assessment of arable land (β 2 = 0.220).
An important issue today is the improvement of the legal, economic and ecological mechanism for the removal (conservation) of degraded, unproductive and man-made agricultural lands from intensive use.The legal basis for conservation of degraded and unproductive lands are defined by the Land Code of Ukraine [17, articles 171-172] and the Law of Ukraine "On Land Protection" [18, article 51].The order of land conservation [19] defines the organizational principles of conservation of degraded, unproductive and technogenically polluted lands, reference indicators characterizing soil properties and determining the need for land conservation in naturalagricultural zones.But nowadays, a clear methodology for ensuring its implementation has not been defined.Therefore, it is necessary at the legislative level, with the participation of specialized scientific institutions, to develop a methodology for land conservation.State and regional programs are adopted for the purpose of conducting soil surveys, protection, rational, ecologically safe use of soils, preservation and reproduction of their fertility.The implementation of state target programs in the field of reproduction, improvement and protection of soil fertility is an integral part of agrarian policy and a decisive factor in ensuring the sustainable development of our country.
Land conservation, regardless of the form of ownership, is carried out according to the working project of land management on land conservation, which defines the types, methods of land conservation, the term of conservation, directions of land use [19].
In order to implement the goals of sustainable development of both the state as a whole and territorial communities (Goal 15 -ensuring the protection and restoration of terrestrial ecosystems and promoting their balanced use; carrying out balanced forest management; combating desertification; ending the process of land degradation, restoring and stopping loss of biodiversity), we developed offers for the conservation of degraded and unproductive lands of the Krasnokut territorial community of the Bogodukhiv district of the Kharkiv region.
Taking into account the indicators that characterize the soil properties and determine the need for land conservation in natural and agricultural zones, it is offered to apply the following directions of conservation: Erodibility (eroded and deflated).These are lands with moderately and strongly eroded and eroded soils, outcrops of soil-forming and underlying rocks.It is planned to remove from the arable land and further lime and use it for onion pasture lands with standardized livestock grazing or afforestation.Medium and strongly deflated soils are subject to removal from agricultural land by afforestation.
The most disturbed lands with rock outcrops, washed-out and heavily washed soils, these lands should be removed from the arable lands with lime or afforestation.In the Krasnokut community, the area of such lands is 176 hectares (agro-production groups 57d, 57e, 51e, 51g, 51e).Medium-washed soils on complex slopes of more than 3-5 • are also subject to transformation into pasture lands, approximately 1560,9 hectares are allocated for pastures, 176.3 hectares for afforestation.On other lands with moderately washed soils, it is advisable to carry out rehabilitation.Conservation-rehabilitation of agricultural lands is planned by allocating them or transferring them to fallows and using them as hayfields and pastures for a period of 10 to 20 years with subsequent return for agricultural use.The area of these lands is 6,824.3hectares.
Soils of light mechanical composition.These are sandy and clayey-sandy soils.They are permanent centers of deflation.From an economic point of view, the impracticality of their use is due to the inadequacy of costs for maintaining a sufficient level of their fertility, the profit obtained from the harvest.The conservation of these lands is irreversible, that is, they must be removed from the agricultural lands with subsequent afforestation.In the community, this is land on an area of 8.0 hectares (agro-production group 1 a).
Soil salinity.This category of lands is represented by salt marshes, medium and highly saline mainly hydromorphic soils (meadows, swamps), as well as secondary saline soils.Saline soils of natural origin are removed for haying or renaturalized (regeneration) without human intervention.Secondary salinized soils are taken for temporary conservation with subsequent return to the composition of arable lands, if the indicator of the groundwater level is reduced below the critical level and desalination.In the Krasnokut community, this category of land is 133.0 hectares (agro-production groups 141,142', 143', 144', 134'd, 134 e), it is offered to allocate 66.5 hectares for haymaking, and 66.5 hectares to be renaturalized without human intervention.
Salinity.These are medium and highly saline soils.Directions for use are the same as the previous group.These are lands (agro-production groups 165 d, 165 e) on area of 30.0 ha, which should be converted into hay fields.
Waterlogging and swamping.This category includes lands with meadow and sod-podzolic soils, as well as sod-clay, mineral and organic bog soils.These lands must be naturally renaturalized.It practically does not require any expenses, because good watering ensures their quick settlement with natural fauna and flora, adaptation to the surrounding environment.The area of these lands is 266.0 hectares (agro-production groups 176 b, 176 c, 209 c, 209 g, 209 d, 209 e, 209 l, 208 d, 208 e).
Offers for the conservation of degraded and unproductive arable lands by types of degradation and ecologically appropriate directions of their use are given in the table 1.
Removal of degraded and unproductive lands from intensive cultivation will allow: 1) to concentrate investments on more fertile lands and obtain a higher yield of agricultural crops on them; to increase the level of the fodder base development and, on their basis, the livestock industry; 2) to reduce the rate of erosion processes development and further soil degradation; 3) to bring the plowed percentage of the territory of the Krasnokut territorial community of the Bogodukhiv district of the Kharkiv region to 52% (actual ploughed 60.3%).
One of the necessary and determining prerequisites for the development of the land resources management system in the context of sustainable development is the application of the latest technical and technological achievements in the field of protection and reproduction use of land resources.This form of innovative activity in land resources management was reflected, in particular, in the implementation of the following directions in economic practice: resourcesaving technologies in agriculture, the use of remote land sensing data (RSD), GIS technologies, the role of soils in the process of mitigating the consequences of climate change, agroforestry, etc. Precision agriculture is characterized by the automation of applied methods, in particular, yield registration with continuous monitoring.This management practice is available mainly to large commodity producers of agricultural products, but it is also recommended for small farms.The main obstacles to the wide implementation of precision agriculture are the lack of skills of working with databases and automated decision support systems among business entities [20].
GIS ensures the practical implementation of non-zero risk concept in the land resources management as an ecological and economic system.The concept recognizes the fact that absolute security is insufficient and requires not only the study of factors and sources of increased risk, but also the forecast of the development of events and the assessment of their consequences [21].By predicting the probability of certain events and the expected amount of profit (losses), investigating alternative solutions, they make the optimal management decision regarding the use of land resources.RSD and GIS data allow solving the following tasks in agriculture, particularly: mapping and inventory of agricultural lands; monitoring and control in crop production; state of crops, evaluation of crop emergence, degree of ripening, damage by pests/diseases; yield forecasting; monitoring and control of pastures and hayfields in animal husbandry; monitoring and control of reduction or loss of soil productivity, degradation, water and wind erosion, salinization, flooding, etc.
In the latest practice of sustainable land resources management, agroforestry is spreading, which allows economic activities to be carried out with the preservation of biodiversity, greening of agriculture and industrial landscapes.Agroforestry reduces the anthropogenic load on natural forests, creates a habitat for native species of plants and animals, and also promotes effective land use in fragmented landscapes [20].The use of agroforestry methods allows obtaining not only a positive economic effect of increasing the biological productivity and sustainability of agro and forest ecosystems, but also a significant ecological effect.
In order to preserve and reproduce the productivity potential of arable land, the practice of organic and no-till farming are becoming widespread.
Increasing the resilience of agricultural production to climate change, especially in the south of Ukraine, in the areas most affected by drought, requires the expansion of irrigated areas and the restoration of irrigation infrastructure.According to official statistical data, there are 5.48 million hectares of reclaimed land in Ukraine, including 2.17 million hectares of irrigated land and 3.3 million hectares of drained land with appropriate land reclamation infrastructure (reservoirs, main and distribution channels, protective dams, pumping stations, pipelines, pools of daily regulation, collector and drainage network and other hydrotechnical structures and objects).During the last time, about 550,000 hectares of agricultural land were actually irrigated, and bilateral regulation was carried out on the area of about 250,000 hectares.Agricultural producers who use irrigation can increase yields by 30-50%, depending on the crop.The irrigation and drainage infrastructure of the water management and melioration complex was built in the 1960s and 1990s, and today it is in critical condition, especially the intra-farm network.Today, there is no reliable and systematic information about the technical condition of engineering infrastructure objects and the operation of reclamation systems, distribution by owners and water users, location, etc.This makes it difficult to make effective management decisions regarding their use, modernization and restoration.Preliminary calculations and expert assessments indicate that, if the current rate of increase in the deficit of natural moisture supply of the country's arable lands is maintained, by 2050, about 3 million hectares of arable land in the southern regions will be unsuitable for commercial agrarian production of plant products [22].As a result, and taking into account the tendency of dehydration in the central and northern regions of the country, the gross production of grain (with modern resource supply of agricultural technologies) may decrease by 20-25% or 14-18 million tons.

Conclusions
The modern land management system should encourage agricultural enterprises and other interested parties to take decisive action in solving the problems of preserving valuable soil and black soil (chernozem) resources of Ukraine, to economical use and reproduction of their fertile potential.It is necessary to observe legality in the process of land use and land circulation, to promote the involvement of local territorial communities in solving priority problems related to the effective and ecologically safe use of soil resources and the reproduction of their fertile potential, to direct their activities to the improvement of the regulatory and legal framework on the problems of soil conservation, their effective use and reproduction of their fertile potential.
The main ecological directions in the land resources management system should be the following: ensuring the priority of environmental safety requirements in the use of land resources over economic interests; implementation of agrotechnical measures aimed at improving soil fertility and recovery; increasing the share of organic production; strengthening control over illegal plowing of pastures and water protection areas; restoration of forest strips; increase in investments in agriculture; use of modern resource-saving technologies, in particular, resource-saving no-till technology, which allows increasing soil moisture retention, improving water availability, and reducing soil erosion; application of organic fertilizers, in particular, manure, straw, residues of agricultural production; application of remote sensing data and GIS technologies.
In order to ensure sustainable development in the face of climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Ukraine, it is necessary to start work on the restoration of irrigation systems, form the structures of sown areas with the introduction of resource-efficient technologies for growing drought-resistant varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Ecological balance indicators of territorial units of Ukraine.

Table 1 .
Offers for the conservation of degraded and unproductive arable lands of the Krasnokut territorial community of the Bogodukhiv district of the Kharkiv region.