Application of environmental biomonitoring in environmental risk management of the fuel and energy complex

On the analysis basis of Ukraine fuel and energy complex priority problems, the key role of the introduction of international standards ISO 14000, ISO 9000 series and HSE policy to create conditions for the prevention of technological effects on environmental components and the formation of prerequisites for a safe environment, both for personnel and for the population of the surrounding territories, are determined. Deterioration of natural resources quality and ecosystems degradation and possible levels of natural environments pollution are used as parameters for environmental risk assessing in the conditions of the fuel and energy complex operation. The concept of environmental risk management in this field is presented. The biomonitoring uses to assess the factors influence of the industry enterprises is proposed. Biomonitoring of the territory around the Burshtyn thermal power plant is carried out, taxonomic characteristics of phytoobjects are given, and the indicative prospects of plants, their diversity and classes of permanence are evaluated. A literature analysis is carried out regarding the convenience, ease of use and phytoindicative suitability of plants under the conditions of the man-made environment complex impact. The highest species representativeness in Asteraceae family, represented by 17 species, Fabaceae and Poaceae – by 5 plant species, is established within the study area. The highest phytoindicative potential of Cichorium intybus L. and Achillea millefolium L. under the influence of Burshtyn thermal power station is revealed, which indicates the possibility of effective use of these plants as sensitive monitors of the fuel and energy complex enterprises ecological state.


Introduction
The facilities of the fuel and energy complex include thermal, hydro and nuclear power plants, the oil and gas and coal industry enterprises, oil and gas pipelines, transformer substations and power transmission lines.Electric power is one of the priority industries of Ukraine, which provides the country's needs in electric energy and exports a significant amount of electricity.Every year there is an increase in the consumption of oil, natural gas and electricity in the world due to constant urbanization and technogenesis.In particular, only in Ukraine for domestic needs by 2030, oil consumption is predicted to increase by 1.5 times, coal -by 2 times, and electricity -by 2.2 times.

Literature review and problem statement
The implementation of the ecosystem approach in sectoral policy and improvement of the of integrated environmental management system is one of the tasks of the State Environmental Policy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030.Thus, one of the principles of this policy is the prevention of emergencies of a natural and man-made environment, which involves the analysis and forecasting of environmental risks, which are based on the results of a strategic environmental assessment, the environmental impact assessment, as well as comprehensive monitoring of the natural environmental state [4][5][6].By ratifying the Protocol on Accession to the Treaty on the Energy Community Establishment, Ukraine undertook to implement the regulatory framework of the European Community on energy, environmental protection, competition policy and renewable energy sources [7,8].
One of the essential steps in gradually achieving compliance with EU technical regulations and standardization and metrology systems was the ratification by Ukraine of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand [4,9].According to this Agreement, our country undertakes to adhere to the principles and practices set forth in current EU decisions and regulations.Also, Ukraine undertook the gradual implementation of European standards (EN) as national standards.At the same time, conflicting national standards, in particular the application of interstate standards (GOST/GOST) developed before 1992, are canceled [10].
Thus, the enterprises policy should be based on the principle of preventing the occurrence of dangerous ecological consequences for the environment, personnel and the population of the surrounding territories, while one of the main tools is the monitoring and assessment of the existing environmental state.
There are a number of conceptual approaches for an environmentally safe production process, which are used at the facilities of the fuel and energy complex [8,11].
The specified principles require appropriate tools that will allow making environmentally safe management decisions at the early stages of designing the planned activity.The task of obtaining a group quantitative expert assessment taking into account the coefficients of the estimated indicators relative importance of the planned activity impact on the environment is currently solved by the criterion-expert weighting methods, which form the basis of the information support of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, which is widely used in the environmental design practice in Western Europe and America countries [4].The theoretical foundations of this approach are approved in international standards of the ISO 14040-14049 series "Life cycle analysis methodology" [8].
An important tool for managing environmental safety, preventing health impacts and creating a safe production environment is the policy "Health, Safety, Environment (HSE)" -these are separate issues, each with its own technology, but they are often combined into the same functional groups in fuel and energy companies.The main principles of this policy at fuel and energy facilities are [4,12]: • to aim at creating a safe, encouraging working environment; • to warn about danger and take measures to prevent it; • to provide education and training in order to ensure compliance with laws and regulations related to occupational H&S and to maintain and develop H&S workplaces and management systems; • to lead efforts to address environmental issues on a global scale and for local communities by recognizing environmental measures as a pressing issue towards the creation of green and sustainable energy systems.
The creation of a favorable production environment from the point of environmental protection view and safe working conditions is based on the environmental components monitoring and their changes under the influence of man-made factors.
Among the environmental monitoring methods biological monitoring deserves attention, and in particular, one of the most promising methods is phytomonitoring -the use of plant organisms that exist in a certain territory as a population and respond to ecological changes in the environment with a number of appropriate reactions [13].Plant organisms are widely known for their phytoremedial and phytoindicative properties, and their ability to exhibit wide ecological plasticity in accordance with the genetically programmed capabilities of the reaction norm [14,15].A large number of publications are devoted to the study of indicative parameters of the vital state of plants in conditions of anthropogenic pollution [16][17][18].
However, there are relatively few works dealing with the role of herbaceous phytocenoses as objects of biological monitoring of the territories around the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex.

Objectives and methods
During the activity of the fuel and energy complex enterprises, in addition to the toxic substances influence, there is the electromagnetic, noise and vibration pollution influence, which creates conditions for disturbing the balance in natural systems and the human body.Creating conditions for its prevention and researching possible consequences on the environment is an urgent scientific task.The main tasks of this article are: • to establish the environmental policy principles of the fuel and energy complex, which should create conditions for preventing the consequences of its influence; • to propose the concept of environmental risk management for the fuel and energy complex objects; • to analyze literature data on the possible of chemical and physical pollution impact of fuel and energy complex objects on the vital plants state, as well as on animal biodiversity and human health; • to conduct a taxonomic and biomorphic plants characterization under the pollution conditions from the Burshtyn thermal power station; • to evaluate the types of vegetation cover diversity, its vital state, distribution in the territory around one of the largest industrial enterprises of the fuel and energy complex of Ukrainethe Burshtyn thermal power plant; • to identify the most promising plants-indicators of the territories ecological state around the Burshtyn Thermal Power Station with the aim of introducing them into the system of ecological monitoring of territories located near powerful energy facilities.
In the course of environmental management research, the analysis, deduction and systemstructural methods are used.Detection of environmental impacts of the fuel and energy complex is based on the life cycle assessment method.The establishment of monitoring plots in the territory around the Burshtyn power station is carried out according to the author's methodology [19].The establishment of life forms is based on biomorphological classification, the species composition of the phytocenoses of the experimental area is recorded using the Plant Snap mobile program, the phytocenotic diversity, the permanence class of each species is established according to the generally accepted methodology [19].

Environmental risk management of the fuel and energy complex facilities
The current priorities of the world community demand comprehensive control and reduction of environmental pollution.Effective management of environmental safety requires constant monitoring to identify the "weaknesses" of the existing management system.
At this stage, the system of environmental management in Ukraine is at the stage of formation, this also applies to the fuel and energy industry.The lack of an effective environmental policy of the fuel and energy complex of Ukraine in previous decades caused the accumulation of problems, the solution of which requires the regulatory documents appropriate base creation and a scheme for their implementation.At this stage, the pollution created by the fuel and energy complex increases the level of environmental and social risk in the spatial context.
According to the data of the Department of Labor Protection, Environmental and Industrial Policy of Naftogaz of Ukraine, intensive work is currently underway in the direction of integration into the European Energy Community.Among the important tasks is the implementation of EU Directives, international and European standards, including environmental protection management issues.The specified activity will minimize environmental risks during production activities and increase the level of environmental safety.Such positive trends will provide an opportunity to improve the company's international image and increase investment attraction.In 2018, the company received ISO 14001:2015, OHSAS 18001:2010 and ISO 50001 certificates from the authoritative international certification body T ÜV S ÜD Management Service GmbH, and in 2017, it passed a third-party surveillance audit for compliance with ISO 9001:2015 requirements.At present, Naftogaz has implemented the "VISION ZERO" vision -the HSE (Health, Safety and Environment) vision, according to which injuries, deaths, accidents and other negative consequences from operational activities are unacceptable [20,21].The spheres of influence considered within the framework of the HSE policy are of primary importance for the fuel and energy industry, and compliance with the guiding principles of safety and environmental protection is mandatory and dictated by the internal policy of most corporations.The implementation of the HSE policy makes it possible to define the principles by which operations are carried out and risks are controlled throughout the industrial cycle.Figure 1 shows the process of risk assessment and management in the HSE system.
The basis for building an environmental management system in the fuel and energy sector is the ISO 14000 series international standards and the corresponding national standards [8].
The trends of the modern environmental policy of the fuel and energy complex of Ukraine allow us to conclude that specialized companies strive to improve the environmental management system in order to meet the requirements of the EU and strengthen their stable positions on the European market.Solving the tasks is based on the comprehensive implementation of the environmental management system, the basis of which is laid in the international quality standards of the ISO 14000 series [7].The ISO 9000 series international standards provide ideas for a systematic approach to management, decision-making based on factual material, and continuous improvement of the organization as a whole [10].The specified principles require appropriate tools that will allow making ecologically safe management decisions at the early stages of man-made activities designing.Therefore, there is a need to use effective tools for assessing and monitoring the existing impacts consequences on the environment for the possibility of improving the eco-efficiency indicators of fuel and energy enterprises.
There are a number of methods for determining the environmental safety level based on environmental risk assessment [22,23].
This approach is considered one of the promising tools for making managerial decisions.Along with the environmental safety assessment of naturall components, it is appropriate to assess the level of environmental safety based on biomonitoring.
One of the environmental risk definitions is the probability of adverse consequences for the environment, any changes in natural objects and factors, occurrence of extraordinary events in a certain period of time, expressed by quantitative parameters.Such parameters can be the following values: • possible natural indicators of damage, that is, the number of victims and destroyed objects, the amount of the lost harvest; • the possible dimensions of the quality deterioration of natural resources, degradation of ecosystems; • the possible level of natural environments pollution.
Environmental risk assessment, which is predictive in nature, is carried out by three main methods: • the method of analogy, i.e. comparison with other similar objects, and the comparison is made according to the same parameters; • according to statistical data based on similar phenomena that have already happened; • in a theoretical way, that is maintained by mathematical modeling.
In order to determine the optimal method of environmental risk assessment, it is necessary to take into account the origin of negative impact factors (phenomena), processes in the ecological system that suffered damage, the final state of the ecosystem (consequences of the negative factor of the environment and public health components).Depending on the level, there are features of environmental risk analysis (table 1).
The above indicates the need for an integrated approach to ecological and economic risk assessment at the cross-border level.The risk assessment methodology in the spatial context should be based on the compliance of its principles with European directives and be oriented Table 1.Peculiarities of environmental risk analysis at the micro and macro levels [24].

Micro level
Macro level

Aim
Assessment of direct damage from man-made phenomena.
Consequences determination of environmental damage for the natural territorial complex components.Model of the analyzed system Deterministic matching functions.
The function of probabilistic characteristics.General appearance of the model Risk=M(x), where M(x) -mathematical expectation of a negative phenomenon.
, where P(x)the probability of a negative impact on the natural-territorial complex components.

Quantitative analysis
where CL 50 -the lethal concentration of the toxicant in the waste as a criterion of toxicity, C i -the content of toxic substances in the components of the environment, MPC -maximum permissible concentration.Risk = −P i • ln(P i ), where P ithe probability of a negative impact on the i -th component of the environment: , where K -hazard class value, σ min -normalized indicator.towards the transformation of national environmental protection legislation.In figure 2 presents the proposed concept of risk management of the fuel and energy complex [25].
An important role in the risk management implementation belongs to the choice of implementation methods of the stages indicated in figure 2. In this work, attention is paid to the environment quality assessment under the influence of complex chemical and physical pollution from the Burshtyn thermal power station on the vital state of plant communities.The diversity types, constancy and bioindicative potential of plants that exist under the influence of an industrial enterprise are analyzed.

Biomonitoring in conditions of complex environmental pollution by the fuel and energy enterprises
The research was carried out under the influence of the Burshtyn thermal power station, located in the Ivano-Frankivsk region at the intersection of power lines connecting Ukraine with Hungary, Romania and Slovakia.
Within a radius of up to 1 km from the source of pollution, seven monitoring sites with an area of 25 m 2 have been laid.The species composition of phytocenoses, abundance, family membership and life forms are analyzed within each site.A biomorphological analysis of the flora is carried out by assigning each type of plant to a specific biomorph and expressing the number of species of each biomorph in percentages.A taxonomic characterization of plants is carried out at each monitoring site and the phytocoenotic diversity of plants is calculated.Phytocoenotic diversity is determined as a percentage, taking as 100% the diversity of plants in the monitoring area with the largest number of plant species.Accordingly, phytocoenotic diversity is calculated in all other points, having the total species number of plants of these points.
To identify dominant and diagnostic species in the monitoring system, plant lists are compiled and the number of monitoring points where each plant species is present is analyzed.If the species is present in all monitoring points, its persistence coefficient is taken as 100%, if in some of the points, then the persistence coefficient is calculated proportionally.For example, if 25 points are entered in the table, and the species is present in 10 points, then the coefficient of constancy is equal to: C = 10 • 100/25 = 40%, if in 5 descriptions -20%, etc.
All types of plants are divided into three groups depending on the constancy coefficient value.With values of the coefficient constancy over 60%, the species belong to the group of high constancy; with values of the coefficient constancy 20-60% -medium stability; with values of the coefficient constancy less than 20% -low constancy.The constancy class of each species is determined according to the scheme: I class -less than 20%; II class -21-40%; III class -41-60%; IV class -61-80%; V class -81-100%.
The main environmental pollutants entering the atmosphere as a result of the power plant operation include acid oxides, which cause acid rain and cause tissue necrosis in plants and their subsequent death.In addition, a change in the natural value of pH in soil ecosystems inhibits the growth and development of plant seeds and causes the death of invertebrates [26,27].Heavy metals present in industrial Burshtyn thermal power station emissions led to the biosynthetic processes blocking in plant tissues, inhibit cell division, photosynthesis and cause premature aging of plants.
According to the literature, low-frequency electromagnetic radiation leads to a decrease in the biomass of earthworms, blocking the mitochondrial activity, gene expression disruption and lipid and protein metabolism changes in Caenorhabditis elegans [28,29].Electromagnetic radiation causes changes at the level of informational relations between individuals in insect populations, disrupts physiological indicators, metabolism, growth and development, and leads to the appearance of mutations.Electromagnetic influence manifests itself in the disruption of intraspecific communications in birds, fish and reptiles [23,[30][31][32].
The consequences of short-term exposure to electromagnetic radiation on the human body include headache, general weakness, increased fatigue, sleep disturbances, irritability, and slowing of motor and speech reactions [33].Long-term electromagnetic influence leads to a decrease in pulse frequency, a decrease in blood pressure, changes in blood composition, intensification of cell proliferation, reduced work capacity, changes in the activity of the internal secretion glands, circulatory, digestive, cardiovascular and nervous systems disorders, hair loss, fragility nails, skin diseases [31,34].It is known that electromagnetic radiation inhibits the growth and development processes of plants, causes changes in the shape and size of flowers, leaves, stems, the appearance of extra petals, and a decrease in plants dry weight [26,27,35].The phytocoenotic diversity of the territory is an indicator of the ecological system environmental state, therefore, the study of the plant community's species composition makes it possible to identify the most promising species in terms of phytoindication [36,37].
Under the influence of Burshtyn thermal power station 45 species of herbaceous plants and 1 tree species belonging to 18 families are recorded in the monitoring areas (table 2).The dominant family is Asteraceae represented by 17 species, Fabaceae and Poaceae -by 5 species each.The family Hypericaceae is represented by three species of plants, Rosaceae, Plantaginaceae and Apiaceae -by two species, the rest of the families in the monitoring areas have one representative of the plant species each.
Table 2. Species diversity of phytocenoses at monitoring points of the complex impact of the Burshtyn thermal power station.

Monitoring sites Coordinates Plant species
In the conditions of the monitoring sites, a relatively uniform diversity of plant cover is noted with the lowest phytocenotic diversity -63% (table 3).The number of plant species varies between 10-16, the number of families -between 5-9.
Phytocoenotic diversity under Burshtyn thermal power station influence is represented by all classes of constancy (table 4).
The V class of permanence includes two species of Achillea millefolium L. and Cichorium intybus L., which are expedient to use in phytomonitoring of complex pollution areas from the fuel and energy complex facilities (figure 3, figure 4).

Discussion
The implementation of the ISO 14000, ISO 9000 series standards and the introduction of the HSE policy at the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex involves the constant improvement of processes and technologies to reduce the impact on the environment and prevent the occurrence of man-made impacts on the environment.In this aspect, an extremely important role is played by improving the qualifications of personnel regarding safe work within specialized enterprises.
Among the 45 species of herbaceous plants Achillea millefolium L. and Cichorium intybus L. have the highest representativeness on the monitoring sites, which indicates their phytoindicative potential and the possibility of being used as ecological state biological monitors of the territories around industrial and energy enterprises.In the absence of the specified species in the experimental area Artemisia vulgaris L., Lotus corniculatus L., Daucus carota L. can also be used for phytoindication.The remaining species around the Burshtyn power station are characterized by low prevalence and are not appropriate as phytoindicators of the specified industrial facility ecological state.

Conclusions
1.The concept of environmental risk management in this field is presented.Among the environmental risk assessment parameters in the conditions of the fuel and energy complex, the deterioration of the natural resources quality and the ecosystems degradation and the pollution possible levels of natural environments are highlighted.2. It is proposed to use biomonitoring to assess the factors influence of this complex enterprises on the environment components.The bioindicative potential of Achillea millefolium L. and Cichorium intybus L. under the influence of pollution from the Burshtyn thermal power station is established.It is proposed to use species as biological monitors of the territories ecological state affected by the fuel and energy complex enterprises.3. It was established that only 10% of all phytocenoses types that exist under the influence of the industrial enterprise show high resistance to pollution under the operation conditions of the Burshtyn thermal power station.The significant diversity of plant species in the area of the enterprise influence indicates the natural potential of this ecosystem vegetation for self-preservation, however, the small representativeness of plant species indicates a significantly weakened reproductive potential in stressful existence conditions.In general, in unfavorable growth conditions, plants direct their energy resources to self-maintenance, and the processes of self-reproduction in these conditions of existence are suppressed.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Risk management of fuel and energy complex facilities.

Table 3 .
Taxonomic characteristics of phytocenoses at monitoring points of the Burshtyn thermal power station complex impact.