Innovative technologies for organizing a balanced development of the business ecosystem (in the example of agriculture in Ukraine)

An increase in the population and an increase in the negative impact on the environment requires a review of the business organization model. Particular attention is paid to agriculture, which faces the task of solving the food problem on a global scale. At the same time, this industry is one of the leading polluters of the environment. The analysis of statistical data proves the low level of value added that is created in agriculture. The proposed agribusiness ecosystem model allows for a balanced development of agriculture and related industries based on four areas: economic, social, environmental, and innovative. Innovative solutions for all participants in the business ecosystem are based on the transition to a circular economy model using Industry 4.0 tools at all levels of system management: raw material suppliers, agricultural manufacturers, processors, customers, and government.


Introduction
A significant increase in the population, industrial and agricultural production, the use of vehicles, and other factors in recent decades have affected the deterioration of the environment, the increase in social and environmental problems, etc.In particular, agriculture is faced with the important task of solving the food problem.According to Agritech Tomorrow [1], population growth and food demand require an increase in crop production of at least 23% to meet the current standard of living.
Traditional production methods and technologies used in this industry cause the aggravation of such global problems of humanity as pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, land degradation, and destruction of biodiversity [2].Over the last decade, there has been a reduction in the world's forest cover by a third, a significant loss of biodiversity.The rate of growth in the volume of freshwater use exceeds the rate of population growth.There is a high level of soil pollution due to the intensive use of chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides.According to experts, about a quarter of global soils have undergone degradation [3].In addition, agriculture and land use lead to more than 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change [4].The war in Ukraine has not only socio-economic but also large-scale environmental consequences.Today, there are a number of studies on possible options for the ecological reconstruction of our country [5].The problem of revising the system of production organization and business processes requires an immediate search for solutions.Since agriculture makes up a significant share of Ukraine's GDP, it is important to introduce innovative methods of organizing production processes in this industry.The European Union has adopted the Green Deal [6], which contains a number of requirements and obligations for manufacturers to comply with the transition to a circular economy model.In contrast to the traditional linear economy, the circular economy involves a closed cycle regarding production, consumption, and recycling, thus reducing the amount of resource consumption, waste, and emissions.Since Ukrainian agricultural enterprises supply a significant part of their products to EU countries, they must comply with the requirements of this agreement and reorient their organizational chains.In turn, this requires the introduction of innovative technologies and management methods to ensure the balanced development of agriculture and related sectors of the national economy.

Literature review
The rationale for the need to move from a linear to a circular economy model has been actively considered in the scientific literature in recent years [7][8][9].The transition to a circular economy will help keep the value of resources and products at a high level, as well as minimize the production of waste.Government policies of different states based on public-private partnerships to implement the 3R (reduce, reuse, and recycle) model will help improve the efficiency of natural resource use and take a step forward toward achieving sustainable development goals [10].
The need to build supply chains based on the principles of a circular economy is substantiated in [11].The authors prove that, despite the various external problems that affect the adoption of a particular decision of each company, the inclusion of a transition strategy to a circular economy allows companies to provide environmental advantages in the competition.The relevance of finding ways to solve environmental problems is substantiated in [12,13], where the authors proposed a number of innovative solutions to solve this problem.At the same time, ensuring a balanced development of society requires taking into account not only environmental factors when building a model for further development [14].Both when working in the domestic market of the country, and when entering foreign markets, it is necessary to take into account the social factor.In [15], a team of scientists proved the strengthening of social capital and the promotion of responsible research and innovation when a company enters the international level.
The transition to a circular economy, taking into account social indicators, contributes to the formation of the company's reputation and efficiency, and also allows it to enter the so-called circle of charity.At the same time, the existence of a gap between theoretical approaches and practical aspects of the implementation of the circular economy model is noted by scientists in the study [].A conscious choice is needed for all participants in the economic system in the transition to a circular economy, which will ensure their cooperation in a more holistic way.When defining the basic principles of the circular economy, some scientists distinguish between 3R (reduce, reuse, and recycle) [10], 4R (reduce, repair, remanufacture and recycle) [] or 5R (rethink, reduce, reuse, repair, recycle) [16,17].The development of innovative technologies allows the introduction of new tools to achieve the principles of a circular economy.In particular, work [18] examines the expected contributions of the introduction of Industry 4.0 tools for the implementation of the circular economy model.For an effective transition to a circular economy model, it is advisable to understand the essence of this process and the interests of all participants: government, suppliers, consumers, international organizations, etc [19].
The purpose of this study is to improve the scientific and methodological foundations for the implementation of the circular economy model based on the ecosystem approach, taking into account the innovative solutions of Industry 4.0.
3. Application of a systematic approach to creating a sectoral economy Population growth increases the urgency of finding ways to solve the food problem of mankind.Ukraine is one of the key suppliers of agricultural products on the world market.Moreover, in recent decades, there has been a clear trend of reorientation of our state from industrial to agrarian (figure 1).
As seen in figure 1, the share of agriculture is growing and is 10% of GDP in 2021.In turn, the share of the processing industry is gradually declining.
Comparing the share of agriculture in the country's GDP with European countries, this indicator is higher in Ukraine, and it is also higher than the world average (figure 2).
The problem of domestic agriculture is the low value added.For comparison, in European countries, the added value is several times higher (figure 3).In 2019, value added per worker in Ukraine amounted to USD 4,888 against USD 25,476 in European countries.
Value added is determined by the amount of value added at each stage of production, which increases its consumer properties.The added value is determined by the added value of the goods (products), which is formed in the process of procurement, processing, storage, and sale of products at the enterprise [23].Thus, value added includes labor costs, depreciation, taxes, and profits.The low level of value added in the country indicates a low level of processing of input raw materials (materials), as a rule, is associated with a low level of science intensity of the industry.
In agriculture, value added is created by growing plants or animals.Technologies used in domestic agriculture have a relatively low level of innovation.Leading European countries have a significantly higher level of the added value of agricultural products due to the introduction of an integrated approach, namely: not primary raw materials, but processed products are sold, including for export.Thus, by developing the processing industry within the country, the state  simultaneously stimulates the growth of the share of value added of the corresponding products (sector of the economy).To increase the level of the added value of domestic products, we consider it expedient to support the development of processing industries, which will allow us to reorient the country's economy from a supplier of raw materials to foreign markets to a supplier of finished products.This applies not only to agriculture but also to other industries, including metallurgy, which is the main exporter in Ukraine.At the same time, it is necessary to apply a systematic approach to building a sectoral economy.In the conditions of a circular economy, which provides for coordinated supply chains, sectoral relationships should be clearly built, taking into account the purely economic interests of individual economic agents, and taking into account the general economic effect.This approach will simultaneously reduce the country's import dependence since domestic manufacturers will come to replace foreign suppliers of the same household goods.This is especially true at the time of the post-war recovery of the Ukrainian economy.
4. An ecosystem approach for organizing a model of a circular economy on the example of agriculture A feature of the introduction of the circular economy model in agriculture is not only individual steps to close the circle (processing of consumer waste), but the possibility of involvement in mutual supplies at the stage of production and use.To implement a circular economy in the agricultural sector, it is proposed to use an ecosystem approach.For the first time, the concept of an ecosystem in the economy was introduced by Moore, who proposed considering a company not as a separate economic player in the market, but as an element of a business ecosystem that takes into account several industries [24].To date, there are various approaches to determining the essence and characteristics of a business ecosystem, taking into account the type of activity, its scale, and management methods.In the course of the study, an ecosystem agribusiness model was developed (figure 4), which includes both direct producers of agricultural products and resource suppliers, consumers, and other economic agents.Based on the degree of manageability and influence on the final result, we propose to distinguish between the internal and external environment of the agribusiness ecosystem.The internal environment should include elements that directly interact with each other in the process of creating added value.In particular, the internal environment of the agribusiness ecosystem built on the principles of a circular economy includes the main participants -Customers (C), Agricultural manufacturers (AM), and Suppliers (S), as well as additional, further contributing to the implementation of the circular economy model in the ecosystemsharing centers, recovery centers, collection/ inspection centers, located centers.Depending on the purpose of the acquisition, Customers (C) are divided into two types -trade and processing.Sales of agricultural products can be carried out on external markets C1 (export) and on the domestic market C2 through intermediaries C2.1 (trade networks, retail trade) and directly to end consumers C2.2.The processing sector is also included among the consumers of agricultural products, namely: manufacturers of food, beverages, tobacco products (C3), manufacturers of textiles, clothing, leather products (C4), wood products, paper, printing (C5), manufacturers of chemicals (C6), pharmaceutical manufacturers (C7), furniture manufacturers (C8), biofuel producers (C9).Agricultural manufacturers (AM), depending on the form of business organization, are divided into legal entities and households, in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine.Farms can also be registered as legal entities or individuals.As a rule, household farms include family farming, producing products for themselves, and the surplus can be sold on the market.Depending on the type of products produced, agriculture is also divided into crop production and animal husbandry.Suppliers (S) of agricultural resources, which can be national or foreign.Depending on the type of resource, suppliers are divided into the following groups: melioration (S1), technologies (S2), land S3), personnel (S4), machinery (S5), fertilizers (S5), plant protection products (S6), breeding (S7), packaging (S8), feed (S9), veterinary drugs (S10).As in any system, there are certain relationships between its elements.As seen in figure 4, customers show demand for agricultural products (arrows 1).After analyzing the demand for products, agricultural producers will determine the demand for the inputs which they need for production (arrows 2).Depending on the cost of the resource, the period of its use, and the use of its financial capabilities, agricultural producers buy them (arrow 3), lease them, or share them.In particular, according to the basics of the circular economy, users can not only buy but also rent or share the necessary non-current assets.For agricultural producers, such assets are machinery, equipment, and land.Sharing centers act as an intermediary between the supplier of these resources and agricultural manufacturers (arrows 3a, 3b, 3c).According to experts, this type of service in agriculture is expected to grow in the coming years (figure 5).
Next, the production process is carried out using the necessary resources, and the products are sold to customers (arrows 4).Depending on the type of agricultural product, the production cycle can last for different times, for example, when growing plants, trees, and animals.The transition to environmentally friendly, organic production using the circular economy model makes it possible to almost completely eliminate waste to be disposed of at all stages.In particular, waste generated at the stage of selling finished products to end consumers, for example, spoiled or expired products (arrow 5) or processors of agricultural raw materials, such as production waste or unused raw materials and related products (arrow 6), fall into collection/inspection centers.Also, waste generated by agricultural producers can be directly redistributed between different producers.Crop waste can be used as animal feed.Also, animal waste can be used as fertilizer for crop production (arrow 8).Some scientists propose to apply the concept of mixed crop and livestock production, that is, a combination of two types of activities within one production unit -crop production and animal husbandry.The use of local feed and manure instead of imported and chemical fertilizers, for example, can help reduce agricultural CO 2 emissions [3].The rest of the agricultural manufacturers' waste will be transferred to collection/inspection centers for further sorting (arrow 7).Waste generated during the supply of resources to agricultural manufacturers (spoiled during transportation and delivery) will also fall into the collection/inspection centers (arrow 9).National suppliers (S) and agricultural processing (C3 -C9) are also mutual suppliers to each other through waste processing.The task of collection/inspection centers is to sort waste with subsequent distribution for processing (arrow 11) and recovery -for equipment and other components of the production process (arrows 10 and 13) with subsequent launch into production (arrows 12 and 14).For example, crop and livestock waste can be used as raw materials for some types of production (in the production of biofuels, textiles, furniture production, etc.).Thus, a much smaller volume is sent to the located centers (arrows 15 and 16).
All elements of the agribusiness ecosystem interact with external actors.The external environment of the agribusiness ecosystem includes state institutions, partners in foreign countries, international organizations and governments of other countries.The state, as a regulatory body, also influences the development of the agribusiness ecosystem (through the development of legal documents, regulations, the provision of permits, etc.).On the other hand, the state can act as a supplier and client through the activities of state enterprises and organizations, that is, acting as a component of the internal environment.In order not to complicate the logical chains of relationships between the participants in the agribusiness ecosystem, figure 4 does not display the settlement flows between them.For effective management of the agribusiness ecosystem, we consider it expedient to use the CATWOE method [27,28].This method is one of the tools for solving system management problems.The name of the method comes from the abbreviation: Customers -Actors -Transformation -Worldview -Owners -Environmental constraints, meaning key variables.As part of the agribusiness ecosystem, these components will be: • Customers -stakeholders related to the product created by the system (customers, customers, end users); • Actors -stakeholders directly involved in the processes (manufacturers, processors, intermediaries); • Transformation is a business process that includes the processing process (production of agricultural products, their processing, waste processing processes, repair work, etc.); • Worldview -a systematic vision of the problem and its potential solution with a preliminary assessment of the consequences and future prospects (a preliminary assessment of the feasibility of making a decision based on a balanced assessment in four areas: economic, environmental, social, and innovative); • Owners -stakeholders who are most interested in solving the problem and have the authority to allocate resources for transformation (government bodies, business owners, investors, etc.); • Environmental constraints -factors or conditions external to the solution of the problem that affects the implementation of the decision (market capacity, legal requirements, international conditions, environmental risk factors, etc.).
By analyzing the impact of each component of the CATWOE analysis, it is possible to maintain optimal conditions for the functioning of the agribusiness ecosystem as a single organism.

Innovative tools for balanced business ecosystem development
Circular agriculture was widely practiced in pre-industrial societies.At the same time, due to the industrialization of production, it was gradually pushed aside by the modern model of organizing production processes in this industry, which made it possible to significantly increase its economic efficiency through the widespread use of chemical fertilizers, mechanization, and automation, specialization in growing monocultures, etc.This approach, as we know, has led to negative environmental consequences.Long-term consequences of the negative impact on the environment and humans will be felt for a long time [7].
The development of modern technologies and the application of an ecosystem approach to the organization of business processes in the agricultural sector will ensure decent economic results while maintaining a balanced development.By balanced development, we mean a balance between four components: economic, environmental, social, and innovative.These development vectors should be basic for all participants in the agribusiness ecosystem.According to the concept [29], sustainable development involves taking into account three components: economic, social, and environmental.However, at present, given the rapid development of innovations, in particular, in the era of Industry 4.0, information and communication technologies can significantly optimize business processes, including the agricultural sector [25,30].Innovations are new and (or) improved competitive technologies, products, or services, as well as organizational and technical solutions [31].Innovations occur at all stages of interaction between participants in the agribusiness ecosystem: from the stage of supplying resources to the stage of final processing or waste disposal.When taking into account the innovative component, it is important to use a systematic approach, since the agricultural products themselves contain a relatively low degree of innovation, compared with the products of knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy.At the same time, innovative solutions of an individual participant in the business ecosystem will bring a synergistic effect in related industries and at adjacent levels of interaction between participants.
Innovative solutions that will contribute to the effectiveness of the agribusiness ecosystem can occur at three stages: the development (selection) of agricultural products, the production (cultivation) of agricultural products, the consumption and processing of waste, business processes and products of related industries that are part of the agribusiness ecosystem.To improve the performance of the agribusiness ecosystem, we consider it expedient to implement the following measures [1,3]: Agricultural manufacturers: • Mixed farming (mixed farming) -a combination within the same agricultural producer of crop and livestock, which will reduce the amount of waste from each of the individual types of production, as well as mutually provide the necessary resources.
• Shift from mono-crop agriculture to growing a set of interrelated crops, where the cultivation of some creates favourable conditions for others on the same land, which will improve the quality and fertility of the land without the use of chemicals.• Agroforestry -planting trees in combination with crops or pastures that will help restore biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, increasing soil fertility by increasing the accumulation of organic matter from decaying nature.• Water recycling and wastewater use -recycling and reuse of irrigation water in agriculture.
According to experts, the use of wastewater in agriculture can irrigate an additional 40 million hectares, or 15 percent of all irrigated land [3].• The use of innovative technologies in crop production -bee vectorization technologies, indoor vertical farming using hydroponics, aeroponics, micro-drip irrigation, laser scarecrows to scare away birds and rodents, the use of minichromosomal technologies without the use of genetically modified products that have allergic and others, etc.) for organic farming.• Implementation of innovative technologies of Industry 4.0 -precision farming based on Big Data processing, remote sensing, the use of aircraft, robotics, and automation to improve the condition of plants and optimize resources, increase productivity; automated dairy plants, automated cleaning systems, automated feeders, and non-antibiotic treatment of animals with acoustic impulses, as well as the application of robotics, artificial intelligence for animal welfare and agricultural productivity; introduction of real-time kinematic technology (RTK) to reduce soil damage by machinery.Experts estimate that the market value of precision farming will grow from about 7 billion USD in 2021 to 14,5 billion USD by 2027 [32].The size of the global smart farming market will grow from approximately 12,4 billion USD in 2020 to 34,1 billion USD by 2026 [26].• Registration on international platforms and promotion of the national manufacturer in the international market.• Application of modern management methods based on the analysis of world experience and advanced technologies (automation of production and management operations with a combination of agricultural machinery, computer systems, electronics, chemical sensors and data management into a single system in order to improve equipment operation and decision-making, reduce human impact and errors).
Intermediate and end users: • Transition to responsible consumption of resources, providing for the reduction of food waste, waste sorting, preference for organic products to stimulate and materially support organic production.

Government:
• State support for organic production and the use of new technologies (drip irrigation, precision farming, rainwater harvesting, crop productivity, closed water cycle, green energy, etc.) by providing subsidies, tax incentives, concessional lending, etc. • Stimulating the development of processing industries operating on domestic raw materials.

Suppliers:
• Development of new varieties and hybrids of plants and animal breeds, strains of microorganisms, brands and modifications of agricultural machinery, technology, chemical and biological preparations (vaccines).The innovative smart agriculture approach to agribusiness, which is actively spreading around the world, is based on the use of technologies and solutions of the Internet of Things, which improves operational efficiency, increases yields, and minimizes costs through processing realtime data, their analysis and the use of digital production management systems.
Smart agriculture is introducing a range of programs and digital solutions such as precision farming, variable rate technology, irrigation, and smart greenhouses.Today, precision farming has become the most important innovative agricultural direction in the developed countries of the world.Other promising areas in smart farming include: variable speed technology (VRT), unmanned drones, soil monitoring systems, and precision animal husbandry.The main factors driving the need for the transition from agribusiness to smart agriculture are the current realities of climate change, the need to conserve water and other types of resources, and a focus on improving efficiency through cost optimization [33].Given the trends, the agricultural sector is the driving force behind the innovative development of the national economy.

Conclusions
The application of the proposed concept of agribusiness ecosystem will allow to obtain a synergistic effect in related industries, which, within the framework of this development, will provide the agricultural sector with raw materials, machinery, and other resources.Such an approach will help to increase the level of value added created with the participation of agriculture.Separation of the internal and external environment allows all participants in the business ecosystem to minimize the risks and threats to their own business, reducing the degree of dependence on external influences.
The proposed approach to the formation of a model for a balanced development of a business ecosystem is to take into account four areas of development: economic, environmental, social, and innovative.Taking into account the innovative component of development at all levels of ecosystem management makes it possible to take into account the potential for further development, as well as to balance the interests of all participants.This approach contributes to the optimization of economic results at the system level, while reducing the negative impact on the environment.The innovative technologies of Industry 4.0 reduce economic costs and conquer the consumption of resources, providing the maximum return on them, taking into account the supply chains within the ecosystem.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Size of the agriculture technology-as-a-service market in 2020 and 2025, by service type (in million USD) [26].

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Development and implementation of new technologies and new types of machinery and equipment.